EXPERIMENT NO :

Name of the Experiment Determination of Cd, Cv & Cc for given orifice.

Apparatus : Inlet tank which is fed from on overhead tank through a pipe
network sharp edge orifice, hook gauge attached to the inlet
tank, Stop watch, Scale etc.
Formula

Where : a = Area of orifice.
Q = Constant head of water in inlet tank.
V = Volume of water collected in tank.
A = C / S area of tank.
H = Depth of water collected in tank.
t = Time require to collect the water in collecting
tank.
Theory : Orifice is a small opening of any cross section such as circular,
triangular, rectangular, on a side or on the bottom of the tank, through which a
fluid flows. Orifices are used for measuring he rate of flowing fluid.
The water is allowed to flow through an orifice fitted to tank and a constant head H.
The water is collected in measuring tank for known time t . The height of water in the
measuring tank is noted.

Consider a liquid particle which is at vena contract at any
time status the position along the jet at P. Jet
x = Horizontal distance traveled by particles
y = Vertical distance traveled by particle.
v = actual velocity of jet.
Horizontal distance, x = v. t ---------------------------------------------------------- 1.


Procedure :
* The diameter of the orifice, dimension of measuring tank, and diameter of
pipeline were noted.
* The x and y movement of the pointer was checked to be jerk free and
smooth.
* The inlet controlled valve was opened. The inlet tank was allowed to fill the
over flow started. The inlet valve was from adjusted till the water level in the tank
becomes constant as checked by piezometer reading.
* After 3 to 5 min, when steady of flow acquired, it and valve of x and y
were measured open pointer was kept at center of jet.
* The discharge was measured and head h was calculated again. The
procedure was repeated for a set of 4 different reading.
Observation :
Diameter of orifice, d = ______ cm
Cross sectional area of an orifice = a =____________ cm2
Area of collecting tank = A = ______ x ______ = _______ cm
2


EXPERIMENT NO:3.
Calibration of contracted Rectangular Notch and / Triangular Notch and determination of
flow rate.
Apparatus: Arrangement for finding the coefficient of discharge inclusive of supply tank,
collecting tank, pointer, scale & different type of notches


Formula : for a triangular Notch

for a Rectangular Notch


Theory: Notches are overflow structure where length of crest along the flow of water is
accurately shaped to calculate discharge.
Procedure:
1. The notch under test is positioned at the end of tank with vertical sharp edge on the upstream
side.
2. Open the inlet valve and fill water until the crest of notch.
3. Note down the height of crest level by pointer gauge.
4. Change the inlet supply and note the height of this level in the tank.
5. Note the volume of water collected in collecting tank for a particular time and find out the
discharge.
6. Height and discharge readings for different flow rate are noted.
Observations & Calculations:
Breath of tank =
Length of tank =
Height of water to crest level for rectangular notch is =
Height of water to crest level for V notch =
Height of water to crest level for Trapezoidal notch =
Angle of V notch =
Width of Rectangular notch =


Type Of notch
Discharge

Final height
reading above
width

Head above
crest level

Cd
Initial height
Of tank

Final height
Of tank

Difference
In height

Volume

Q
















Conclusion:
Hence
discharge of V Notch is ______________.
discharge of Rectangular Notch is ______________.

EXPERIMENT NO:7
Aim: To verify the Bernoullis theorem.
Apparatus: A supply tank of water, a tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometer tubes
point, measuring tank, scale, stop watch.
Theory: Bernoullis theorem states that when there is a continues connection between the
particle of flowing mass liquid, the total energy of any sector of flow will remain same
provided there is no reduction or addition at any point.


Formula Used:
H1 = Z1 + p1/w + V12/2g
H2 = Z2 + p2/w + V22/2g
Procedure:
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and out flow
equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time.
5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.
6. Compute the area of cross- section under the tube.
7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

Observations & Calculations:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Discharge
Of piezometer Tube
from inlet

Area of
Cross-section
Under foot Of each
point

Velocity
Of water
Under foot
Of each point



V2/2g



p/



p/+ V2/2g


Conclusion: Hence Bernoullis theorem is verified.


EXPERIMENT NO:8

Determination of the Reynolds number for laminar, turbulent and transient flow in pipe

Apparatus: Flow condition inlet supply, elliptical belt type arrangement for coloured fluid with
regulating valve, collecting tank.

Theory: It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid to the viscous force of the
fluid

Procedure:
1. Fill the supply tank some times before the experiment.
2. The calculated fluid is filled as container.
3. Now set the discharge by using the valve of that particular flow can be obtained.
4. The type of flow of rate is glass tube is made to be known by opening the valve of dye container.
5. Take the reading of discharge for particular flow.
6. Using the formula set the Reynolds no. for that particular flow, aspect the above procedure for
all remaining flow.

Observations & Calculations:

Type

Time
Discharge

Q

Re Initial Final Difference Volume







Result

EXPERIMENT NO
Aim: Determination of Coefficient for minor losses in pipes

Apparatus: A flow circuit of G. I. pipes of different pipe fittings viz. Large bend, Small bend,
Elbow, Sudden enlargement from 25 mm dia to 50 mm dia, Sudden contraction from 50 mm dia
to 25 mm dia, U-tube differential manometer, collecting tank.

Theory:
Minor Losses: The local or minor head losses are caused by certain local features or disturbances
.The disturbances may be caused in the size or shape of the pipe.

Procedure:
1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter and length of pipe between the pressure
tapping, area of collecting tank etc.
2. Pressure tapping of a pipe a is kept open while for other pipe is closed.
3. The flow rate was adjusted to its maximum value. By maintaining suitable amount of steady
flow in the pipe.
4. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the water level in the left and
right limbs of manometer tube.
5. The flow rate is reduced in stages by means of flow control valve and the discharge & reading
of manometer are recorded.
6. This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tapping of this pipe, together with other
pipes and for opening of another pipe.

Observations & Calculations:
Diameter of pipe D =
Length of pipe between pressure tapping L =
Area of collecting tank =
Types of the fitting =


SNo
Manometer Reading Discharge Measurement

Loss of coefficient
K =(2g h
L
)/V
2

Left limb h
1 (cm)

Right limb
h 2 (cm)

Difference of head
in terms of water hf
=13.6(h1-h2)

Initial
(cm)

Final
(cm)

Time
(sec)

Discharge Q
(cm
3
/sec)
1.

2.

3.

4.



Conclusion: