MATHS

"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
u4i fa+i4 (Number system) :
( i ) vi+ a u 4iy (Natural number) : = i( 1, 2, 3, 4, .... ~il< vi+ - = i( +tni-i t vi+ -
= i( + =n -- +i N = v<lzi - +- t := +i N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....}.
( i i ) s i u 4iy (Whole Numbers ) : vi+ - = i~i n l< zi - +i lnni l<i i( -i =ii = i(
lnn+ i =i( +tni-i t i =i~i + =n-- +i W = v<lzi- +- t W = {0, 1, 2, .........}
( i i i ) s ii + (Integers) : = i( ... 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .... ii + +tni-i t :-+ =n -- +i I i
Z = v<lzi - +- t I (i Z) = {.. 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
aia : (a) i-in+ ii +i + =n -- +i I
+
= v<lzi - +- t {1, 2, 3, ...}
(b) +iin+ ii +i + =n -- +i I

= v<lzi - +- t {....., 3, 2, 1}
(c) ~+iin+ ii +i + =n -- n {0, 1, 2, ......} ~i- t
(d) ~i-in+ ii +i + =n -- n {......, 3, 2, 1, 0} ~i- t
( i v ) u s ii + (Even Integers ) : ( = ii + i 2 = ii ti - t =n ii + +tni- t
= 0, 2, 4,.......
( v ) fi s ii + (Odd Integers ) : ( = ii + i 2 = ~ii ti - t lin ii + +tni- t
= 1, 3, 5, 7......
( vi ) ii4 u4iy (Prime Numbers) : (=i vi+ - = i( i - ~ii 1 = ii ti . ~ii =i(
+tni-i t
-<iti 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ........
( vi i ) u 4 a u 4iy (Composite Number ) : ni-il+ 'a' (+ i+ - = i t . -i 'a' = +- = i +tni-i
t l< :=+ +n = +n -i- lli-- ni-i ti
-<iti 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15.........
ai a : (i) '1' - -i ~ii =i t - ti =+- =i t
(ii) (=i vi+- =i( i ~ii -ti t. =+- =i( ti-i t (1 + ~nii)
(iii) '4' == zi i = +- = i t
(iv) '2' ti +n (=i =n =i t i ~ii t
( vi i i ) urii4 u 4iy (Co-prime Numbers ) : <i vi+ - = i( (~iz+ -ti t l+ ~ii ti )
=t~ii +tni-i t l< --+i n.=.. :+i: ti -<iti (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8),
(5, 6), (7, 8) (15, 16) ~il<
:- =i~i +i ss ii4 =i( ii +t- t
ai a : (a) <i ~ii =i( tnzii =t~ii ti-i t :=+i lnin =< = -ti ti -i
(b) +nin- i+ - = i =< =t~ii = i( ti -i t
( i x) 4nn ii4 u 4iy (Twin Prime) : l< <i ~ii =i~i + n ~-- <i t -i - nn
~ii = i +tni-i t
-<iti {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31}
ai a : nn ~ii =i~i + n +i = i =< 6 = liil- ti-i t ((3, 5) +i zi +)
fu+ (Basics)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
( x) sf4 u4iy (Rational Numbers) : (=i = i( l-t p/q n lni =+- t ti p ( q ii+
t ( q = 0, ln = i( +tni-i t ( :-+ =n -- +i Q ,ii v<lzi - +- t
Q = {
q
p
: p, q e I and q = 0}.v+ ii+ =i ln =i ti-i t +i l+ :-t p/1 + n lnii
i =+-i t v + ~i-i <zinn = i ln = i ti -i t
ai a :
q
p
n lli-- <zinn ~ +i +i ~li+-n =i q + i ti -i t ~ii -
9
11
n ~li+-n 9 lli-- <zinn ~ +
t
( xi ) sf 4 u 4iy (Irrational Numbers) : ( =i = i( l-t p/q n -ti lnii i =+ . ti
p, q e I -ii q = 0 ~ii - = i i ln -ti t ~ln = i( +tni-i t :-+ =n -- +i
Q
c
(~ii - Q +i + =n --) ,ii v<lzi - +- t -<iti 2 , 1 + 3 :il< ~ln = i(
~i-i <zinn (recurring decimal) + n +- -ti +i i =+-i t
ai a : e ~ 2.71 l= - l n ii + (Napier's constant) +t- t -ii t ~ 3.14 ~ln = i( t
(xi i ) iaf+ u 4iy (Real Numbers ) : = i( l-t i--l+ = i ii +- l+i i =+-i t
i--l+ = i( +tni-i t ln -ii ~ln = i~i +i =- i =n -- i--l+ = i~i +i
=n -- ti -i t l= R = <lzi - +- t ~- R = Q Q
C
.
:= v+i liili- =ii i--l+ =i( +n niin +i in- +-i t ~ii- l< <i lli-- i--l+
= i( a ~i b ti -i a < b i a > b.
ai a : (a) ii + ln = i ti -i t -- :=+i lni n =< = -ti t
(b) ~ln = i +i +iin+ ii (+ ~ln = i ti-i t
(c) (+ ln ~i (+ ~ln = i +i in =< (+ ~ln =i ti-i t
-<i ti 2 + 3
(d) (+ ~zi - ln =i ~i (+ ~ln = i +i ni-+n =< (+ ~ln =i ti-i t
(e) l< a e Q ~i b e Q ti . -i ab = ln = i + n l< a = 0.
(f) <i ~ln =i~i +i in +n-. ni-+n i iin+n (+ ln i ~ln =i ti =+-i t
( xi i i ) uf u 4iy (Complex Number ) : =ii = i( i a + ib + n l-l- +i i =+-i
t.=l-n =i( +tni-i t ti a ~i b i--l+ =i( t =l-n =i +i =ini-- z = v<lzi-
l+i i =+-i t ~i =l-n =i~i + =n-- +i C = l-l- +- t
~- C = {a + ib : a, b e R and i = 1 }
ai a : N c W c I c Q c R c C.
a<iri # 1 : l---lnli- ln =i~i +i
q
p
, (ti p, q e I ) n l--i +il(
(i) 0.1 2 (ii) 23 5 . 1
rn : (i) ni-i x = = 0.1222.......
10x = 1. 2 ........(i)
100x = 12. 2 .......(ii)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
3
90x = 11 x =
90
11
(~- x ln =i t)
(ii) ni-i x = 23 5 . 1
10x = 23 . 15
1000x = 1523 . 23
990x = 1508 x =
990
1508
=
495
754
(~- x ln =i t)
4iu +i4
(1) l---lnli- =i~i +i
q
p
, (ti p, q e I ) n l--i +il(
(i) 18 . 0 (ii) 6 1 . 0 (iii) 23 4 . 0
Answers : (1) (i)
11
2
(ii)
6
1
(iii)
990
419
ii+ai + fa4 (Divisibility Test) :
+.u. u fiifa i
1 2 =i +i :+i: ~+ . = liil- ti
2 3 =i + ~+i +i i n . = liil- ti
3 4 =i + ~l--n <i ~+ - = liil- ti
4 5 =i +i ~l--n ~+ c i : ti
5 6
=i +i :+i: ~+ . = liil- ti -ii =i + ~+i +i in . =
liil- ti
6 8 =i + ~l--n -i- ~+ = liil- ti
7 9 =i + =ii ~+i +i i n = liil- ti
8 10 =i +i :+i: ~+ c ti
9 11
=n -ii-i ~i- in ~+i + in ~i lin -ii-i ~i- in ~+i
+ i n +i ~-- c i ++ = liil- ti -<iti 1298, 1221, 123321,
12344321, 1234554321, 123456654321
a<iri # 2 : =i N = 2 1 P 5 3 Q 4
(i) +ln- ni (P, Q) +i =i -il+ =i N, 9 = liil- ti. tini
(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 10 (D) 8
(ii). Q+ ni-i +i =i -il+ = i N, 8 = liil- ti. tini
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 6
(iii) +ln- ni (P, Q) +i =i -il+ =i N, 44 = liil- ti. tini
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
rn : (i) ~+i +i in = P + Q + 15
N, 9 = liil- t
l< P + Q + 15 = 18, 27
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
P + Q = 3 ..........(i) i P + Q = 12 .............(ii)
P = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
=ni+i (i) =

