Table of Contents

Chapter 8 GSM Radio Network Optimization................................................................................2

8.1 Network Optimization Procedure.......................................................................................... 2
8.2 Network Optimization Tools.................................................................................................. 3
8.2.1 Test MS...................................................................................................................... 3
8.2.2 Drive Test Sotware.................................................................................................... !
8.2.3 Si"nalin" #nal$zer..................................................................................................... %
8.2.! Network Optimization Sotware..................................................................................&
8.3 Network Perormance 'valuation......................................................................................... (
8.3.1 DT.............................................................................................................................. (
8.3.2 )*T........................................................................................................................... 8
8.3.3 Network Operation +nde,es....................................................................................... 8
8.! Traic Statistics +nde, #nal$sis............................................................................................ -
8.!.1 .eneral #nal$sis Met/od......................................................................................... 10
8.!.2 1i"/ )all Drop 2ate #nal$sis................................................................................... 10
8.!.3 1i"/ T)1 )on"estion 2ate #nal$sis.......................................................................12
8.!.! 1i"/ SD))1 )on"estion 2ate #nal$sis..................................................................1!
8.!.% 3ow 1andover Success 2ate #nal$sis....................................................................1&
8.% Network Pro4lem Solutions................................................................................................ 18
8.%.1 )overa"e Pro4lems................................................................................................. 18
8.%.2 +ntererence Pro4lems............................................................................................. 31
8.%.3 )all Drop Pro4lems.................................................................................................. !1
8.%.! 1andover Pro4lems................................................................................................. %3
8.%.% )on"estion Pro4lems.............................................................................................. &0
8.%.& Ot/er Pro4lems........................................................................................................ &%
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
Chapter 8 GSM Radio Network Optimization
2adio network optimization aims to improve network perormance and ma,imize t/e
4eneit o t/e e,istin" network resources t/rou"/ parameter collection6 data anal$sis6
parameter ad7ustment6 and necessar$ tec/nical means.
5rom t/e perspective o carriers6 t/e$ /ope to coni"ure t/e s$stem rationall$6 utilize
network resources to t/e ma,imum6 en/ance network economic 4eneit6 and reduce
operation costs t/rou"/ network optimization. 5rom t/e perspective o users6 t/e$
/ope to "et satisactor$ telecommunication services in terms network sta4ilit$6 speec/
8ualit$6 and so on. T/ereore6 t/e core task o radio network plannin" and optimization
is to seek a 4alance amon" covera"e6 capacit$6 and 8ualit$ 4ased on rational
investment and t/e limited re8uenc$ resources6 t/us ac/ievin" t/e 4est rate o
investment return.
8.1 Network Optimization ro!ed"re
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e network optimization procedure.
#i$"re 1.1 Network optimization procedure
1ereunder details t/e procedure9
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$

Network inormation ac8uisition

=ou are re8uired to conirm t/e actual en"ineerin" parameters and network
parameters6 surve$ t/e local radio environment and /ot:traic spots6 and
understand customer re8uirement.

Data collection
=ou are re8uired to collect OM)2 traic statistics data and alarm data> drive test
data6 and t/e o47ective relection o MS.

Data anal$sis
=ou are re8uired to anal$ze network perormance6 network parameters6 and
OM)2 traic statistics usin" network optimization tools.

Network tunin"
=ou are re8uired to tune en"ineerin" parameters and network unctional
parameters.

Network optimization report

# network optimization report must include optimization measures6 ulilled
network perormance inde,es6 and su""estions or network development.
8.2 Network Optimization Tools
8.2.1 Test MS
Test MS is a dail$ must or en"ineers to perorm network test. T/e test MS can
displa$ t/e service cell o a mo4ile telecommunication network and t/e si, nei"/4or
cells. +t can also 4e used to test network parameters. T/e test MS can 4e connected
to a computer6 so it can collect and anal$ze data wit/ t/e /elp o drive test sotware.
T/e unctions o a S#.'M test MS are listed 4elow9

?iew t/e +MS+ o t/e S+M card

Scan @))1
T/e S#.'M test MS can scan t/e @))16 and it will provides t/e 2,lev and
@S+) o t/e scanned @))1 in eac/ cell.

