Linear Law

13

1. (a)

63
5. (a) Gradient =
4 1


= 1

y
3

2
1
0

(b)

52
(b) Gradient =
1 4


= 1

3
2

3 1
2. (a) Gradient =
3 1


= 1

y-intercept = 0

Equation of the line is y = x.

(b) When t = 3.5, r = 3.5 + 6

= 2.5
1q+5
(c) When p = 3, 3 =
2
1 q = 5 3

2


q = 2 2


= 4

3. (a) y = 1.5
(b) x = 1.7

7. (a) yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
4x2
5x

= +
x
x
x

y = 4x + 5

4. (a) When x = 1.5,

y=x

y = 1.5

5
x = (2 3.4)
4
= 1.75

1 q + 5.
Equation of line RS is p =
2

6. (a) When y = 2, 2 = x + 2


x = 0

4 , y-intercept = 3.4
(b) Gradient =
5
4 x + 3.4

Equation of the line is y =
5

(b) When y = 2.0,

4 x + 3.4

2=
5

Equation of line PQ is
r 5 = 1(t 1)

= t + 1
r = t + 6

5
(c) Gradient =
10
1


=
2

1
0

Equation of line AB is
y 3 = 1(x 1)
y = x + 2

OR
yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
4x2
5x

=
+
x2
x2
x2
y
1
= 4 + 5
x
x

1 2

1 2

1 +4
= 5
x

5 3x
(b) y =
x

xy = 5 3x2

= 3x2 + 5

OR
5 3x

y =
x
y
5

3
=

x
x2
y
1

3
= 5

x
x2

k
log10 y = log10
pnx2

= log10 k log10 pnx2

= log10 k (log10 p + log10 nx2)

= log10 k log10 p x2 log10 n

= (log10 n)x2 + log10 k log10 p

(j)

abx
y =
k

1 2

(k)

y 4 = abx
log10 (y 4) = log10 (abx)

= log10 a + x log10 b

= (log10 b)x + log10 a

1
7
=
+
x
x
x2
ABy
1
7
= x2
+
x
x
x2
xAB

y = 1 + 7x
xAB

y = 7x + 1

(d) y = 8x 5x
y2
8x2
5x

=
x
x
x
y2

= 8x 5
x
2

(e)

k
y =
pnx2

abx
log10 y = log10
k

= log10 abx log10 k

= log10 a + log10 bx log10 k

= log10 a + x log10 b log10 k

= (log10 b)x + log10 a log10 k

k
y =
px 1
log10 y = log10 k log10 px 1

= log10 k (x 1) log10 p

= log10 k x log10 p + log10 p

= (log10 p)x + log10 k + log10 p

x2

y = pk(x + 2)
log10 y = log10 p + log10 k(x + 2)

= log10 p + (x + 2) log10 k

= log10 p + x log10 k + 2 log10 k

= (log10 k)x + log10 p + 2 log10 k

ABy

(g)

(i)

ABy

1 2 1

y = kxn
log10 y = log10 k + log10 xn

= log10 k + n log10 x

= n log10 x + log10 k

(h)

1 2

1
7
(c) =
+
x
x
x2
ABy
1
7

x = x
+
x
x
x2
1


AB y =
+7
x

OR

(f)

OR
y2 =
y2

=
x2
y 2
=
x

1 2

(l)

8x2 5x
8x2
5x

x2
x2
1
5 + 8
x

1 2

y = 5 + axn
y 5 = axn

log10 (y 5) = log10 a + n log10 x

= n log10 x + log10 a
y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x2 = 2x2
x
2
x2

x2y = 8x 12

(m)

1 2

y = pk
log10 y = log10 pkx

= log10 p + log10 kx

= (log10 k)x + log10 p
x

1 2

OR

y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x = 2x
x
2
x2
12

xy = 8
x
1

xy = 12 + 8
x

1 2

8. (a) y = ax2 + bx
y
ax2
bx
= +

x
x
x
y
= ax + b................................... 1

x

a = Gradient
62

=
5 1
4

=
4

= 1

1 2

(n) xy2 = 3AB

x + 5x
2
3AB
x
xy
5x
= +

x
x
x
3

y2 = + 5
ABx
1
= 3 + 5
ABx

1 2

OR

xy2 = 3AB

x + 5x

Therefore, a = 1 and b = 1.