= =
= =
= =
= =
0 Q , 3 P
1 Q , 2 P
2 Q , 1 P
3 Q , 0 P
+ln- ni +i =i 4 t
=ni+i (ii) =

= =
= =
= =
= =
3 Q , 9 P
4 Q
.........
,
8 P
........
8 Q , 4 P
9 Q , 3 P
+ln- ni +i =i 7 t
+ln- ni +i +n =i 11 t
(ii) N, 8 liil- t l<
Q = 0, 4, 8
Q+ ni-i +i =i 3 t
(iii) S
O
= P + 9
S
E
= Q + 6
S
O
S
E
= P Q + 3
N , 11 = liil- t l<
P Q + 3 = 0, 11
P Q = 3 .............(i) i P - Q = 8 ...............(ii)
N, 4 = liil- t l<
Q = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
=ni+i (i) = =ni+i (ii) =
Q = 0 P = 3 (= i -ti t ) Q = 0, P = 8
Q = 2 P = 1 (= i -ti t ) Q = 2, P = 10 (= i -ti t )
Q = 4 P = 1 Q = 4, P = 12 (= i -ti t )
Q = 6 P = 3 Q = 6, P = 14 (= i -ti t )
Q = 8 P = 5 Q = 8, P = 16 (= i -ti t )
+ln- ni +i =i 3 t +ln- ni +i =i 1 t
+ln- ni +i =i 4 t -il+ =i N, 44 = liil- ti
4iu +i4
ni-il+ N = 7 7 4 9 5 8 P 9 6 Q
(2) l< P = 2 -ii = i N, 3 = liil- ti . -i Q + = iil- ni-i +i = i ai- +i
(3) l< N, 4 = liil- ti . -i P -ii Q +i ni- ai- +i
(4) l< N, 8 -ii 9 <i -i = liil- ti . -i = iil- +ln- ni (P, Q) +i = i ai- +i
Answers : (2) 4 (3) P (+ ~ + +i (+ i = i t -ii Q = 0, 4, 8
(4) 3
zii+n v4 (Remainder Theorem) :
ni-i l+ p(x) +i: (+ i (+ = ~li+ ii- +i t< t ~i a +i: i--l+ =i t l< p(x) +i (x a),=
liil- l+i i -i zii+n p(a) + i ti-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
niai v4 (Factor Theorem)
ni-i l+ p(x) +i : (+ i (+ = ~li+ ii- +i t< t ~i a +i : i--l+ =i := v+i t l+ p(a) = 0,
-i (x a), p(x) +i (+ n i-i ti -i t lni n- l< (x a), p(x), +i (+ n i-i t -i p(a) = 0
a<iri # 3 : <lzi - +il( l+ t < x
3
3x
2
+ 4x 12 +i (+ n i-i (x 3) t
rn : ni-i l<i ni t < p(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 4x 12 t
n i-i n = (x a), t < p(x) +i (+ n i-i t l< ~i + n l< p(a) = 0
:= +i x 3, p(x) +i n i-i l=z +- + ln( t <lzi - +-i i -- t l+ p(3) = 0.ti
~
p(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 4x 12
p(3) = 3
3
3 3
2
+ 4 3 12
= 27 27 + 12 12 = 0
~- (x 3), p(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 4x 12 +i (+ n i-i t
a<iri # 4 : liil- l+ l-i l=z +il( l+ 2x
4
6x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x 2, x
2
3x + 2 = i - liil- t
rn : ni-i l< n t< f(x) = 2x
4
6x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x 2 ( g(x) = x
2
3x + 2 t
-
g(x) = x
2
3x + 2 = x
2
2x x + 2 = x(x 2) 1(x 2)
= (x 1) (x 2)
f(x), g(x) = i - liil- l=z +- + ln( t l=z +-i i -- t l+ x 1 (
x 2, f(x) + n i-i t :=+ ln( t l=z +-i i -- t l+ f(1) = 0 ( f(2) = 0 ti
~ f(x) = 2x
4
6x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x 2
f(1) = 2 1
4
6 1
3
+ 3 1
2
+ 3 1 2
(, f(2) = 2 2
4
6 2
3
+ 3 2
2
+ 3 2 2
f(1) = 2 6 + 3 + 3 2 ( f(2) = 32 48 + 12 + 6 2
f(1) = 8 8 ( f(2) = 50 50
f(1) = 0 ( f(2) = 0
(x 1) ( (x 2), f(x) + n i-i t
g(x) = (x 1) (x 2), f(x) +i n i-i t
~- f(x), g(x) = i- liil- t
a<iri # 5 : t< P(x) =kx
3
+ 3x
2
3 ( Q(x) =2x
3
5x + k +i (x 4) liil- l+i i-i t -i =ni- zii+n
t i-i t k +i ni- t
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1
rn : P(4) = 64k + 48 3 = 64k + 45
Q(4) = 128 20 + k = k + 108
l<i ni t
P(4) = Q(4)
64k + 45 = k + 108
63k = 63 k = 1
a<iri # 6 : <i ~ +i +i =i +i -=+ ~+i +i ll- +n n lni- -i =i = liil- +- tn iin+n
4 ~i zi i+n 3 i-- ti -ii l< = i +i ~+i + in = liil- l+i i( - iin+n 8 ( zi i+n
7 i-- ti -i t = i ai- +il(
rn : ni-i t ~ii = i 10x + y t
10x+y = 4(10y+x) + 3................. (i)
( 10x+y = 8(x+y) + 7,......................(ii)
(i) ( (ii) +i tn +- tn x = 7, y = 1 i-- ti - t
t = i 71 t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
4iu +i4
(5) t < P(x) = x
4
3x
2
+ 2x + 1 +i x 1 = liil- l+i i-i t -i zi i+n ai- +il(
(6) a +i ni- ai- +il( l< x
3
a
2
x + x + 2 +i (+ n i-i x a ti
(7) n i-i n +i -i n ++ <lzi - +il( l+
a(b
2
c
2
) + b(c
2
a
2
) + c (a
2
b
2
) + n i-i a b, b c ( c a t
(8) x n -i- ii- +i t< i x = 1 ( x = 2 zi- ti-i t ( x = 1 x = 2 l=+i ni- +nzi
4 28 ti -i t . t
Answers : (5) 1 (6) a = 2 (8) f(x) = 3 x
3
+ 4 x
2
5 x 2
+ r-s i u uf+iy (Some important identities) :
(1) (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= (a b)
2
+ 4ab
(2) (a b)
2
= a
2
2ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2
4ab
(3) a
2
b
2
= (a + b) (a b)
(4) (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab (a + b)
(5) (a b)
3
= a
3
b
3
3ab (a b)
(6) a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)
3
3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a
2
+ b
2
ab)
(7) a
3
b
3
= (a b)
3
+ 3ab (a b) = (a b) (a
2
+ b
2
+ ab)
(8) (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
c
1
b
1
a
1
(9) a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca =
2
1
[(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
]
(10) a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
=
2
1
(a + b + c) [(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
]
l< a + b + c = 0 ti . -i a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc
(11) a
4
b
4
= (a + b) (a b) (a
2
+ b
2
)
(12) a
4
+ a
2
+ 1 = (a
2
+ 1)
2
a
2
= (1 + a + a
2
) (1 a + a
2
)
a<iri # 7 : l<
2
a
1
a |
.
|