?iew network parameters

T/e S#.'M test MS can displa$ network parameters o t/e service cell o and
t/e si, nei"/4or cells w/en it is idle or in conversation state.

5orced cell selection

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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
T/e test MS can 4e orced to reselect t/e desi"nated cell or dialin" test and
/andover test.

5orced /andover
T/e test MS can 4e orced to /and over to t/e desi"nated cell to anal$ze w/et/er
t/e /andover is normal durin" conversation.

5re8uenc$ selection

.P2S unction test AT/e MSs o S#.'M OT-& support t/is unctionB
8.2.2 %ri&e Test Software
#NT6 T'MS6 and S#5)O are t/e .SM drive test sotware in common use. .enerall$6
t/e drive test sotware consists o two parts9 ore"round data collection sotware and
4ack"round data anal$sis sotware.
'. #ore$ro"nd %ata Colle!tion Software
T/e ore"round data collection sotware is mainl$ responsi4le or collectin" t/e uplink
and downlink data at t/e ;m interace o t/e .SM mo4ile network. + t/e @TSs and
t/e landorm map o t/e test areas are imported6 t/e track o t/e drive test6 t/e radio
parameters o eac/ test point6 and t/e main inormation o t/e service cell6 nei"/4or
cell6 and t/e ;m interace can 4e o4served.
T/e unctions o ore"round data collection sotware are listed 4elow9

Test unctions
Test unctions include call test6 scan test6 call intererence test6 dou4le:network
s$nc/ronization test6 dialin" record test6 dual:4and comparison test6 and MS
selection test.

Topical test
Topical test is responsi4le or orced /andover and re8uenc$ lockin" AcallB test6
@))1 re8uenc$ lockin" Astand4$B test6 orced location update test6 and 4and
lockin" test.

+ntererence test
+ntererence aims to locate t/e @))1 same:re8uenc$ and nei"/4or re8uenc$
intererence and T)1 nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence wit/in t/e same network
in time.

Parameter collection
T/e ield stren"t/ o t/e service cell and t/e nei"/4or cells6 4it error ratio6 rame
error rate6 and various radio parameters o t/e cell need to 4e collected.

.eo"rap/ic navi"ation
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
T/e ore"round data collection sotware can 4e used to displa$ t/e "eo"rap/ic
navi"ation t/rou"/ com4in" t/e di"ital map and @TS resources.

S*+ ASpeec/ *ualit$ +nde,B test

S*+ test aims to evaluate t/e speec/ 8ualit$ e,perienced 4$ mo4ile users.

Traic statistics
T/e ore"round data collection sotware can 4e used or )*T traic statistics. +t
ena4les t/e call setup6 call duration6 and call release to 4e recorded respectivel$.
+n addition6 it is also responsi4le or recordin" call drop rate and con"estion rate.

Data record
T/e ore"round data collection sotware can record and store t/e test data o t/e
test MS s$nc/ronousl$6 and can record and store t/e scanned data o t/e
-00M1z and 1800M1z s$nc/ronousl$.

Scannin" test
Scannin" test aims to test and record t/e ield stren"t/ o t/e c/annels o t/e
.SM -00M1z network and .SM1800M1z network.

)ompetitive test
T/e comparison 4etween real:time ield stren"t/ and speec/ 8ualit$ is availa4le.
+n addition6 real:time c/eck o cell parameters is allowed.
''. (a!h$ro"nd %ata )nal*sis Software
T/e 4ack"round data anal$sis sotware can "eo"rap/icall$ present t/e radio network
test data and relect t/e distri4ution o network parameters on t/e electronic map
visuall$. +t can locate t/e pro4lem cell 4$ ull$ considerin" t/e drive test data6 network
resource data6 di"ital re8uenc$ sweep receiver data6 and .SM si"nalin"
c/aracteristics6 t/us "uidin" en"ineers to evaluate and optimize t/e network rationall$
and eectivel$.
T/e unctions o 4ack"round data anal$sis sotware are listed 4elow9