5x
3AB
x
xy2
= +
ABx
ABx
ABx
y2AB

x = 3 + 5AB
x

x +3

= 5AB

2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + yx = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=

y
y
2x
3 + x =
y
x
1
3

= x +

y
2
2
OR

xy = ax + c................................. 1
a = Gradient
5 1
=
1 4
4
=
3

4 into 1,
Substitute x = 1, xy = 5 and a =
3
4 (1) + c
5 =
3
4

c = 5 +
3
19

=
3
19 .
4 and c =

Therefore, a =
3
3
(c)
y = abx

log10 y = log10 (abx)


= log10 a + log10 bx


= (log10 b)x + log10 a

2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + xy = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=

x
x
3y
+ y = 2
x
3y
= y + 2

x
y
1 y+
2
=

x
3
3

c
(b) y = a +
x
c

x(y) = x a +
x

(o)

y
Substitute = 2, x = 1 and a = 1 into 1,
x
2 = 1(1) + b
b = 1

log10 b = Gradient
52

=
30

= 1

b = 10

log10

Therefore, a = 100 and b = 10.

a = log10 y-intercept
= 2
a = 102
= 100

(d)
y = axn

log10 y = log10 a + n log10 x


= n log10 x + log10 a

y 
x
14
12

n = Gradient
1 3
=
1 0
= 2

log10 a = log10 y-intercept

= 3

a = 103

= 1000

Therefore, a = 1000 and n = 2.

(e)

y = abx2
log10 y = log10 a + log10 bx2

= log10 a + x2 log10 b
log10 y = (log10 b)x2 + log10 a............. 1

log10 b = Gradient
73

=
6 1
4

=
5

= 0.8

b = 100.8

= 6.310

10
8
6
4
2
0

Therefore, a = 158.5 and b = 6.310.

9. (a) (i)

(ii) h = yAB

x -intercept

= 2

k = Gradient
13 (2)

=
60
5

=
2

4
Substitute log10 y = 3, x2 = 1 and log10 b =
5
into 1,
4 (1) + log a

3 =
10
5
4
log10 a = 3
5
11

=
5

a = 158.5

x
1

(b)

(i)

y = axn
log10 y = log10 axn

= log10 a + n log10 x
log10 y = n log10 x + log10 a

log10 x

0.3

log10 y

0.68 0.94 1.18 1.37 1.57 1.74

0.40 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.65

log10 y
1.8
1.6
1.4

2.2

2.8

4.0

5.0

5.3

yAB
x

3.1

4.8

8.0

11.2 13.0

1.2
1.0

h
y = kAB

x +
ABx
yAB

x = kx + h

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0
0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

log10 x

(ii) log10 a = log10 y-intercept

= 0.18


a = 0.661

(b) v = 9.55 was wrongly taken.

The correct value is v2 = 100, that is, v = 10.
(c) (i) When v = 8, v2 = 64, s = 3.2

(ii) When s = 3.5, v2 = 70



v = 8.37

n = Gradient
1.08 0.4
=
0.44 0.2
= 2.833

10. (a)

140 22
12. (a) Gradient =
42


= 59

F
6

1
0

10

12

(b) (i) When F = 2.5, x = 5.2

(ii) When x = 12.0, F = 5.7

13. (a) y = axn.......................................... 1

(c) x = 2.5 is wrongly taken when F = 1.0.

The correct value is x = 2.0.
11. (a)

v2 19.98 40.07 60.06 79.92 91.20 119.90

s

2.0

1.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

v2
120

100

Substitute x = 1, y = 100 into 1,

100 = a(1)n
a = 100

Substitute x = 3, y = 900 into 1,

900 = 100(3)n
3n = 9
= 32
n = 2

(b)

y = axn
y = 100(x)2
Y = mX + c
Y = y , X = x2, c = 0, m = 100

Therefore, Y = 100X

80

60

40

When Y = 5, X = a,
5 = 100a
5
a =
100
1
=
20

20

y
Substitute x2 = 2, = 22 into 1,
x
22 = 59(2) + c
c = 96
y
Therefore, = 59x2 96
x

y = 59x3 96x

(b) When x = 2.4, y = 59(2.4)3 96(2.4)

= 585.2

x
2

y
= 59x2 + c................................ 1

When Y = b, X = 4,
b = 100(4)
= 400

1 , b = 400 and c = 0.
Hence, a =
20

 1.