\
|
+
= 3 ti -i a
3
+
3
a
1
=
(A)
3 6
(B)
3 3
(C) 0 (D)
7 7
(E)
3 6
rn : a +
a
1
=
3
a
3
+
3
a
1
=
3
a
1
a |
.
|

\
|
+
3
|
.
|

\
|
+
a
1
a
= 3 3 3 3 = 0.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
a<iri # 8 : <lzi- +il( l+ + (x
2
y z)
3
+ (y
2
z x)
3
+ (z
2
x y)
3
3 (x
2
y z) . (y
2
z x).(z
2
x y)
i n t ( :=+i n n n ai- +il(
rn : (x
2
yz)
3
+ (y
2
zx)
3
+ (z
2
xy)
3
3(x
2
yz) (y
2
zx) (z
2
xy)
= a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc ti a = x
2
yz, b = y
2
zx, c = z
2
xy
= (a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
=
2
1
(a + b + c) ((a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
)
=
2
1
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx)[(x
2
yz y
2
+ zx)
2
+ (y
2
zx z
2
+ xy)
2
+ (z
2
xy x
2
+ yz)
2
]
=
2
1
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx) [{x
2
y
2
+ z(x y)}
2
+ {y
2
z
2
+ x (y z)}
2
+ {z
2
x
2
+ y (z x)}
2
]
=
2
1
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx) (x + y + z)
2
[(x y)
2
+ (y z)
2
+ (z x)
2
]
= (x + y + z)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx)
2
= (x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz)
2
(i i n t)
:=+ n nn xyz 3 z y x (
3 3 3
+ + ) t
4iu +i4 :
(9) l< x, y, z =ii li--li-- i--l+ = i( ti -i l=z +il( l+
1 1 1
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y y z z x
+

=
1 1 1
2
x y y z z x
+

|
\

|
.
| .
(10) + (x + y + z)
3
x
3
y
3
z
3
+ li+ n i-ii n n i-i +il(
(11) n i-i +il(
(i) 1 + x
4
+ x
8
(ii) x
4
+ 4
Answers : (10) 3 (x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
(11) (i) (x
4
x
2
+ 1) (x
2
+ x + 1) (x
2
x + 1)
(ii) (x
2
2x + 2) (x
2
+ 2x + 2)
iiai +i +t sfiiii (Definition of indices) :
l< a +i : ~zi - i--l+ i +i-l-+ = i ti ~i m i-in+ ii + t -i a
m
= a. a. a. ..........a (m i)
ti a +i ~iii ~i m +i ii- +t- t
iiai+ fa4 (Law of indices) :
(1) a
0
= 1, (a = 0)
(2) a
m
=
m
a
1
, (a = 0)
(3) a
m + n
= a
m
. a
n
, ti m ( n i--l+ = i( t
(4) a
m n
=
n
m
a
a
, ti m ( n i--l+ = i( t . a = 0
(5) (a
m
)
n
= a
mn
(6) a
p/q
=
q
p
a
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
a<iri # 9 :
4
6 3 9
4
3 6 9
a a
(

+i =ni|- +- liin t
(A) a
16
(B) a
12
(C) a
8
(D) a
4
(E) a
2
rn : a
9(1/6)(1/3)4
. a
9(1/3)(1/6)4
= a
2
. a
2
= a
4
.
a<iri # 10 : a
1
a b 2
b a

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ b
1
b a 2
b a

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+i =ni|- +il(
rn : l<i ni + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ b a
a b 2
a
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ b a
b a 2
b
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ b a
b
b a
a
ab 2 = 2ab
a<iri # 11 :
48 7 3 2 3 3 + + + + +
+i ni- ai- +il(
rn :
48 7 3 2 3 3 + + + + +
=
12 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 + + + + + +
=
3 4 3 2 3 3 + + + + +
=
3 2 4 3 3 + + +
=
1 3 3 3 + + +
=
3 2 4 +
= 3 + 1
a<iri # 12 : ln =i( a ( b ai- +il( -il+
5 3 4
5 3 4

+
= a + 5 b ti
rn :
5 3 4
5 3 4

5 3 4
5 3 4
+
+
= a + 5 b
29
5 24 61

+
= a + b 5
a =
29
61
, b =
29
24
Ans.
4iu +i4 :
(12) ni- ai- +il(
(i)
3
10
27 .
3
1

|
.
|

\
|
+
2
4
) 25 .(
5
1

|
.
|

\
|
+
3
9
1

64

|
|
.
|

\
|
(ii)
( ) ( )
2 5 75
24 5 50 3 5

+
Answer : (12) (i) 8 (ii) 1
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
a sia (Ratio) :
1. l< A~i B =ni- v+i +i <i ilzii t -i --+i ~- i- A: B ti-i t . l=
B
A
( ii + i ln ti =+-i t)
= ii v<lzi- l+i i-i t
2. (+ ~- i- +i +: -i+i = v<lzi - l+i i =+-i t =
b
a
=
mb
ma
=
nb
na
= ..... ti m, n,..... = i( t
3. <i i <i = ~li+ ~-i-i +i - n-i +- + ln( --+ t +i =ni- -ii i-i t
4. <i ~- i- + n ii +i + ~- i- +i ~-i- ,ii v<lzi- + =+- t ~ii-
-<iti-
b
a
:
d
c
:
d / c
b / a
=
bc
ad
i ad : bc.
5. ~- i-i +i n ii ++ --+i (+ =ii l+i i =+-i t ~ii -
b
a
.
d
c
.
f
e
.... =
bdf
ace
....
6. l< a : b +i : ~- i- t -i :=+i ni - i- a
2
: b
2
; i-i- i- a
3
: b
3
..... :il<
7. l< a : b +i : ~- i- t -i :=+ n n ni- i- a
1/2
: b
1/2
; i-n ni- i- a
1/3
: b
1/3
:il< t
a<iri # 13 : ~- i- 5 : 37 + + < n +i i -i -ilt( l+ t 1 : 3 + i ti i( ?
rn : ni-i ~- i- 5 : 37 + + < n x i l<i i(
-
37 x
5 x
+
+
=
3
1
3x + 15 = x + 37 ~ii - x = 11
a<iri # 14 : l< x : y = 3 : 4 - 7x 4y : 3x + y +i ~- i- ai- +il(
rn :
y
x
=
4
3
4x = 3y i x =
4
3
y
~
y x 3
y 4 x 7
+

=
y y
4
3
. 3
y 4 y
4
3
. 7
+

(x +i ni- i- )
=
y y
4
9
y 4 y
4
21
+

=
y 13
y 5
=
13
5
i.e. 5 : 13 Ans.
4iu +i4
(13) l<
b
a
=
3
2
-ii
c
b
=
5
4
ti . -i
c b
b a
+
+
+i ni- ai- +il(
(14) l< <i ~ +i +i i n C ti . -ii --+i ~- i-
q
p
ti . -i = i( ai- +il
Answers. (13)
27
20
(14)
q p
pc
+
,
q p
qc
+
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
uia sia (Proportion ) :
<i ~- i- a : b ~i c : d =ni- ti -i -ii ilzii a,b,c,d =ni- i-i +tni-i t l<
b
a
=
d
c
ti . -i
a : b = c : d i a : b :: c : d
1. a ~i d +i it < +t- t -ii b ~i c n < +tni- t
2. =ni- i- +i nt- i n i it <i +i n i-+n = n <i +i n i-+n
3. l < a : b = c : d ti . -i
b : a = d : c (vl-ni ni- i-)
4. l < a : b = c : d ti . -i
a : c = b : d ((+i--i- i-)
5. l < a : b = c : d ti . -i
b
b a +
=
d
d c +
(i ni- i-)
6. l < a : b = c : d ti . -i
b
b a
=
d
d c
(~--i- i-)
7. i ni--i- i-
l < a : b = c : d ti , -i
b a
b a