2adio covera"e evaluation and anal$sis

+ntererence anal$sis

Nei"/4or cell anal$sis

1andover anal$sis

Si"nalin" anal$sis

Speec/ record and anal$sis

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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
8.2.+ Si$nalin$ )nal*zer
M#:10 and C120% are t/e .SM si"nalin" anal$zer in common use. T/is section
introduces t/e unctions o t/e si"nalin" anal$zer.
M#:10 si"nalin" anal$zer can test t/e #4is interace si"nalin" messa"es6 t/e #:.
interace si"nalin" messa"es6 and t/e SSD( interace si"nalin" messa"es o +S;P6
T;P6 and +N#P w/en it is on line. +n addition6 it can perorm P)M @'2T A4it error rate
testB and .SM @'2T. 5urt/ermore6 it can ena4le t/e si"nalin" messa"e iles saved
durin" on:line monitorin" w/en it is o:line.
T/e M#:10 si"nalin" anal$zer /as ive su4:applications. T/e$ are listed 4elow9

M#:10 control A+t is used to test #4is interace si"nalin" messa"es6 #:. interace
si"nalin" messa"es6 and 4it errors w/en it is on line.B

MON+TO2 #@+S oline A+t is used to anal$ze t/e #4is interace si"nalin"
messa"es w/en it is o line.B

MON+TO2 MS) oline A+t is used to anal$ze t/e #:. interace si"nalin"
messa"es w/en it is o line.B

.SM:@'2T oline A+t is used to anal$ze .SM @'2T w/en it is o line.B

P)M:@'2T oline A+t is used to anal$ze P)1 @'2T w/en it is o line.B

<it/ t/e /elp o M#:10 si"nalin" anal$zer6 network optimization en"ineers can collect
and anal$ze #4is interace data and #:interace data6 view t/e w/ole si"nalin"
procedure6 and o4tain t/e measurement report6 and t/en compare t/e inormation
wit/ t/e downlink si"nals o4tained rom drive test. T/ese means can /elp network
optimization en"ineers /ave an overall understandin" o t/e operation o t/e network.
+n t/is case6 t/e causes and places or t/e pro4lems6 suc/ as call drop6 /andover
ailure6 and con"estion can 4e located.
8.2., Network Optimization Software
.ood network optimization sotware can work as a platorm or radio pro7ects and
maintenance personnel. N#ST#26 1uawei network plannin" and optimization tool6
can deepl$ anal$ze .SM network 4$ inte"ratin" OM)2 traic statistics6 coni"uration
data6 alarm data6 en"ineerin" data6 and so on. +n addition6 it also provides t/e
interaces or network plannin"6 perormance anal$sis6 alarm anal$sis6 and "eo"rap/$
conditions.
T/e unctions o N#ST#2 are listed 4elow9

+mport static traic statistics data Aimport t/e traic statistics iles o t/e
maintenance console into data4aseB

+mport static traic statistics data accordin" to time

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+mport d$namic 1uawei traic statistics

+mport @S) data coni"uration

Displa$ t/e "eo"rap/ic view o @TSs

)ancel6 add6 and move t/e cells 4ased on t/e "eo"rap/ic view o @TSs

2ecord spectrum utilization and anal$ze idle c/annel num4er

)/eck same:re8uenc$ @S+)

#nal$ze nei"/4or cells

Measure distance and azimut/ an"le

Displa$ navi"ation window and le"end

*uer$ perormance anal$sis tasks in common use

Make perormance anal$sis task

*uer$ network optimization tasks in common use

Make network optimization tasks

Perorm tasks and alarms automaticall$

+mport and e,port tasks

Displa$ task result and site view

*uer$ traic statistics inversel$ rom t/e cell set selected 4$ site view

Displa$ t/e traic tasks in direct views6 includin" linear i"ure6 column6 pie
Asupport t/e displa$ o dou4le $:a,is and t/e simultaneous displa$ o multiple
inde,es> support 2D and 3D.B

',port electronic ta4le A',celB or 8uer$ results.