4
y = 3x +
x2

4
x2(y) = x2 3x +
x2
x2y = 3x3 + 4
Y = mX + c

4. y = 2x2 3
y
2x2
3
=

x2
x2
x2
y
1 +2
= 3

x2
x2
Y = 3X + c

1 2

1 and Y =
y .
Therefore, X =
x2
x2
5. (a)

Intercept at vertical axis, c = 4

1.91 1.84 1.73 1.63 1.58 1.55

x2

0.21 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.03

Therefore, point at vertical axis is (0, 4).

m = Gradient = 3
h 4 = 3

1 0

h 4 = 3

h = 7

x
2.0

m = 3
44

4 = 3

k0

3k = 40
40

k =
3

1.5

1.0

2.

y = px3 + qx2
1 (y) =
1 (px3 + qx2)

x2
x2
y

= px + q.................................... 1
x2

Y = mX + c

0.5

(b) (i)

p = Gradient
45 7
=
3 1
38
=
2
= 19
y
Substitute x = 1,
= 7 and p = 19 into 1,
x2
7 = 19(1) + q
q = 12
3. (a)

y = k 10
log10 y = log10 (k 10x)

= log10 k + log10 10x

= log10 k + x log10 10
log10 y = x + log10 k

Y = mX + c

(b) (i)

log10 k = 1

k = 10

(ii) Gradient = 1
p 1

= 1
20

p 1 = 2


p = 3

0.05

0.10

p
q
y = + x
x
p
y
p
q
=
+
2
x
p
x
q
1
+
= p
p
x2
Y = mX + c

1 2

p = Gradient
1.6 1.5
=
0.05 0
=2

q
y
(ii) = -intercept
p
x
q
= 1.5

2

q = 3

0.15

0.20

x2

 6. (a)

log10 y

1.08 1.21 1.31 1.43 1.52 1.60

ABx

1.22 1.41 1.58 1.73 1.87

log10 y
1.5

(ii) log10 k = Gradient

2.0 1.0


=
4.8 1.6


= 0.3125


k = 2.05

8. (a)

1.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

(b)

y = pkABx
log10 y = log10 pkABx

= log10 p + log10 kABx
log10 y = (log10 k)AB

x + log10 p

Y = mX + c

(i)

(ii) log10 k = Gradient

1.5 0.6


=
1.7 0.25


= 0.6207


k = 4.18

7. (a)

log10 y

log10 y 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20 1.51 1.81

0.5

2.0

2.0


x

1.5

1.0

0.5

log10 p = log10 y-intercept

= 0.45
\ p = 2.82

x1

log10 y

kx
y =
p
kx
log10 y = log10
p

= log10 kx log10 p
log10 y = (log10 k)x log10 p

Y = mX + c

log10 y-intercept = log10 p

0 = log10 p

log10 p = 0

p = 1

(ii) log10 k = Gradient

1.7 0

=
5.6 0

= 0.3036

k = 2.01

(b) (i)

log10 y 0.48 0.80 1.12 1.44 1.77 2.09

2.0

1.5

1 2

1.0

0.5

1.
y = kxn 1
log10 y = log10 (kxn 1)

= log10 k + log10 xn 1

= log10 k + (n 1) log10 x

= (n 1) log10 x + log10 k

x1

(b)

(i)

y = pk
log10 y = log10 p + (x 1) log10 k
log10 y = (log10 k)(x 1) + log10 p

Y = mX + c

log10 p = x 1-intercept

= 0.5

p = 3.16

x 1

Gradient = n 1
Vertical intercept = log10 k

 5.
y = ax5
log10 y = log10 a + 5 log10 x
log10 y = 5 log10 x + log10 a

Y = mX + c

13 3
2. Gradient =
6 1
10


=
5


=2

log10 a = Intercept of log10 y

= 4

a = 104

= 10 000

Therefore, AB

y = 2x2 + c....................... 1
Substitute x2 = 1, AB

y = 3 into 1,
3 = 2(1) + c
c = 1

Gradient = 5
k 4 = 5

30
k 4 = 15

k = 19

Hence, the equation is AB

y = 2x2 + 1,
that is, y = (2x2 + 1)2.
3

Therefore, a = 10 000 and k = 19.