+
=
d c
d c

+
~ii -
d
c
b
a
=

1
d
c
1
b
a
+ = +

d
d c
b
b a +
=
+
.......(1)
1
d
c
1
b
a
=

d
d c
b
b a
=

........(2)
=ni+i (1) n (2) +i iin < -
b a
b a

+
=
d c
d c

+
a<iri # 15 : l<
a
x
=
b
y
=
c
z
ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+
2 2
3 3
a x
a x
+
+
+
2 2
3 3
b y
b y
+
+
+
2 2
3 3
c z
c z
+
+
=
2 2
3 3
) c b a ( ) z y x (
) c b a ( ) z y x (
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
rn :
a
x
=
b
y
=
c
z
= k (~-i +)
x = ak; y = bk; z = ck
x, y, z + ni- l<( n( + n i-
2 2
3 3
a x
a x
+
+
+
2 2
3 3
b y
b y
+
+
+
2 2
3 3
c z
c z
+
+
=
2 2
3 3
) c b a ( ) z y x (
) c b a ( ) z y x (
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
L.H.S. =
2 2 2
3 3 3
a k a
a k a
+
+
+
2 2 2
3 3 3
b k b
b k b
+
+
+
2 2 2
3 3 3
c k c
c k c
+
+
=
) 1 k ( a
) 1 k ( a
2 2
3 3
+
+
+
) 1 k ( b
) 1 k ( a
3 2
3 3
+
+
+
) 1 k ( c
) 1 k ( c
2 2
3 3
+
+
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
=
1 k
) 1 k ( a
2
3 3
+
+
+
1 k
) 1 k ( b
2
3
+
+
+
1 k
) 1 k ( c
2
3
+
+
=
) 1 k (
) 1 k (
2
3
+
+
. (a + b + c)
~ R.H.S =
2 2
3 3
) c b a ( ) ck bk ak (
) c b a ( ) ck bk ak (
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
=
2 2 2
3 3 3
) c b a ( ) c b a ( k
) c b a ( ) c b a ( k
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
=
2 2
3 2
) c b a )( 1 k (
) c b a )( 1 k (
+ + +
+ + +
=
) 1 k (
) 1 k (
2
3
+
+
. (a + b + c)
~- - t l+ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
a<iri # 16 : l< a,b,c,d,e =-- =ni- i- n t -i l=z +il( l+ (ab + bc + cd + de)
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
)
(b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
)
rn : l<
b
a
=
c
b
=
d
c
=
e
d
, -
b
a
=
c
b
=
d
c
=
e
d
=
) e d c b (
) d c b a (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + +
+ + +
= k (ni-i)
~ii - a = bk ab = b
2
k
b = ck bc = c
2
k
c = dk cd = d
2
k
d = ek de = e
2
k
- (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
) = k
2
(b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
) ...........(i)
~ L.H.S. = (ab + bc + cd + de)
2
= (kb
2
+ kc
2
+ kd
2
+ ke
2
)
2
= k
2
(b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
)
2
= k
2
(b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
) (b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
)
= (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
) (b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
) (-i ) ((i) = )
:= +i (ab + bc + cd + de)
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
) (b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
)
a<iri # 17 : =ni+i
3 x 2 x x 3
3 x 2 x x 3
2 4
2 4
+ +
+
=
3 x 7 x 2 x 5
3 x 7 x 2 x 5
2 4
2 4
+
+ +
+i tn +il(
rn :
3 x 2 x x 3
3 x 2 x x 3
2 4
2 4
+ +
+
=
3 x 7 x 2 x 5
3 x 7 x 2 x 5
2 4
2 4
+
+ +
ini--i-i- ( ~--i-i- +i l+i =
3 x 2 x
x 3
2
4

=
3 x 7 x 2
x 5
2
4
+
i 3x
4
(2x
2
7x + 3) 5x
4
(x
2
2x 3) = 0
i x
4
[6x
2
21x + 9 5x
2
+ 10x + 15] = 0
i x
4
(x
2
11x + 24) = 0
x = 0 or x
2
11x + 24 = 0
x = 0 or (x 8) (x 3) = 0
x = 0, 8, 3
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
4iu +i4
(15) l< (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) = (ax + by + cz)
2
ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ x : a = y : b = z : c.
(16) l<
b
a
=
d
c
=
f
e
, ti. -i
5 2 2 6
4 2 2 2 4
f 5 d b 3 b 2
f e 5 c a 3 b a 2
+
+
+i ni- a ( b + <i n ai- +il(
Answer : (16)
4
4
b
a
nia (Cross multiplication) :
-i- ~ai- ilzii ini <i =ni+i l---i- =i t
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z = 0 ............(i)
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z = 0 ............(ii)
-i n i- =
1 2 2 1
c b c b
x

=
1 2 2 1
a c a c
y

=
1 2 2 1
b a b a
z

............(iii)
=ni+i (iii) n x, y ~i z + t +i +ni- =i lni+ l--- l-n nin +-
"x, y, z + n ii +i +i +ni- =i lni+ y + n ii + = zi +- t ( l--- l-zii- =i <i ti- t ''
-i-i ,ii =-+ nii+i +i ni- +. i- t -i- +i~i ni- = vi-- v+ i-in+ -ii - +i ~i + ni-
= vi-- +iin+ t
a<iri # 18 : =ni+ii 7x = 4y + 8z, 3z = 12x + 11y = x : y : z +i ~- i- ai- +il(
rn : -ii--i = 7x 4y 8z = 0,
12x + 11y 3z = 0,
nii+i +i lni-
4 8 7 4
11 3 12 11,
~- n i-+n
( 4) ( 3) 11 ( 8), ( 8) 12 ( 3) 7, 7 11 12 ( 4),
i 100, 75, 125

100
x
=
75
y

=
125
z
, ~- i-
4
x
=
3
y

=
5
z
t
a<iri # 19 : =ni+ii = x, y, z +i ln -- +-
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z = 0 ..........(1)
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z = 0 ..........(2)
a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
z = 0 ..........(3)
(2) ( (3) = n i- ,ii
2 3 3 2
c b c b
x