8.+ Network erforman!e -&al"ation
@eore puttin" network optimization into practice6 $ou s/ould /ave an overall
understandin" o t/e network perormance. T/e traic statistics data6 DT Adrive testB
data6 and )*T Acall 8ualit$ testB data are necessar$ or network perormance
ac8uisition.
8.+.1 %T
DT is used to evaluate t/e connectivit$6 covera"e6 call drop6 and voice 8ualit$ or t/e
main roads and transportation 4ack4ones in ur4an areas. T/e inde,es or t/e roads
include connected ratio6 call drop rate6 covera"e rate6 voice 8ualit$6 and so on. T/e
inde,es or transportation 4ack4ones include call drop rate per kilometer6 covera"e
rate6 voice 8ualit$6 connected rate6 and so on.

)onnected ratio
)onnected ratio E total connected timesFattempted calls G100H

)all drop rate

)all drop rate E call drop timesFtotal connected times G100H
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$

)overa"e rate
)overa"e rate E AI :-!d@m test road kilometersBFtotal test road kilometersG100H

?oice 8ualit$
#ccordin" to 4it error rate6 voice 8ualit$ can 4e divided into 8 classes6 rom 0 to
(. 'ac/ class matc/es its 4it error rate ran"e.
T/e calculation o voice 8ualit$ depends on actual conditions. .enerall$6 t/e
ollowin" met/od is in common use9
?oice 8ualit$ E J2,8ual Aclass 0BH K 2,8ual Aclass 1BH K 2,8ual Aclass 2BHG1 K
2,8ual Aclass 3BHG K 2,8ual Aclass !BHG0.8 K 2,8ual Aclass %BHG K 2,8ual
Aclass &BHG0.% K 2,8ual Aclass (BHG0.2

)all drop ratio per kilometer

)all drop ratio per kilometer E AI :-!d@m test road kilometersBFtotal call drop
times
8.+.2 C.T
)*T is applied to t/e important spots in ur4an areas. +t ena4les $ou to e,perience t/e
network 8ualit$ rom t/e perspective o users. T/is section introduces t/e inde,es
used to evaluatin" t/e )*T.

)overa"e rate
)overa"e rate E AI :-!d@m test pointsBFtotal callin" test pointsBG100H

)onnected ratio
)onnected ratio E total connected timesFattempted calls G100H

)all drop rate

)all drop rate E call drop timesFtotal connected times G100H

?oice discontinuit$F4ack"round noise rate

?oice discontinuit$F4ack"round noise rate E Atotal voice discontinuit$ occurrence
times K total 4ack"round occurrence timesBFtotal connected timesG100H

One:wa$ audioFec/oFcross:talkin" rate E Atotal one:wa$ audio times K total ec/o

occurrence times K total cross:talkin" occurrence timesBFtotal connected
timesG100H
)*T ena4les $ou to use t/e MOS Amean opinion scoreB to evaluate t/e voice 8ualit$
rom t/e perspective o peopleLs o47ective eelin". T/e MOS can 4e divided into ive
classes6 rom 1 to %. 5or t/e evaluation standard6 see Table 5-2 of Chapter 5 GSM
Radio Network Planning o GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
8.+.+ Network Operation 'nde/es
T/ou"/ DT and )*T can detail network pro4lems6 t/e$ are restricted rom test routes
and time. T/ereore6 DT and )*T cannot test t/e overall network. To "ive an overall
evaluation towards t/e network6 $ou s/ould collect as more network operation
inde,es as possi4le.
T/e inde,es evaluatin" network operation 8ualit$ are listed 4elow9

Service access capacit$ inde,es

Service access capacit$ inde,es include toll network connected ratio6 s/ort
messa"e connected ratio6 A.P2SB PDP activation ratio6 and +P telep/one
connected ratio.

Service /old capacit$ inde,es

Service /old capacit$ inde,es include call drop rate6 worst cell ratio6 traic call
drop ratio6 /andover success rate6 and s/ort messa"e "atewa$ transit success
rate.
<it/ t/e e,pansion o network scale6 t/e network structure 4ecomes ever more
complicated. +n t/is case6 networks wit/ /i"/ perormance 4ut low cost are
encoura"ed.
T/e inde,es on network utilization can 4e used to evaluate w/et/er t/e cost to run a
network is low. T/ese inde,es include toll circuit utilization rate6 traic c/annel
availa4ilit$6 4usiest and idlest cell ratio6 and so on.
1ereunder introduces t/e met/ods to calculate t/e inde,es used to evaluate network
operation at t/e radio side.