3. y = px + qx 2
y
=
x
=
=
Y =

px
qx
+
x
x
p + qAB
x
qAB

x + p....................................... 1
mX + c

52
6. (a) Gradient =
30


= 1

Vertical intercept = 2

q = Gradient
84
=
46
4
=
2
= 2
y

x = 4, = 8, q = 2 into 1,
Substitute AB
x
8 = (2)(4) + p
p = 16
Therefore, p = 16 and q = 2.

The equation of the line is

Y = mX + c
y = log10 x + 2

(b)

x = a 10y 1
log10 x = log10 a + (y 1) log10 10
log10 x = log10 a + y 1

y = 1 log10 a + log10 x

\ 1 log10 a = 2

log10 a = 1

a = 0.1

10 4
7. (a) Gradient =
3 1


=3

Equation of the line is log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + c

4.
y = 102x + 3
log10 y = log10 102x + 3

= (2x + 3) log10 10
log10 y = 2x + 3

Y = mX + c

Substitute log10 (x + 2) = 1 and log10 y = 4 into

the equation,
log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + c

4 = 3(1) + c

c = 1

Therefore, log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + 1

y = k(x + 2)n

log10 y = log10 k + n log10 (x + 2)

log10 y = n log10 (x + 2) + log10 k

Compare to log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + 1

Hence, n = 3 and log10 k = 1

k = 10

log10 y-intercept = 3
Gradient = 2
43
For point A, = 2
q0


1 = 2q
1


q =
2
p3
For point B, = 2
1 0


p 3 = 2


p = 5
1.
Therefore, p = 5, q =
2

(b)






8.

When y = 0.08, y = k(x + 2)n

0.08 = 10(x + 2)3

0.008 = (x + 2)3

x + 2 = 3ABBBB
0.008

= 0.2

x = 0.2 2

= 1.8

1 2

1
3 +x

x x
3 + 1

x2
1 = 3
1 + 1........................... 1

y
x2

(b) log10 y = 2x + c............................. 1

1 2

1 = 3 and
1 = k into 1,
Substitute
y
x2
1 = 3
1 + 1

y
x2
k = 3(3) + 1
= 10

1 2

9. (a) y = rx2 + t..................................... 1

Substitute x = 1, y = 4 into 1,
4 = r(1)2 + t
r + t = 4........................................ 2

Substitute x = 3, y = 36 into 1,
36 = r(3)2 + t
9r + t = 36.................................... 3

3 2, 8r = 32

r = 4

Substitute r = 4 into 2,
4 + t = 4

t = 0

Substitute log10 y = 7, x = 2 into 1,

7 = 2(2) + c
c=3

Therefore, log10 y = 2x + 3

y = 102x + 3

Substitute x = 1, y = 4 into 1,
4 = p(1)2 + q
p + q = 4...................................... 2

Substitute x = 3, y = 12 into 1,
12 = p(3)2 + q
9p + q = 12................................... 3

3 2, 8p = 8

p = 1

Substitute p = 1 into 2,
1 + q = 4
q = 3

(b) y = px2 + q becomes

y = x2 + 3
y
3

= 1 +
x2
x2
y
1

= 3
+ 1
x2
x2

1 2

(b) y = rx2 + t becomes y = 4x2

1 (y) =
1 (4x2)

x
x
y

= 4x
x

Therefore, gradient is 4.