=
2 3 3 2
a c a c
y

=
2 3 3 2
b a b a
z

;
--+ + ~- i- +i k = <lzi - ++ n ii ++ (1) n i+ k ,ii liil- +- tn l---
i-- ti-i t
a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) + b
1
(c
2
a
3
c
3
a
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
) = 0
t =--i <i n: =ni+ii +i ln -- +-i +tni-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
-ain (Intervals ) :
~--in n n- R + -=n -- ti - t ~i =ini--i :-+i -i n ~=ln+i~i +i - +- i vi-- ai- +-
n l+i i-i t l< a ~i b <i i--l+ =i( := v+i t l+ a < b, t -i tn -i v+i + ~--in l---i-=i
liili- + =+- t
ai s <zi a -4i4i
ini (l-i) ~--in (a, b) {x : a < x < b} ~ii- =ini-- l-< =l-nln- -ti t
-< (=-i) ~--in [a, b]
{x : a s x s b} ~ii- =ini-- l-< ii =l-nln- t
t -ii =i t a ~i b <i-i lln- t
ini-< ~--in (a, b]
{x : a < x s b} ~ii- a =l-nln- -ti t ~i b =l-nln-
t
-< - ini ~--in [a, b)
{x : a s x < b} ~ii- =l-nln- t ~i b =l-nln- -ti
t
ai a : (1) ~--- ~--in l---i- =i liili- l+ i- t :
(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x > a}
(iii) ( , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x s b}
(v) ( , ) = {x : x e R}
(2) x + + z lzi i ni-i + ln( tn { } l--t +i -i n +- t -<itiii l< x = 1, 2 ti -i tn
x e {1, 2} lni- t
(3) l< x +i +i : ni- -ti ti -i := x e | (zi - =n --) +t- t
uf+ii +i rn +a +t -4is+ ffri (General Method to solve Inequalities) :
(~--in lli (-ln- + lli)
ni-i g(x) =
|
|
.
|

\
|


n 2 1
n 2 1
r
n
r
2
r
1
k
n
k
2
k
1
) a x ( ) a x ( ) a x (
) b x ( ) b x ( ) b x (
... (i)
ti k
1
, k
2
.....k
n
-ii r
1
, r
2
........r
n
e N ~i b
1
, b
2
.....b
n
-ii a
1
, a
2
......a
n
+i : ii l-lz-- = i t -
~=ln+i tn +- + ln( l--- < +in n n - t
s< : -
l-< ti ~zi zi- ti-i t. zi- i +n- + nn +tni- t -ii ti t zi- ti-i t. +n- + i +tni-
t
(i) =in tn zi- -ii +n- + i ai- +- t
(ii) - tn i--l+ ii =ii zi- -ii ii +i l-l-t- +- t -ii -ii ---ii = i--l+ ii
+i +: ~--ini n i < - t
(iii) l+=i ii ~--in n +n- +i l--t ai- +- t -ii =ii ~--ini +i (+i-- = l-l-t- + <- t l<
<i ~--ini +i i- in zi- ~ii i lin i ~i- t ~-ii l--t -ti <n- t
(iv) := +i tn =ii ~--in ai- +- t g(x) > 0 +i tn -- ~--ini +i =i ti-i t l=n i-in+
l--t ti-i t -ii g(x) < 0 +i tn -- ~--ini +i =i ti-i t l=n +iin+ l--t ti-i t
a<iri # 20 : ~=ln+i +i tn +il( l<
f(x) =
5 3 24
2
5
3 10
) 2 x ( ) 3 x ( x
) 8 x (
2
1
x ) 1 x ( ) 2 x (
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
> 0 ~ii < 0.
rn ni-i
f(x) =
5 3 24
2
5
3 10
) 2 x ( ) 3 x ( x
) 8 x (
2
1
x ) 1 x ( ) 2 x (
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
i -ii zi - 0, 3, 2, 1,
2
1
, 8 t
l< f(x) > 0, - x e ( , 8) ( 8, 2) ( 1, 0)
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
, 0
(3, )
-ii l< f(x) < 0, - x e ( 2, 1)
|
.
|

\
|
2 ,
2
1
(2, 3)
+nai + ffi-a s+i (Various Types of Functions) :
(i) rs< +na (Polynomial Function) :
l< +n- f, f (x) = a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n1
+ a
2
x
n2
+... + a
n1
x + a
n
,ii liili- t ti n ~+iin+ ii+
-ii a
0
, a
1
, a
2
,........., a
n
i--l+ = i( ( a
0
= 0 ti - +n- f, n ii- +i t < +n- +tni-i
t
ai a : <i t< +n- := +i t l+ =--i f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x), +i =-- +- t f(x) = 1 x
n
t
(ii) +na (Constant function) :
+n- f : A B (+ ~- +n- t l< A + + ~ +i B n l-l- (+ ti ti := +i
f : A B; f(x) = c, x e A, c e B (+ ~- +n- t
(iii) a-u+ +na (Identity function) :
+n- f : A A , f(x) = x x e A , A ,ii liili- +n- -=n+ +n- +tni-i t -ii := I
A
=
<lzi - l+i i-i t t ai- +-i ~i=i- t l+ -=n+ +n- (+ +i ~i-zi<+ ti-i t
(iv) tt4 +na (Algebraic Function) :
y, x +i ii +n- t l< t +n- := +i t l+ ii =ni+i
P
0
(x) y
n
+ P
1
(x) y
n1
+....... + P
n1
(x) y + P
n
(x) = 0 +i =-- +-i t ti n (+ i-in+ ii +
t -ii P
0
(x), P
1
(x)....... x n t < t e.g. y = |x| (+ ii +n- t . - l+ t =ni+i
y x = 0 +i =-- +-i t
ai a : =ii t< +n-. ii +n- t nl+- lnin = -ti t
+n- i ii -ti t ~ii +n- (Transcendental Function) +tni-i t
(v) fas+i ia +na/isi+ +na (Absolute Value Function / Modulus Function) :
nii+ +n- +i -i+ f (x) = |x| t -ii := y = |x|=