2adio connected ratio

2adio connected ratio E A1 M SD))1 con"estion rateBGA1 M T)1 con"estion rate
Aall 4us$BBG100H

)all drop rate

)all drop rate E T)1 call dropFsuccessul T)1 seizures Aall 4us$B

<orst cell ratio

# cell wit/ T)1 con"estion rate /i"/er t/an %H at 4us$ /ours or a cell wit/ T)1
call drop rate /i"/er t/an 3H is deined as a worst cell. T/e num4er o t/e worst
cells varies wit/ network scales.

Traic call drop ratio

Traic call drop ratio E total T)1 traic volume G&0HFtotal T)1 call drop times
Aall 4us$B
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1andover success rate

1andover success rate E successul /andoversFattempted /andoversG100H

Traic c/annel availa4ilit$

Traic c/annel availa4ilit$ E t/e availa4le traic c/annels at 4us$ /ourFconi"ured
traic c/annelsG100H
8., Traffi! Statisti!s 'nde/ )nal*sis
#t t/e network optimization sta"e6 t/e traic statistics inde,es are t/e 4asis or
network perormance optimization. 5or network optimization6 t/e CP+s6 suc/ as
con"estion rate6 call drop rate6 and /andover success rate6 are in common use.
T/ese inde,es are t/e e,ternal representation o network 8ualit$. T/e radio covera"e
8ualit$6 c/annel capacit$6 and cell parameters are t/e internal actor to aect t/e
network 8ualit$. T/e traic statistics anal$sis aims to look into t/ese internal actors
t/rou"/ e,ternal actors. Since t/e mo4ile network is a comple, s$stem6 $ou s/ould
consider related DT inormation6 si"nalin" messa"es6 and alarm inormation or t/e
overall anal$sis.
8.,.1 General )nal*sis Method
Traic statistics anal$sis is perormed rom @S) overall perormance to cell
perormance6 rom primar$ inde,es to secondar$ inde,es.
5irst $ou s/ould /ave a rou"/ understandin" o t/e network perormance t/rou"/
@S) perormance anal$sis. 1ere t/e inde,es suc/ as T1) traic intensit$6 T)1 call
drop rate6 T)1 con"estion rate6 and inter:cell /andover success rate s/ould 4e
considered. #ttention t/at in addition to c/eck t/e percenta"es o t/e inde,es6 $ou
s/ould also c/eck t/e a4solute num4ers o t/e inde,es6 4ecause t/e percenta"es
ma$ sometimes /ide some cell pro4lems.
#ter /avin" understood t/e inde,es a4out t/e overall network perormance6 $ou
s/ould anal$ze t/e inde,es or eac/ cell i indin" a4normal inde,es. 5irst $ou s/ould
7ud"e i t/e a4normal inde, is a common p/enomenon or it is reall$ an a4normal one.
+ it is a common p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould 4e"in t/e anal$sis rom t/e perspective o
covera"e6 capacit$6 re8uenc$ plannin"6 and cell parameters. + it is reall$ an
a4normal case6 $ou s/ould re"ister t/e correspondin" traic su4:items and anal$ze
t/em in detail. +n addition6 $ou s/ould also make an overall 7ud"ment t/rou"/
collectin" t/e inormation a4out alarm6 en"ineersL operation6 and ot/er e,ternal
causes. + t/e traic statistics anal$sis cannot contri4ute a correct 7ud"ment6 $ou
s/ould emplo$ DT e8uipment and si"nalin" anal$zer or /elp.
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
8.,.2 0i$h Call %rop Rate )nal*sis
+ t/e uplink and downlink 8ualit$ deteriorates to a level t/at cannot /old normal
conversation6 t/e conversation will 4e disconnected. T/is is deined as call drop.
Since t/e user mo4ilit$ and radio propa"ation is uncertain6 call drop alwa$s e,ists in a
mo4ile network. 1owever6 optimization measures can 4e adopted to reduce t/e call
drop rate.
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e low c/art or /i"/ call drop rate anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 1i"/ call drop anal$sis
</en t/e call drop rate o t/e @S) overall perormance is ound a4normal6 $ou can
c/eck T)1 perormance to 7ud"e w/et/er t/e call drop is 7ust a common
p/enomenon or it is an individual p/enomenon. #ter t/at6 $ou can 7ud"e w/et/er t/e
