S.A.T.
II: Physics Equation Sheet
Mechanics
The trickiest one of all: v =
d
t
Average velocity: v
ave
=
total displacement
total time
An equation with v, v
o
, a, t: v = v
o
+at
An equation with d, v
o
, a, t: d = v
o
t +
1
2
at
2
An equation with v, v
o
, a, d: v
2
= v
o
2
+2ad
Newton's First Law: !"ects in #otion $or at rest% will stay in
#otion $or at rest% unless acted on !y an
outside force
Newton's First Law: F = ma
Newton's Third Law: &very force has an equal and o''osite
force
F
y
F F
x
= F cos 0
( F
x
F
y
= F sin 0
)echanical *ower: P =
energy
time
=
Work
t
= Fv
+#'ulse and )o#entu#: FAt = Ap = (mv)
final
(mv)
initial
Frictional Force: F
f
= jF
N
,ravitational Force: F
G
= G
m
1
m
2
r
2
-entri'etal Force: F
c
=
mv
2
r
.ork done !y centri'etal forces: Zero!
Force of a s'ring $/0)%: F
s
= k x
*otential &nergy of a /'ring: PE =
1
2
k x
2
*eriod of a *endulu# T = 2n
.
L
g
Electrostatics
The charge of one electron: 1123 4 13
516
-
Force !etween 2 charges: F = k
q
1
q
2
r
2
The electrostatic constant k 6 4 13
6
N #7-
2
&lectric field of a 'oint charge:
E = k
q
r
2
0ow are F and E related8 F ! q E
&lectric 'otential of a 'oint charge: " = k
q
r
&lectric 'otential of a ca'acitor: " ! E d
-a'acitance # ! $ "
&lectric 'otential energy slash .ork to #ove a charge: EPE ! q %"
Circuits
h#'s Law: " ! & '
&lectrical *ower: P = &" = &
2
' =
"
2
'
/eries *arallel
-urrent: &
(
! &
)
! &
*
&
total
! &
(
+ &
)
+ &
*
9oltage: "
total
! "
(
+ "
)
+ "
*
"
(
! "
)
! "
*
:esistance: '
total
! '
(
+ '
)
+ '
*
1
'
total
=
1
'
1
+
1
'
2
+
1
'
;
-a'acitance:
1
$
total
=
1
$
1
+
1
$
2
+
1
$
;
$
total
! $
(
+ $
)
+ $
*
Magnetic Fields & Forces
Field of a /traight .ire: , =
j
o
&
2n'
)agnetic Force on a -harge: F
,
= q" ,
)agnetic Force on a .ire: F
,
= & l ,
.ork done !y a )agnetic Field: Zero!
)agnetic Flu4: < ! ,-
+nduced 9oltage: " = emf =
A1
At
= ,lv
Len='s Law: +nduced current generates a
#agnetic flu4 that opposes the
change in flu4 that induced it
Modern Physics
>ohn ?alton: es'ouses the #odern ato#ic theory
>1 >1 Tho#'son: discovers the electron $in 'lu# 'udding@%
:o!ert )illikan: #easured the charge of an electron
&rnest :utherford: gold foil e4'eri#ent $A nuclei, e#'ty s'ace%
Niels Bohr: electrons in fixed or!its like a solar syste#
.hat is an electron5volt8 1 e9 C 1123 4 13
516
>
&nergy of light: E
'hoton
! . f
.ork function: 1 = .f
incoming
/E
electrons
:elativity -orrection Factor:
.
1
v
2
c
2
The ?e5Broglie wavelength: \ =
.
p
=
.
mv
)oving lengths111 8 s.rink!
)oving ti#es111 8 r0n slo1er 2longer3!
)oving #asses111 8 get .eavier!
Optics
/'eed of light in a #ediu#: v =
c
n
c
Law of :eflection: 0
1
= 0
2
/nell's Law of :efraction: n
1
sin0
1
= n
2
sin0
2
.hich way does light !end8 to1ards the nor#al in a denser
#ediu# and a1ay fro# the
nor#al in a less dense #ediu#
-ritical angle of internal reflection: n
1
sin0
c
= n
2
sin 63
so sin0
c
=
n
2
n
1
The Lens &quation:
1
f
=
1
d
o45ect
+
1
d
image
where f D 3 for converging lenses
f E 3 for diverging lenses
d
i#age
D 3 for real i#ages
d
i#age
E 3 for virtual i#ages
)agnification: m =
.
image
.
o45ect
=
d
image
d
o45ect
:ay Tracing :ules:
for lenses 11 one line through the -enter
21 one line 'arallel to the a4is and through the Focus
$;1 one line through the Focus and then 'arallel to the a4is%
for mirrors 11 one line through the -enter
21 one line 'arallel to the a4is and through the Focus
$;1 one line reflected through the 'oint where the #irror #eets the a4is%
a!es
Frequency of a wave: f =
1
period
=
1
T
/'eed of a wave : v = f \
&nergy of a wave: 'ro'ortional to $a#'litude%
2
?o''ler shift rules
11 listener and source getting closer frequency goes u' $!lue shift%
21 listener and source getting further frequency goes down $red shift%
;1 listener is #oving s'eed changes cause freq1 change
F1 source is #oving G changes cause freq1 change
Beat frequency: f
4eats
=
f
1
f
2
-onstructive interference 'ath difference: 3, G, 2G, ;G, 111
?estructive interference 'ath difference:
\
2
6
;\
2
6
H\
2
6 111
1
st
har#onic $funda#ental f % of a string: \ = 2L , f
1
=
v
2L
2
nd
har#onic $1
st
overtone% of a string: \ = L , f
2
=
v
L
= 2 f
1
n
th
har#onic of a string: f
n
= n f
1
?ou!le5slit diffraction 1
st
order #a4i#u# x =
\ L
d
$for slit s'acing d and screen distance L%
Ther"al Physics
0eat required to change te#'erature # = mcAT
0eat required to change 'hase: # = m7
f
or # = m7
v
First Law of Ther#odyna#ics: A8 = # W
/econd Law of Ther#odyna#ics: Entropy increases!
+deal ,as Law: P" = n 'T
Boyle's Law: P
1
"
1
= P
2
"
2
at constant T, n
-harles' Law: T
1
"
2
= T
2
"
1
at constant *, n
.hat does adia!atic #ean8 No .eat transferred in or o0t!
0ow do we calculate .ork !y a gas8 W = PA"
By how #uch does length increase AL = oLAT
when so#ething is heated8 for coefficient of
linear e4'ansion o
+deal efficiency: c
ideal
=
T
7ot
T
$old
T
7ot
Actual efficiency:
c
act0al
=
Work o0t
7eat in
=
W
#
in