<
>
0 x if x
0 x if x
,ii liili- +- t
isi + +na + n iri (Properties of modulus) : a, b e R + ln(
(i) |a| > 0 (ii) |a| = |a|
(iii) |a| > a, |a| > a (iv) |ab| = |a| |b|
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
(v)
b
a
=
| b |
| a |
(vi) |a + b| s |a| + |b|
(vii) |a b| > ||a| |b||
a<iri # 21 :
l---lnli- li+ =ni+ii +i tn +il(
(i) x |x| = 4
(ii) |x 3| + 2|x + 1| = 4
rn : (i) x|x| = 4
If x > 0
x
2
= 4 x = 2 n l+- x = 2 ( x > 0)
l < x < 0 x
2
= 4 x
2
= 4 i l+ = i -ti t
(ii) |x 3| + 2|x + 1| = 4
case I : If x s 1
(x 3) 2(x + 1) = 4
x + 3 2x 2 = 4
3x + 1 = 4 3x = 3
x = 1
case II : If 1 < x s 3
(x 3) + 2(x + 1) = 4
x + 3 + 2x + 2 = 4
x = 1 i l+ = i -ti t
case III : If x > 3
x 3 + 2(x + 1) = 4
3x 1 = 4 x = 5/3 i l+ = i -ti t
x = 1Ans.
(vi) sf4 +na (Rational Function) :
y = f (x) =
) x ( h
) x ( g
, +i +n- ln +n- ti -i t . ti g (x) ( h (x) t < +n- t -ii
h(x) / 0 t
(vii) sf4 +na (Irrational Function)
t +n- y = f(x) l=n in. ~--.ni-. lii+ ( li--in+ ii- +i =l+i~i +i -in ti-i t
~ln +n- +tni-i t
-<iti y =
x x 2
x x
3 / 1 3
+
+
(+ ~ln +n- t
(a) =ni+i
) x ( f
= g(x) l--- l-+i + i t
f(x) = g
2
(x) -ii g(x) > 0
(b) ~=ln+i
) x ( f
< g(x) l--- l-+i + i t
f(x) < g
2
(x) -ii f(x) > 0 -ii g(x) > 0
(c) ~=ln+i
) x ( f
> g(x) l--- l-+i + i t
g(x) s 0 -ii f(x) > 0 i g(x) > 0 -ii f(x) > g
2
(x)
(viii) iiai+t4 +na (Exponential Function) :
+n- f(x) = a
x
= e
x In a
(a > 0, a = 1, x eR) -ii-i+i +n- +tni-i t. -ii-i+i +n-i + ~ini
l--- +i ti =+- t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
Case - I Case - II
For a > 1 For 0 < a < 1
(ix) nini+t4 +na (Logarithmic Function) :
f(x) = log
a
x ni ni+i +n- +tni-i t ti a > 0 ( a = 1 -ii x > 0 t :-+ ~in i l--- +i
ti =+- t
Case- I Case- II
For a > 1 For 0 < a < 1
y+ u4i +i nini+ (Logarithm of a Number) :
l+=i =i N +i ~iii a nini+. -= ii-i+ +i l-l- +-i t. l=+i a nni- = =i N i--
ti-i t . := = i +i log
a
N = <lzi- +- t
log
a
N = x a
x
= N , a > 0, a = 1 & N > 0
l< a = 10 ti . -i log
10
b +i i log b lni- t
l< a = e ti. -i log
e
b +i i nb lni- t. ti e -l ~iii t. l=+i =in+ ni- 2.7182 ti-i t
4i< i
log
10
2
~
~ 0.3010 ; log
10
3
~
~ 0.4771
n 2
~
~ 0.693 ; n 10
~
~ 2.303
si-a (Domain of Definition) :
=i log
a
N + ~l-- ( ~l,-i-i +i l--ii a > 0, a = 1 ( N > 0 +i =ti-i = ai- l+i i =+-i
t
nini+ +i ~iii 'a', :+i: + i -ti ti-i -ilt( ~-ii :+i: + ~nii ~- =i~i + nini+ -ti
ti n -ii + = i :+i: +i ni ni+ ti ni
iriiia nini+t4 uuf+i (Fundamental Logarithmic Identity) :
a
a
N log
= N, a > 0, a = 1 ( N > 0
nini+ + 4 niri (The Principal of Logarithm) :
ni-il+ M ~i N - -z i-in+ = i( t . a > 0, a = 1, b > 0, b = 1 -ii o, | +i : i--l+ = i( t . -i
(i) log
a
(M.N) = log
a
M + log
a
N ; i+ n log
a
(x
1
x
2
......x
n
) = log
a
x
1
+ log
a
x
2
+ ........+ log
a
x
n
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
(ii) log
a
(M/N) = log
a
M log
a
N
(iii) log
a
M
o
= o. log
a
M
(iv)
M log
a
| =
|
1
log
a
M
(v) log
b
M =
b log
M log
a
a
(~iii l- - n )
aia :
log
a
1 = 0 log
a
a = 1
log
1/a
a = 1 log
b
a =
b log
1
a
a
x
=
a n x
e

a log b log
c c
b a =
ai a : (i) l< =i ~i ~iii :+i: + (+ ti ~i l-i- ti. -i nini+ +i ni- i-in+ ti-i t
(ii) l< =i ~i ~iii :+i: + li- ~i l-i- ti . -i nini+ +i ni- +iin+ ti-i t
ni ni+t4 ut+i (Logarithmic Equation) :
=ni+i log
a
x = log
a
y = i t l< ~i + n l< x = y ~ii -
log
a
x = log
a
y x = y
=< <i n: =ni+i +i i-i ai- +-i -ilt( ~ii - x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, a = 1 ti - -ilt(
ni ni+t4 uf+i (Logarithmic Inequality) :
ni-i a (+ i--l+ =i := +i t l+
(i) l< a > 1, - log
a
x > log
a
y x > y
(ii) l< a > 1, - log
a
x < o 0 < x < a
o
(iii) l< a > 1, - log
a
x > o x > a
o
(iv) l< 0 < a < 1, - log
a
x > log
a
y 0 < x < y
(v) l< 0 < a < 1, - log
a
x < o x > a
o
=s - I : f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0, g(x) = 1
=s fa+i4i +i ur
(a) log
g(x)
f(x) > 0

< < s <

> >
1 ) x ( g 0 , 1 ) x ( f 0
1 ) x ( g , 1 ) x ( f
(b) log
g(x)
f(x) s 0

> s <
< < >
1 ) x ( g , 1 ) x ( f 0
1 ) x ( g 0 , 1 ) x ( f
(c) log
g(x)
f(x) > a

< < s <

> >
1 ) x ( g 0 , ) x ( g ) x ( f 0
1 ) x ( g , ) x ( g ) x ( f
a
a
(d) log
g(x)
f(x) s a

< < >

> s <
1 ) x ( g 0 , ) x ( g ) x ( f
1 ) x ( g , ) x ( g ) x ( f 0
a
a
=s - II : ~=ln+i +i
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
=s fa+i4i +i ur
(a) log
|(x)
f(x) > log
|(x)
g(x)

< | < s <

> | >
1 ) x ( 0 ; ) x ( g ) x ( f 0
, 1 ) x ( ), x ( g ) x ( f
(b) log
|(x)
f(x) s log
|(x)
g(x)

< | < > >

> | s <
1 ) x ( 0 , 0 ) x ( g ) x ( f
, 1 ) x ( ), x ( g ) x ( f 0
a<iri # 22 : ni ni+i ~=ln+i log
1/5
0
x
6 x 4
>
+
+i tn +il(
rn : - l+ log
1/5
1 = 0, <i n: ~=ln+i +i lnii i =+-i t
log
1/5
>
+
x
6 x 4
log
1/5
1
+n- + i-- +i i- n ii i-i t -i ~=ln+i l--- ~=ln+i~i + l-+i + =n-- ti ni

s
+
>
+
1
x
6 x 4
, 0
x
6 x 4
~--in lli +i in ++ ~=ln+i~i +i tn +- t
x e |
.
|

2
3
, 2
a<iri # 23 : ~=ln+i log
1/3
(5x 1) > 0 +i tn +il(
rn : ni ni+ + nni- niin + i n =

>
<
0 1 x 5
1 1 x 5

> >

< <
5
1
x 1 x 5
5
2
x 2 x 5
~=ln+i +i tn l<i i-i t
|
.
|

\
|
5
2
,
5
1
Ans.
a<iri # 24 : ~=ln+i log
(2x + 3)
x
2
< log
(2x + 3)
(2x + 3) +i tn +il(
rn : <i n: ~=ln+i l--- l-+ii + =n t + =n- - t

+ < <
> +

+ >
< + <
3 x 2 x 0
) ii ( 1 3 x 2
3 x 2 x
) i ( 1 3 x 2 0
2
2
l-+i (i) +i tn +- tn lnn-i t

> +
< <
) iii ( 0 ) 1 x ( ) 3 x (
1 x
2
3
l-+i (iii) l--- <i l-+i =n ti + =n- - t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19

< < <

> < <
) v ( 1 x , 1 x
2
3
) iv ( ; 3 x , 1 x
2
3
l-+i (iv) +i +i: tn -ti t l-+i (v) +i tn t x e |
.
|

\
|
1 ,
2
3
l-+i (ii) +i tn +- tn i-- ti -i t

< +
>
0 ) 1 x ( ) 3 x (
1 x
~ii

< <
>
3 x 1
1 x
x e ( 1, 3)
x e |
.
|

\
|
1 ,
2
3
( 1, 3)
a<iri # 25 : ~=ln+i |
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
5
x 2
log log
2
10
30 x 12 x
2
> 0 +i tn +il(
rn : t ~=ln+i l--- l-+i =n ti + =n- - t