/i"/ call drop rate occurs in several cells or in all t/e @TSs. + t/e call drop is a
common p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould make an overall c/eck towards t/e covera"e
plannin"6 cell parameter plannin"6 and re8uenc$ plannin" to anal$ze w/et/er t/e link
4ud"et meet t/e re8uirements6 w/et/er t/e coni"uration o t/e pat/ ailure counter is
rational6 and w/et/er t/e network intererence is too "reat. +n addition6 $ou s/ould
also c/eck t/e @S) /ardware6 and t/en perorm drive test to c/eck t/e network
covera"e.
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ it t/e a4normalit$ is caused 4$ t/e severe call drop in individual cells6 $ou s/ould
conirm w/et/er it is e8uipment ailure t/at caused t/e call drop. .enerall$6 alarm
messa"es are alwa$s come to"et/er wit/ e8uipment ailure6 so $ou can take
e8uipment ailure as a reerence.
#ter t/e e8uipment ailure is e,cluded6 $ou can anal$ze t/e call drop rate rom t/e
perspective o intererence6 covera"e6 and /andover.
1B +ntererence is divided into uplink intererence and downlink intererence. =ou
can anal$ze t/e uplink intererence accordin" to t/e num4er o intererence
4ands into w/ic/ t/e idle T)1s drop. +t is normal t/at t/e idle T)1s drop into
intererence 4and 1 and intererence 4and 2. 5or t/e network wit/ a""ressive
re8uenc$ reuse6 it is accepta4le t/at t/e idle T)1s drop into intererence 4and
3. 1ere t/e re8uenc$ /oppin"6 [email protected] /andover and covera"e control must 4e
considered. + t/e idle T)1s drop into intererence 4and ! or a4ove6 $ou s/ould
careull$ c/eck t/e intererence. .enerall$6 t/e intererence wit/in t/e network
increases wit/ t/e traic volume. T/e increase o t/e 2,8ual class can 4e seen
t/rou"/ t/e 2,8ual measurement task and 2,lev measurement task. T/e poor
/andover ratio can 4e seen arisin" t/rou"/ inter:cell /andover perormance
measurement. +n addition6 t/e /andover re:esta4lis/ment ailures will result in
more /andover ailures.
2B + t/e covera"e is inade8uate or it is un4alance on t/e uplink and downlink6 t/e
call drop will also 4e resulted. =ou can 7ud"e i t/e 2,lev is ade8uate t/rou"/ t/e
mean 2,lev o t/e power control measurement task and t/e power class. + t/e
2,lev is still low w/en t/e transmitter power reac/es t/e ma,imum6 t/ere are
areas wit/ poor covera"e. Meanw/ile6 $ou can take t/e mean 2,8ual and 2,lev
durin" call drop as a reerence. T/e distri4ution o T# Atimin" advanceB values
can /elp $ou estimate t/e radius o su4scri4er distri4ution. T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e
received c/annel stren"t/ o t/e nei"/4or cells6 $ou can anal$ze t/e cell
covera"e. .enerall$6 drive test is needed or a detailed anal$sis.
+ t/e uplink covera"e and downlink covera"e are un4alance6 25 component
ailure or ca4le connection pro4lem will occur. T/e pat/ un4alance can 4e seen
rom t/e pat/ 4alance measurement task6 power measurement task6 and call
drop measurement task. #t t/is time6 t/e alarm inormation and user complaint
also deserve $our attention.
3B 1andover ailure will prevent t/e MS rom movin" to t/e 4est cell. +n t/is case6
call drop ma$ 4e resulted. +n addition6 cross:cell /andover and tar"et cell
con"estion ma$ cause call drop. To solve t/is pro4lem6 $ou can add nei"/4or
cell relations/ip and 4alance t/e traic wit/in t/e cells.
T/e /i"/ SD))1 call drop rate anal$sis is similar to /i"/ T)1 call drop rate
anal$sis. #ctin" as t/e point:to:point si"nalin" c/annel6 t/e SD))1 is more
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e126 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
sensitive to t/e intererence t/an T)1. +n t/is case6 t/e common met/od to
reduce t/e call drop rate is to ad7ust t/e access t/res/old and reduce
intererence.
8.,.+ 0i$h TC0 Con$estion Rate )nal*sis
