Module 5
Basics of energy conversation
cycles
Heat Engines and Efficiencies
¾ The objective is to build devices which receive
heat and produce work (like an aircraft engine or a
car engine) or receive work and produce heat (like
an air conditioner) in a sustained manner.
manner
¾ All operations need to be cyclic. The cycle
comprises of a set of processes during which one of
the properties is kept constant (V,p,T etc.)
Heat Engines (contd…)
¾A minimum of 3 such processes are required to
construct a cycle.
¾All processes need not have work interactions
(eg: isochoric)
¾All processes need not involve heat interactions
either (eg: adiabatic process).
Heat Engines (Contd…)
¾A cycle will consist of processes: involving some
positive work interactions and some negative.
¾If sum of +ve interactions is > -ve interactions the
cycle will produce work
¾If it is the other way, it will need work to operate.
¾On the same lines some processes may have +ve
and some -ve heat interactions.
Heat Engines (Contd…)
¾Commonsense tells us that to return to the same point
after going round we need at one path of opposite direction.
¾I law does not forbid all heat interactions being +ve nor
all work interactions being -ve.
¾ But, we know that you can’t construct a cycle with all
+ve or
¾ All -ve Q’s nor with all +ve or all -ve W’s
¾ Any cycle you can construct will have some processes
with
¾ Q +ve some with -ve.
Heat Engines (Contd…)
¾Let Q1,Q3,Q5 …. be +ve heat interactions (Heat supplied)
¾Q2,Q4,Q6 …. be -ve heat interactions (heat rejected)
¾From the first law we have
¾Q1+Q3+Q5 ..- Q2-Q4-Q6 -... = Net work delivered (Wnet)
¾ΣQ+ve -ΣQ-ve = Wnet
¾The efficiency of the cycle is defined as η = Wnet /ΣQ+ve
¾Philosophy → What we have achieved ÷ what we have
spent to achieve it
Heat Engines (Contd…)
Otto Cycle
Consider the OTTO Cycle (on which your car engine works)
It consists of two isochores and two adiabatics
• There is no heat interaction during
1-2 and 3-4
• Heat is added during constant
volume heating (2-3) Q2-3= cv
(T3-T2)
• Heat is rejected during constant
volume cooling (4-1) Q4-1= cv
(T1-T4)
• Which will be negative because
T4 >T1
Otto Cycle (Contd…)
¾ Work done = cv (T3-T2) + cv (T1-T4)
¾ The efficiency = [cv(T3-T2)+cv(T1-T4) ]/[cv(T3-T2)]
= [(T3-T2) + (T1-T4) ]/[(T3-T2)]
=1 - [(T4-T1) / (T3-T2)]
Carnot Cycle
Consider a Carnot cycle - against which all other cycles are
compared
It consists of two isotherms and two adiabatics
• Process 4-1 is heat
addition because v4 <
v1
• Process 2-3 is heat
rejection because v3 <
v2
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
Process Work Heat
1-2 (p1v1-p2v2)/(g-1) 0
2-3 p2v2 ln (v3/v2) p2v2 ln (v3/v2)
3-4 (p3v3-p4v4)/(g-1) 0
4-1 p4v4 ln (v1/v4) p4v4 ln (v1/v4)
Sum (p1v1-p2v2 + p3v3-p4v4)/(g-1)
+ RT2 ln (v3/v2) RT2 ln (v3/v2)
+ RT1ln (v1/v4) + RT1ln (v1/v4)
But,p1v1 = p4v4 and p2v2 = p3v3
Therefore the first term will be 0
!!We reconfirm that I law works!!
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
We will show that (v2/v3) = (v1/v4)
1 and 2 lie on an adiabatic so do 3 and 4
p1v1g = p2v2g p4v4g = p3v3g
Divide one by the other (p1v1g /p4v4g) = (p2v2g
/p3v3g) (A)
(p1/p4 ) (v1g / v4g) = (p2/p3 ) (v2g /v3g)
But (p1/p4 ) = ( v4/ v1) because 1 and 4 are on the same
isotherm
Similarly (p2/p3 ) = ( v3/ v2) because 2 and 3 are on the same
isotherm
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
Therefore A becomes (v1 / v4)g-1= (v2/v3)g-1
which means (v2/v3) = (v1/v4)
Work done in Carnot cycle = RT1ln (v1/v4) + RT2 ln (v3/v2)
= RT1ln (v1/v4) - RT2 ln (v2/v3)
=R ln (v1/v4) (T1- T2)
Heat supplied = R ln (v1/v4) T1
The efficiency = (T1- T2)/T1
In all the cycles it also follows that Work done=Heat supplied
- heat rejected
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
Carnot engine has one Q +ve process and one Q -ve
process.This engine has a single heat source at T1 and a single
sink at T2.
If Q +ve > Q -ve; W will be +ve It is a heat engine
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
It will turn out that Carnot efficiency of (T1- T2)/T1 is the
best we can get for any cycle operating between two fixed
temperatures.
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
Q +ve < Q -ve W will be - ve It is not a heat engine
Efficiency is defined only for a work producing heat engine
not a work consuming cycle
Carnot Cycle (contd..)
Note: We can’t draw such a diagram for an Otto cycle
because there is no single temperature at which heat interactions
occur