> |
.
|

\
|
>
+
, 1
5
x 2
log
, 1
10
30 x 12 x
2
2
~i

< |
.
|

\
|
<
<
+
<
1
5
x 2
log 0
, 1
10
30 x 12 x
0
2
2
in l-+i +i tn +- tn lnn-i t

>
> +
2
5
x 2
0 20 x 12 x
2

>
>
5 x
0 ) 2 x ( ) 10 x (

>
> <
5 x
10 x and 2 x
:=ln( l-+i +i tn x > 10
l,-i l-+i +i tn +- tn lnn-i t

< <
< + <
2
5
x 2
1
10 30 x 12 x 0
2

< <
< + > +
5 x
2
5
0 20 x 12 x 0 30 x 12 x
2 2
rFkk

< <
< < + > <
5 x
2
5
10 x 2 6 6 x 6 6 x rFkk k ;
<i -i l-+ii +i =l-nln- tn
2
5
< x < 6 6 t . -i n n ~=ln+i +i tn t
x e (
2
5
, 6 6 ) (10, ) Ans.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
20
4iu +i4
l--- ~=ln+i~i +i tn +il(
(17) log
3x + 5
(9x
2
+ 8x + 8) > 2
(18) log
0.2
(x
2
x 2) > log
0.2
( x
2
+ 2x + 3)
(19)
3
6 x
log
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ 2 x
1 x
log
2
> 0
(20) log
x
(x
3
x
2
2x) < 3
Answers : (17)
|
.
|

\
|
22
17
,
3
4

(18) |
.
|

\
|
2
5
, 2
(19) ( 6, 5) ( 3, 2)
(20) (2, )
fua +na (Signum Function) :
+n- f (x) = sgn (x) l--- +i liili- l+i i-i t
f (x) = sgn (x) =

<
=
>
fy, ds
fy, ds
fy, ds
0 x 1
0 x 0
0 x 1
O
y = 1 if x < 0
y = 1 if x > 0
y = sgn x
X
Y
t := +i ii lnii i =+-i t sgn (x) =

=
=
0 x ; 0
0 x ;
x
| x |
ai a : sgn (f(x)) =

=
=
0 ) x ( f ; 0
0 ) x ( f ;
) x ( f
| ) x ( f |
r-i sii+ +na 4i utct +na (Greatest Integer Function or Step Up Function)
+n- y = f (x) = [x] nt-in ii + +n- +tni-i t . ti [x], x = zi i i i nt-in ii + ti -i t
-<iti-
[3.2] = 3; [ 3.2] = 4
for 1 s x < 0 ; [x] = 1 ; for 0 s x < 1 ; [x] = 0
for 1 s x < 2 ; [x] = 1 ; for 2 s x < 3 ; [x] = 2 and so on.
r-i sii+ +na +i ini :
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
21
r-i s ii + +na + n i (Properties of greatest integer function)
(a) x 1 < [x] s x
(b) [x m] = [x] m l< ~i + n l< m ii + t
(c) [x] + [y] s [x + y] s [x] + [y] + 1
(d) [x] + [ x] =

n l-il- ~-
ti + ii l<
1
0 x ;
Note : [mx] = m[x]
fi-ai-+ iin +na (Fractional Part Function) :
t y = {x} = x [x] ,ii liili- t t =< ~+iin+ ti -i t ~i [0, 1) + i- l-i- ti -i t := +n-
+i ~i- +in 1 ti -i t ~i :=+i ~i i l--- +i <ziii i =+-i t
-<itiii {2.1} = 2.1 [2.1] = 2.1 2 = 0.1
{ 3.7} = 3.7 [ 3.7] = 3.7 + 4 = 0.3
fi-ai-+ +na + ni (Properties of fractional part function) :
(a) {x m} = {x} l< ~i + n l< m (+ ii + ti
(b) {x} + {x} =

n l-il- ~-
t + ii + ( l<
, 1
, 0 x
aia : {mx} = m {x}
a<iri # 26 : =ni+i [x] + {x} = 2x tn +il(
rn : case-I x e I
x + 0 = 2x x = 0
case-II x e I
[x] + 1 {x} = 2x
[I + f] + 1 {I + f} = 2 (I + f)
I + 1 f = 2I + 2f
3
1 I
= f =i l+ 0 < f < 1
0 <
3
1 I
< 1
0 < 1 I < 3
1 < I < 2
2 < I < 1 I = 1, 0
f =
3
2
,
3
1
ti x =
3
1
,
3
1
tn t x = 0,
3
1
,
3
1
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
22
fi+i ifat4 +na (Trigonometric function)
fi+i ifat4 +nai + in i (Graphs of Trigonometric functions)
(a) y = sin x x e R; y e [1, 1]
t t/2 t/2 t t 3 /2 2t
0
1
y
1
x
2t
(b) y = cos x x e R; y e [ 1, 1]
t/2 t/2 t t 3 /2 2t
0
1
y
1
x
t 3 /2 2t
(c) y = tan x x e R (2n + 1) t/2, n e I ; y e R
/2 t
0
t/2 3 /2 t t
x
y
t
(d) y = cot x x e R nt , n e I; y e R
(e) y = cosec x x e R nt , n e I ; y e ( , 1] [1, )
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
23
(f) y = sec x x e R (2n + 1) t/2, n e I ; y e ( , 1] [1, )
<i +iii + 4in 4i -a + fi+iifat4 +na
(Trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles) :
(a) sin (A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
(b) cos (A B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
(c) sinA sinB = cosB cosA = sin (A+B). sin (A B)
(d) cosA sinB = cosB sinA = cos (A+B). cos (A B)
(e) tan (A B) =
B tan A tan 1
B tan A tan

(f) cot (A B) =
A cot B cot
1 B cot A cot

(g) tan (A + B + C) =
A tan C tan C tan B tan B tan A tan 1
C tan B tan A tan C tan B tan A tan

+ +
.
Sines 4i Cosines + 4in 4i -a +i nia+n sfaa
(Factorisation of the sum or difference of two sines or cosines) :
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin
2
D C+
cos
2
D C
(b) sinC sinD = 2 cos
2
D C+
sin
2
D C
(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos
2
D C+
cos
2
D C
(d) cosC cosD = 2 sin
2
D C+
sin
2
D C
Sines i Cosines + n ia+na +i 4i n 4i -a sfaa
(Transformation of Products into Sum or Difference of Sines & Cosines) :
(a) 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(AB) (b) 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) sin(AB)
(c) 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(AB) (d) 2 sinA sinB = cos(AB) cos(A+B)
ni i urni +ii (Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles)
(a) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sin u = 2 sin
u
2
cos
u
2
(b) cos 2A = cosA sinA = 2cosA 1 = 1 2 sinA; 2 cos
2
u
= 1 + cos u, 2 sin
2
u
= 1 cos u.
(c) tan 2A =
A tan 1
A tan 2
2

; tan u =
2
2
2
tan 1
tan 2
u
u

MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
24
(d) sin 2A =
A tan 1
A tan 2
2
+
, cos 2A =
A tan 1
A tan 1
2
2
+

(e) sin 3A = 3 sinA 4 sin

3
A
(f) cos 3A = 4 cos
3
A 3 cosA (g) tan 3A =
A tan 3 1
A tan A tan 3
2
3

r-si fi+iifat4 asia (Important Trigonometric Ratios) :
(a) sin n t = 0 ; cos n t = (1)
n
; tan n t = 0, ti n e I
(b) sin 15 i sin
12
t
=
2 2
1 3
= cos 75 i cos
12
5t
;
cos 15 i cos
12
t
=
2 2
1 3+
= sin 75 i sin
12
5t
;
tan 15 =
1 3
1 3
+

= 3 2 = cot 75 ; tan 75 =
1 3
1 3

+
= 3 2+ = cot 15
(c) sin
10
t
i sin 18 =
4
1 5
& cos 36 i cos
5
t
=
4
1 5+
sfaf-ria uuf+i4 (Conditional Identities)
l< A + B + C = t ti . -i :
(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
(ii) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos
2
A
cos
2
B
cos
2
C
(iii) cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1 4 cos A cos B cos C
(iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin
2
A
sin
2
B
sin
2
C
(v) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(vi) tan
2
A
tan
2
B
+ tan
2
B
tan
2
C
+ tan
2
C
tan
2
A
= 1
(vii) cot
2
A
+ cot
2
B
+ cot
2
C
= cot
2
A
. cot
2
B
. cot
2
C
(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
(ix) l< A + B + C =
t
2
ti -i tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
fi+iifat4 -4+ +i sfu (Rangeof TrigonometricExpression) :
E = a sin u + b cos u
E =
2 2
b a + sin (u + o), ti tan o =
a
b
=
2 2
b a + cos (u |), ti tan | =
b
a
~- u + l+=i ii i--l+ ni- + ln(
2 2 2 2
b a E b a + s s +
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
25
Sine i Cosine it (Sine and Cosine Series) :
sin o + sin (o + |) + sin (o + 2| ) +...... + sin ( ) | + o 1 n =
2
2
n
sin
sin
|
|
sin
|
.
|

\
|
|

+ o
2
1 n
cos o + cos (o + |) + cos (o + 2| ) +...... + cos ( ) | + o 1 n =
2
2
n
sin
sin
|
|
cos
|
.
|

\
|
|

+ o
2
1 n
fi+iitat4 ut+i (Trigonometric Equations) :
4 rn (Principal Solutions) :
lzi+i iln-i =ni+i + tn i ~--in [0, 2t) n ti 4 rn +tni- t
a<iria =ni+i sinx =
2
1
+ n tn ai- +il(
rn.
sinx =
2
1
:=+ <i ni- lni- t
~ii -
6
t
(
6
5t
i ~--in [0, 2t) n t ( :=+ sine +i ni-
2
1
t
=ni+i sinx =
2
1
+ n tn
6
t
,
6
5t
t
-4is+ rn (General solution) :
ii + n =lt- + i lzi+iiln-i =ni+i + =ii tn v<i- +-i t. -4is+ rn +tni-i t
+z ni-+ lzi+i iln-i =ni+ii + i+ tn l--- v+i t
(i) l< sin u = sin o u = n t + (1)
n
o ti o e

(
t t
2 2
, , n e I.
(ii) l< cos u = cos o u = 2 n t o ti o e [0, t], n e I.
(iii) l< tan u = tan o u = n t + o ti o e
|
\

|
.
|
t t
2 2
, , n e I.
(iv) l< sin u = sin o u = n t o, n e I. (v) cos u = cos o u = n t o, n e I.
(vi) tan u = tan o u = n t o, n e I. [ -i : o n +i i +tni-i t ]
fi+i ifat4 ut+ii + v+i (Types Of Trigonometric Equations)
(i) n i-i ,ii =ni+i + tn
= =ni+i (2 sin x cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin x.
(ii) l,ii- =ni+i n ll- - ti - in =ni+i +i tn
= =ni+i 3 cos x 10 cos x + 3 = 0.
(iii) =ti+ +i ii + n+ =ni+ii +i tn
= =ni+i sin x + cos x =
2
(
3
cos x + sin x = 2.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
26
(iv) lzi+i iln-i +n-i + i n +i n i-i n ll- - + =ni+ii +i tn
-<iti- cos 3 x + sin 2 x sin 4 x = 0.
(v) lzi+i iln-i +n-i + n i-+n +i i n+n n ll- - + =ni+ii +i tn
= =ni+i sin 5 x . cos 3 x = sin 6 x . cos 2 x.
(vi) - +i ll- - + =ni+i +i tn +-i
(a) P(sinx cos x, sinx. cos x) = 0, ti P(y, z) t < t . vi +i =ni+i +i ll- - +
tn + =+- t
cos x sin x = t 1 2 sin x . cos x = t
2
.
= =ni+i sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x . cos x.
(b) a .sin x + b .cos x + d = 0, ti a, b ( d i--l+ = i( t ( a, b = 0, + vi +i
=ni+i +i sinx ( cos x +i --+ = n- tan + ~z +i i n ll-- + tn +-i
= =ni+i 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5.
(c) + z =ni+ii +i ~- - + =ii tn +-i
-<iti- sin
4
2 x + cos
4
2 x = sin 2 x . cos 2 x n sin 2x. cos 2x = y vl--iil- +-
vi-- 2 (y+1)
y
|
\

|
.
|
1
2
= 0 +i tn +-i
(vii) +n- sinx ( cos x +i lz-i +i -i n + =ni+i +i tn +-i
= =ni+i sin x cos sin
x
x
4
2
|
\

|
.
| + 1
4
2 +
|
\

|
.
|
sin cos
x
x . cos x = 0 .
fi+iifat4 uf+iy (Trigonometric Inequalitities) :
vil-i+ lzi+iiln-i ~=ln+i~i (elementary trigonometric inequalitities) + tn ~ii ,ii ai- +- t
____________________________________________________________
uf+i uf+i + rni +i u-4 (n e z)
____________________________________________________________
sin x > a (|a| < 1) x e (sin
1
a + 2tn, t sin
1
a + 2tn)
sin x < a (|a| < 1) x e (t sin
1
a + 2tn, sin
1
a + 2tn)
cos x > a (|a| < 1) x e (cos
1
a +2tn, cos
1
a + 2tn)
cos x < a (|a| < 1) x e (cos
1
a + 2tn, 2t cos
1
a + 2tn)
tan x > a x e (tan
1
a + tn, t/2 + tn)
tan x < a x e |
.
|

\
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n a tan , n
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R(y) > 0, R(y) < 0, ti R l-lz-- ln +n- ( y lzi+i iln-i +n- . vi +i ~=ln+i~i +i =ini--i
<i iini n tn l+i i-i t vin -- ln ~=ln+i +i ~ai- y + ln( tn l+i i-i t -ii -=+ i<
vil-i+ lzi+iiln-i ~=ln+i +i tn l+i i-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
27
a<iri # 27 : 2 sin
2
x 7 sin x + 3 > 0 ~=ln+i +i tn +il(
rn : sin x = y ni-- tn l--- ~=ln+i vi-- ti -i t
2y
2
7y + 3 > 0,
l=+ tni +i =n -- y < 1/2, y > 3 t - vil-i+ ~ai- = tn <i n: ~=ln+i <i ~=ln+i <i
~=ln+i~i sin x < 1/2 ( sin x > 3. n ll- - ti i-i t
l,-i ~=ln+i +i +i: tn -ti t -ii vin ~=ln+i +i tn
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a<iri # 28 : ~=ln+i cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x > 0 +i tn +il(
rn : ~l--n <i + in +i n i-i n ll- - +- tn ~=ln+i
cos 2x + 2 cos 2x cos x > 0
vi-- ti -i t cos 2x it n - tn
cos 2x (2 cos x + 1) > 0
vi-- ti-i t := ~=ln+i +i <i vil-i+ ~=ln+i~i :
cos 2x < 0, cos 2x > 0
cos 2x < 1/2, cos x > 1/2
+ l-+i + =ni- l+i i =+-i t :- l-+ii + tni +i nn +- = vil-i+ ~=ln+i + tn vi--
ti - t
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