T/is section discusses T)1 con"estion6 includin" t/e con"estion caused 4$ T)1
seizure all 4us$ and t/e con"estion caused 4$ T)1 seizure ailure.
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e low c/art or /i"/ T)1 con"estion anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 1i"/ T)1 con"estion rate anal$sis
</en t/e con"estion rate o t/e @S) overall perormance is ound a4normal6 $ou can
ind out t/e cells wit/ /i"/ con"estion rate t/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e T)1 perormance
statistics. +n t/is case6 $ou can discover t/e pro4lems t/rou"/ anal$zin" eac/
unctional su4:item o t/e T)1 perormance statistics o t/is cell. +n addition6 $ou
s/ould c/eck w/et/er t/ere is transmission pro4lem6 clock pro4lem6 or /ardware
pro4lem t/rou"/ considerin" t/e alarm inormation.
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+t is a must to anal$ze t/e load accordin" to t/e T)1 traic intensit$ and t/e
coni"ured T)1 capacit$.
1B )/eck i t/e T1) con"estion rate is caused 4$ T)1 seizure all 4us$ t/rou"/
anal$zin" t/e T)1 perormance measurement o t/e cell. + t/e con"estion is
caused 4$ /eav$ traic6 $ou s/ould predict t/e real traic o t/e cell and c/eck i
ot/er cells can s/are t/e traic. + it is 4e$ond t/e optimization capa4ilit$ to
ena4le ot/er cells to s/are t/e traic6 $ou s/ould consider e,pandin" t/e
capacit$ o t/e network. T/e ad7ustment measures or traic 4alance ma$ not 4e
consistent wit/ t/e principle o minimum radio pat/ loss6 so t/e$ are applied to
emer"ent causes onl$. +n most cases6 $ou can 4alance t/e traic t/rou"/
ad7ustin" covera"e scope6 ad7ustin" access t/res/old6 ad7ustin" )2O and
/andover t/res/old6 or ena4lin" load /andover. + t/e con"estion is not caused
4$ T)1 seizure all 4us$6 "o on wit/ t/e c/eck.
2B )/eck i t/e T2Ns o t/e con"estion cell work normall$. T/e dama"e or
perormance decline o t/e uplink c/annels ma$ prevent t/e MS rom accessin"
ot/er cells. +n t/is case6 man$ cells will 4e seized6 w/ic/ will cause con"estion.
T/e incomin" cell /andover perormance measurement will s/ow t/at man$
/andovers towards t/is cell are ailures. +n t/is case6 $ou s/ould 8uer$ t/e statue
o eac/ T2N wit/in eac/ cell t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e 2,lev perormance
measurement task or 2,8ual perormance measurement task. +n addition6 $ou
s/ould ind out w/ic/ T2N is related to t/e a4normalit$ t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e
uplink and downlink measurement reports o t/e same T2N.
3B )/eck i t/e con"estion rate is related to intererence6 namel$6 c/eck i an$
a4normalit$ is present rom t/e intererence 4and 1 to intererence 4and % in t/e
traic statistics. + t/e intererence is present in a cell6 t/e call drop rate o t/e cell
will 4e /i"/6 and t/e SD))1 con"estion rate will increase accordin"l$. Moreover6
t/e 2#)1 in t/e random access perormance measurement ma$ 4e con"ested6
and t/e immediate assi"nment success rate will decrease.
!B ;nder some conditions6 t/e con"estion o some cells is a result o lar"e
covera"e. +n t/is case6 $ou s/ould anal$ze t/e relations/ip 4etween T# value
and 2,lev t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e power control mean level6 t/e mean level durin"
call drop6 and T#. +n addition6 $ou s/ould also use drive test to deine t/e
covera"e area o t/e cell. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e T)1 availa4ilit$ o t/e nei"/4or
cell6 $ou can conirm i t/e con"estion is caused 4$ nei"/4or cell ailures.
T/rou"/ 8uer$in" pat/ 4alance perormance measurement6 $ou can 7ud"e i t/e
reason or t/e T)1 seizure ailure is t/at t/e downlink power is "reater t/an t/e
uplink power.
%B 5re8uent /andovers can also cause T)1 con"estion. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e ratio
o t/e /andovers to t/e call seizure successes6 $ou can c/eck i t/e ratio is
