JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

MOMENTUM TRANSFER & UNIT

OPERATION LABORATORY
CLASS – UGIII
SECTION – A1

EXPERIMENT NO. – 04

GROUP NO. – 2
GROUP MEMBERS

NAME ROLL NUMBER

ANISH DAS 002110301046
NAZMUS SAQIB GAZI 002110301044
ABID HOSSAIN 002110301052
SAJAL MONDAL 002110301056
LHENDUP TSHERING LAMA 002110301059
RAKTIM BANERJEE 002110301142
PRITHWISH DAS 002110301166
ANIKET BISWAS 002110301167
SUJOY MONDAL 002110301168
SAYAM CHANDRA 002110301171
SAYAN ADHIKARY 002110301170
SOURAV KONAR 002110301176
BITOPAMA MODAK 002110301174
ANANYA GHORAI 002110301175
DALIM SK 002110301049
SARESH MURMU 002110301092
ROHAN KUMAR CHOWDHURY 002110301169
TITLE: BERNOULLI’s EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE: i) To verify Bernoulli’s equation experimentally
ii) To plot the total energy line vs distance
APPARATUS: i) Collecting tank
ii) Stopwatch
iii) Scale
iv) Manometer
v) Controlling valve
vi) Pump
vii) Bernoulli’s experiment equipment
THEORY: Bernoulli’s energy form equation is based on the Law of
Conservation of Energy. This equation states that at two section of
fluid flow field, the total energy remains same, provided that there is
no loss or gain of energy between the two sections .This equations is
valid only for steady flow. This equation is expressed as:
E = P1/ρg + v12/2g + z1 = P2/ρg + v22/2g + z2
= P/ρg + v2/2g + z(=0) [as, Pipe is horizontal with X-axis]
Where, E = Total Energy
P1/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or Pressure
head at point 1
v12/2g = Kinetic Energy per unit weight or Kinetic head at
point 1
z1 = Potential Energy per unit weight or Potential head at
point 1
 P2/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or Pressure
head at point 2
v22/2g = Kinetic Energy per unit weight or Kinetic head at
point 2
z2 = Potential Energy per unit weight or Potential head at
point 2
P1 = Pressure of Fluid at point 1
P2 = Pressure of Fluid at point 2
v1 = Velocity of Fluid at point 1
v2 = Velocity of Fluid at point 2
ρ = Density of Fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
FORMULA: Total Energy, E = P/ρg + v2/2g + z
Velocity of Fluid, v = Q/A
Flowrate or Discharge, Q = (At *R)/t
P/ρg = h
Where,
R = Rise of water level in measuring (collecting) tank
t = Time taken for R
At = Area of the measuring tank
A = Area of the pipe at that section
GIVEN DATA: Temperature = 30℃
ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3
Area of the measuring tank, At = 0.1 m2
g = 9.81 m/s2

TABLE FOR PIEZOMETER READINGS ( PRESSURE HEADS

OF THE 9 PIEZOMETERS IN 6 RUNS )

RUN LIQUID HEIGHT AT DIFFERENT PIEZOMETRIC

TUBES (CM)
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9
1 36.9 36.9 35.4 33.5 30.5 32.5 34.2 35.2 36
2 34.8 34.9 32.6 29.9 25.4 28.4 30.9 32.3 33.3
3 31.3 31.3 28 24.2 17.8 22.3 25.5 27.8 28.8
4 12.8 23.2 20.3 16.3 10 14.7 18 20.2 21.3
5 17.2 17.2 14.8 11.6 6.5 10.2 13.2 15 16
6 12.5 13 10.7 8 3.5 6.5 9 10.3 11.2

These above datas correspond to the piezometer tube readings

(Pressure head of the fluid flow at different tapping points ) in cm ,
for 6 runs using different flow rates.
 TABLE FOR WATER FLOW RATE CALCULATION

Run Initial Final Height Time Flow Rate

𝑨∆𝒉
Height Height Difference( Durati Q =------
∆𝒕
of of Δh) (m) on ( 𝒎𝟑 /S)
Collecti Collecti (Δt)(s)
on on
Tank(m Tank(m
) )
1 0.058 0.09 .032 10
0.00032
2 .09 0.13 0.04 10
0.0004
3 0.13 0.17 0.04 10
0.0004
4 .17 .216 0.046 10
0.00046
5 0.216 0.257 0.041 10
0.00041
6 0.256 0.298 0.042 10
0.00042

For the upcoming calculations, g is taken as 9.81m/s2.

 RUN 1 :

Water flow rate ( Q ) = 0.00032 𝒎𝟑/S .

Tap Cross Section Distance Velocit Velocit Pressure Total

Position Of From y V = y Head Head = Head
Pipe(CS)(m2) Referenc Q/CS V2/2g Piezomete (m)
e Zero (m/s) (m) r Reading
(m) (m)
1 0.00061707 0.03 0.51 0.0266 0.369 0.425
2 0.00050074 0.07 0.64 0.02089 0.369 0.4598
8
3 0.0004162 0.11 0.78 0.03108 0.354 0.495
4 0.00033329 0.15 0.963 0.0473 0.335 0.532
5 0.00027172 0.19 1.18 0.0711 0.305 0.566
6 0.00033006 0.23 0.96 0.048 0.325 0.602
7 0.00042273 0.27 0.75 0.029 0.342 0.641
8 0.00051794 0.31 0.62 0.019 0.352 0.681
9 0.00064063 0.35 0.499 0.0127 0.36 0.722
 RUN 2 :

Water flow rate ( Q ) = 0.0004 𝒎𝟑/S .

Tap Cross Section Distance Velocit Velocit Pressure Total

Position Of From y V = y Head Head = Head
Pipe(CS)(m2) Referenc Q/CS V2/2g Piezomete (m)
e Zero (m/s) (m) r Reading
(m) (m)
1 0.00061707 0.03 0.64822 0.02141 0.348 0.39941
2 0.00050074 0.07 0.79881 0.03252 0.349 0.451
3 0.0004162 0.11 0.96107 0.04707 0.326 0.484
4 0.00033329 0.15 1.20015 0.0734 0.299 0.523
5 0.00027172 0.19 1.47209 0.11045 0.254 0.555
6 0.00033006 0.23 1.2119 0.07485 0.284 0.588
7 0.00042273 0.27 0.94623 0.04563 0.309 0.624
8 0.00051794 0.31 0.77228 0.03039 0.323 0.663
9 0.00064063 0.35 0.62438 0.01987 0.333 0.702
 RUN 3 :

Water flow rate ( Q ) = 0.0004 𝒎𝟑/S .

Tap Cross Section Distance Velocit Velocit Pressure Total

Position Of From y V = y Head Head = Head
Pipe(CS)(m2) Referenc Q/CS V2/2g Piezomete (m)
e Zero (m/s) (m) r Reading
(m) (m)
1 0.00061707 0.03 0.64822 0.02141 0.313 0.364
2 0.00050074 0.07 0.79881 0.03252 0.313 0.415
3 0.0004162 0.11 0.96107 0.04707 0.28 0.4385
4 0.00033329 0.15 1.20015 0.0734 0.242 0.466
5 0.00027172 0.19 1.47209 0.11045 0.178 0.479
6 0.00033006 0.23 1.2119 0.07485 0.223 0.5279
7 0.00042273 0.27 0.94623 0.04563 0.255 0.570
8 0.00051794 0.31 0.77228 0.03039 0.278 0.618
9 0.00064063 0.35 0.62438 0.01987 0.288 0.657
 RUN 4 :

Water flow rate ( Q ) = 0.00046 𝒎𝟑/S .

Tap Cross Section Distance Velocit Velocit Pressure Total

Position Of From y V = y Head Head = Head
Pipe(CS)(m2) Referenc Q/CS V2/2g Piezomete (m)
e Zero (m/s) (m) r Reading
(m) (m)
1 0.00061707 0.03 0.74 0.028 0.228 0.286
2 0.00050074 0.07 0.92 0.043 0.232 0.345
3 0.0004162 0.11 1.122 0.064 0.203 0.377
4 0.00033329 0.15 1.385 0.097 0.163 0.410
5 0.00027172 0.19 1.697 0.147 0.1 0.437
6 0.00033006 0.23 1.39 0.099 0.147 0.476
7 0.00042273 0.27 1.088 0.0604 0.18 0.5104
8 0.00051794 0.31 0.89 0.040 0.202 0.552
9 0.00064063 0.35 0.71 0.026 0.213 0.589
 RUN 5 :

Water flow rate ( Q ) =0.00041 𝒎𝟑/S

Tap Cross Section Distance Velocit Velocit Pressure Total

Position Of From y V = y Head Head = Head
Pipe(CS)(m2) Referenc Q/CS V2/2g Piezomete (m)
e Zero (m/s) (m) r Reading
(m) (m)
1 0.00061707 0.03 0.64822 0.02141 0.172 0.223
2 0.00050074 0.07 0.79881 0.03252 0.172 0.274
3 0.0004162 0.11 0.96107 0.04707 0.148 0.3065
4 0.00033329 0.15 1.20015 0.0734 0.116 0.34
5 0.00027172 0.19 1.47209 0.11045 0.065 0.366
6 0.00033006 0.23 1.2119 0.07485 0.102 0.4069
7 0.00042273 0.27 0.94623 0.04563 0.132 0.447
8 0.00051794 0.31 0.77228 0.03039 0.15 0.4905
9 0.00064063 0.35 0.62438 0.01987 0.16 0.53
 RUN 6:

Water flow rate ( Q ) =0.00042 𝒎𝟑/S

Tap Cross Section Distance Velocit Velocit Pressure Total

Position Of From y V = y Head Head = Head
Pipe(CS)(m2) Referenc Q/CS V2/2g Piezomete (m)
e Zero (m/s) (m) r Reading
(m) (m)
1 0.00061707 0.03 0.68 0.034 0.125 0.189
2 0.00050074 0.07 0.84 0.036 0.13 0.236
3 0.0004162 0.11 1.024 0.053 0.107 0.2705
4 0.00033329 0.15 1.265 0.081 0.08 0.311
5 0.00027172 0.19 1.549 0.122 0.035 0.347
6 0.00033006 0.23 1.272 0.082 0.065 0.377
7 0.00042273 0.27 0.993 0.050 0.09 0.4103
8 0.00051794 0.31 0.812 0.033 0.103 0.446
9 0.00064063 0.35 0.655 0.022 0.112 0.483
 CONCLUSION

Theoretically , total head should be constant through out the length of the
section under consideration , if we assume the loss due to skin friction as
negligible in the ideal case. But experimentally it is never possible as there
must be frictional loss throughout the lengthof the section as a result of
which this head does not remain constant and this change of frictional loss
is accounted for by the pressure head difference between the points of
similar cross section
.