Cardiovascular System - The Heart and Blood Vessels

Introduction
_______________________________circulation – delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste
_______________________________ circulation – eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

Structure of the Heart

Heart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist). Located in the ___________________________________ (space
between lungs, backbone, sternum), between the 2nd rib and the 5th intercostal space.
The distal end of the heart is called the __________________________

Coronary Arteries - supply blood to the heart itself, located on the surface of the heart.

Fibrous Pericardium encloses the heart (like a bag) and has 2 layers - visceral pericardium & parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity – contains fluid to reduce ________________________________________

Wall of the Heart: ______________________________________ – outer layer, reduces friction

_________________________________ – middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle
________________________________ – thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

Blood Flow in the Heart

Your heart is a double pump. Circulation is a double circuit:

Pulmonary – blood travels to the ___________________ and then back

Systemic – blood travels to the _______________ and then back again

Heart has 4 chambers:

2 Atria – upper chambers receive blood returning to the heart through ____________
2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive blood from the atria above
them, then pumps blood out of the heart through ___________________

______________________________– separates the right and left sides of the heart

Valves of the Heart – allow one-way flow of blood 4 total (2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV) & 2 Semilunar valves)

Left Atrioventricular valve – also called ______________________________ or ________________________________

Right Atrioventricular valve – also called ____________________________________________

_________________________________________ Between the left ventricle and the aorta

___________________________________________Between the right ventricle and the aorta

The flaps of the valves are called ________________________________________

The valves are anchored to the ventricle by cords called the _________________________________
which are anchored to ____________________________ muscles.

What is a septal defect?

Pathway of Blood Flow:
Left ventricle → Aorta (largest blood vessel in the body) → throughout the body → superior & inferior vena cava →
right atrium→ right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle

Label the heart and trace the flow of blood.

External Anatomy of the Heart

Heart Actions
Cardiac Cycle:
The contraction of a heart chamber is called _________________the relaxation of a chamber is called __________________

During ventricular systole, the aortic valve _________________ During diastole, the aortic valve __________________

Blood pressure cuffs measures the ___________________________________ in the vessels.

During __________________, this force is the greatest, on a blood pressure reading, this is the first, larger number.
Diastole is the smaller number, when the ______________________________ relaxes.

Average (Normal) Blood Pressure = ___________ What tool is used to measure blood pressure? _________________________

What systolic pressure is considered dangerous and you should seek medical care? _____________________

What factors can affect blood pressure (4)?

Heart Sounds - the “lub dub” sound of the heart is actually the opening and closing of the ______________________

What instrument is used to measure heart sounds? ______________________________________

What is the normal range for heart rate ________________________

ECG – electrocardiogram – a recording of the __________________ events (changes) during a cardiac cycle (heartbeat).

P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole)

QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole)
T Wave – Repolarization of the ventricles

Analyzing ECG’s

Tachycardia Bradycardia Arrhythmia

Cardiac Conduction System: Specialized cardiac muscle tissue which conducts impulses.

1. Sinoatrial (S-A) Node – “Pacemaker.” generates rhythmic impulses which spread through the myocardium.
2. Junctional Fibers – carries impulses into the A-V Node.
3. Atrioventricular Node (A-V) – conducts impulses from the atria through the septum, to the ventricles.
4. A-V Bundle – within the interventricular septum. A right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of the ventricles.
5. Perkinje Fibers – Branch throughout the walls of the ventricles and carry impulse rapidly, stimulating contraction

Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle – controlled by the _________________________________________

within the medulla oblongata.

Increases of decreases in response to changes in state, maintaining _____________________________

Can your heart continue to beat if your cerebrum is not functioning?

BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries : strong elastic vessels which carry blood moving away from the heart.
Arteries → ___________________________ → capillaries

Veins: Thinner, less muscular vessels carrying blood toward the heart.
Veins → ___________________________ → capillaries

Capillaries: Penetrate nearly all tissues. Walls are composed of a single layer of squamous cells – very thin.
Critical function: ______________________________________________

Control of Blood Flow:

Precapillary sphincters – circular, valve-like muscle at arteriole-capillary junction.

_______________________– narrowing blood vessel | ___________________ – expanding blood vessel

Blood flow through veins – not very efficient. Important factors include:
1. Contraction of the diaphragm. 2. Pumping action of the skeletal muscles. 3. Valves in the veins.

Factors affecting blood pressure: Average is 120/80 (higher number is the systolic pressure)

Cardiac Output | Blood volume | Blood viscosity | Peripheral Resistance

Major Blood Vessels

Aorta - Ascending Aorta, Aortic Arch, Descending Aorta, Abdominal Aorta. The aorta is the largest artery.
Pulmonary Trunk – splits into left and right, both lead to the lungs (leaves left ventricle)
Pulmonary Veins – return blood from the lungs to the heart (connects to left atrium)
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava – return blood from the head and body to the heart (connects to right atrium)

Branches of the Aorta

Right and Left Coronary Arteries - supply blood to the heart

Brachiocephalic Artery → Right Subclavian (arms) & Right Common Carotid (neck, head)
Left Common Carotid (bicarotid) - supplies blood to the head
Left Subclavian Artery – supplies blood to the left arms

Heart Malfunctions Draw the aorta and its branches

What is SADS / SIDS ?

What is a defibrillator? What is CPR? How is it performed?

MVP - mitral valve prolapse. Heart Murmurs Mitral Regurgitation

Myocardial Infarction Aneurysm Atherosclerosis (Arteriosclerosis)
Stenosis Hypertension Ventricular Septal Defect