11. (a) y = px2 + q.................................... 1

1 = p and
1 = 16 into 1,
Substitute
y
x2
16 = 3(p) + 1
3p = 15
p = 5

For B(q, 12),

12 0
= 4
q0

12 = 4q

q = 3

11 7
10. (a) The gradient of the straight line =
42


=2
r7 =2

Gradient =
32


r 7 = 2


r = 9

x =
3 +x

y
x

1
x =

x y
1 =

For A(2, p),

p0
= 4
20

p = 8

For A,
y
4

=
x2
12

=4
1
1

=
x2
12

= 1

For B,
y
12

=
x2
32
12

=
9
4

=
3
1
1

=
x2
32
1

=
9

(b) (i)

x2

(ii) When x = 1.5, y2 = 1.7

y = 1.3

14. (a)

q = y2-intercept
= 0.6

yAB
x

A(1, 4)
1

y2 = px + q
p = Gradient
6 1
=
7 0.5
10
=
13

x2

20

B, t2(7) = 14t

7t2 = 14t

7t = 14

t = 2
x

2.5

4.5

6.5

7.0

8.5

9.5

y2

2.5

4.0

5.6

6.0

7.1

7.9

y2

10

20

p = vertical intercept
=2

q + 1 = Gradient
82 34

=
25 10

= 3.2
q = 2.2

(ii) When x = 10, yAB

x = 34

2
0

10

10

30

p
y = + (q + 1)AB
x
ABx
p
AB
x (y) = AB

x + (q + 1)AB

x
ABx
yAB

x = p + (q + 1)x
yAB

x = (q + 1)x + p

(b) (i)

Substitute p = 14 into 1,

x2y = 14x
2
For A, 1 r = 14(1)


r = 14

4.01 14.02 30.06 52.80 66.0

40

In Diagram (b), gradient = p

14 7

=
1
1
2

= 14

20

60

1 2

16

80

x2y = px........................................ 1
1 2
1

(x y) =
(px)
x2
x2
1

y = p
x

13. (a)

y 
x

1 4
B ,
9 3

12.

For

yABB
10 = 34
34
y =
ABB
10
= 10.75

25
82.0

 15. (a)

(i)

log10

log10

2.5

2.0

log10 a = Gradient
2.1 0.8

=
5.4 1

= 0.2955

a = 1.975

log10 k log10 a = Intercept of log10 y

= 0.5
log10 k 0.2955 = 0.5

log10 k = 0.7955

k = 6.24

(ii)

When x = 5.6,
log10 y = 2.15

y = 141.3
Therefore, p = 141.3

(iii) When x = 2.0, log10 y = 1.1

y = 12.6

log10 y

0.6

0.30 0.54 0.65 0.699 0.778

1.18 1.69 1.91

2.26

lg y

1.5
1.0
0.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

lg x

(b)
y = px 2
n

log10 y = log10 p + log10 x
2
n

log10 y = log10 x + log10 p
2

log10 p = Intercept of log10 y


= 0.6


p = 3.981

17. (a)

26.8

32.9

38.0

42.9

46.5

ABl

4.5

5.5

6.3

7.1

7.7

n
= Gradient
2
2.2 1.0
=
0.8 0.2
= 2
n = 4

50
40
30

(c) Incorrect value of y is 180.

The correct value is log10 y = 2.2,

that is,
y = 158.5
16. (a)

x
log10 y

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Old

20

New

10

5.0

5.6

2.0

1.5

Therefore, T = 6AB
l

T2 = 36l

(c) (i)

1.0

0.5

30 0
(b) Gradient =
50


=6

10

1.4 1.53 1.68 1.83 1.98 log10 p

log10 y

y = k ax 1
y = log10 k + (x 1) log10 a
= log10 k + x log10 a log10 a
y = (log10 a)x + log10 k log10 a

(b)

log10 x

11

T = 6AB

l 6

l = 2.1
(ii) When T = 6.5, AB


l = 2.12


= 4.41


l

 18. (a)

y = k(x 1)n
log10 y = log10 k + n log10 (x 1)
log10 y = n log10 (x 1) + log10 k

Y = mX + c
log10 y

0.7

1.3 1.66 1.79 1.95 2.26

log10 (x 1)

0.3 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.78

lg y
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

lg (x 1)

12

When y = 100, log10 100 = 2

log10 (x 1) = 0.65

x 1 = 4.467

x = 5.467

(b)

(i)

(ii) When x = 8, log10 7 = 0.85

log10 y = 2.4


y = 251.2