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e1!6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
rational. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e incomin" and out"oin" ratio6 $ou can c/eck i t/e
con"estion is caused 4$ irrational /andover.
8.,., 0i$h S%CC0 Con$estion Rate )nal*sis
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows low c/art or /i"/ SD))1 con"estion rate anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 1i"/ SD))1 con"estion rate anal$sis
T/e SD))1 con"estion rate is mainl$ caused 4$ /eav$ traic. 5irst $ou s/ould deine
i t/e con"estion is a common p/enomenon or i it is 7ust an individual p/enomenon. +
it is a common p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould anal$ze i t/e location update timer is
irrationall$ set6 and t/en calculate t/e SD))1 capacit$ to see i it meets s$stem
re8uirement. + it is 7ust an individual p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould anal$ze it rom t/e
perspective o e8uipment6 location area6 and intererence.
1B 5rom t/e perspective o e8uipment6 $ou s/ould irst c/eck t/e T2N sound ratio in
t/e @S) overall perormance measurement and t/e SD))1 availa4ilit$ in t/e
SD))1 perormance measurement6 and t/en c/eck t/e T)1 activation
N#)CFT+M'O;T in t/e T)1 perormance measurement. #ter t/at6 $ou can
deine i t/e con"estion is caused 4$ 4oard pro4lem.
2B )/eck t/e messa"es or SD))1 4earer location update. +rrational location area
plannin" will cause re8uent location update6 w/ic/ will result in SD))1
con"estion. =ou are re8uired to anal$ze o t/e ed"e o t/e location is set at t/e
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e1%6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
areas wit/ a "reat num4er o su4scri4ers 4$ c/eckin" t/e location area plannin"
and actual drive test. +n addition6 $ou are also re8uired to c/eck i t/e location
update messa"es accounts a too lar"er percenta"e o t/e SD))1 seizure
re8uests at t/e ed"e. T/e met/od is to 8uer$ t/e ratio o t/e successul SD))1
seizures Alocation updateB to t/e total SD))1 seizure successes in t/e SD))1
perormance measurement.
3B +ntererence also causes SD))1 con"estion. 'speciall$ or t/e networks in
w/ic/ t/e distance 4etween @TSs is small and t/e @))1 re8uenc$ is
a""ressive6 t/e s$stem ma$ receive more intererence random access si"nals.
T/e network will allocate a SD))1 or eac/ random access6 w/ic/ causes
SD))1 con"estion. +n t/is case6 t/e immediate assi"nment success rate will
decrease6 t/e pa"in" success rate will decrease6 and t/e 2#)1 in t/e random
access perormance measurement ma$ 4e overloaded.
8.,.1 2ow 0ando&er S"!!ess Rate )nal*sis
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e low c/art or low /andover success rate anal$sis.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e1&6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
#i$"re 1.1 3ow /andover success rate anal$sis
T/e anal$sis or /andover success rate is 8uite complicated6 4ecause it involves
capacit$6 covera"e6 clock6 si"nalin"6 e8uipment6 and even MS.
1B + t/e /andover success rate o all cells is low6 $ou s/ould c/eck t/e pro4lem
rom t/e perspective o /andover parameters6 #:interace circuit6 and @S) clock.
2B 5ilter t/e cells wit/ poor /andover. + a network is run 4$ t/e e8uipments o
dierent carriers6 $ou s/ould c/eck i it interopera4ilit$ pro4lem 4$ comparin" t/e
inter:@S) /andover success rata wit/ t/e intra:@S) /andover success rate in
t/e /andover perormance measurement. .enerall$6 t/e inter:@S) /andover
success rate is a little lower t/an t/e intra:@S) /andover success rate. +n
addition6 $ou need to monitor t/e si"nalin" messa"es and data coni"uration
4etween @S)s and anal$ze t/e radio link 4ud"et and clock o eac/ carrier.
3B )/eck i an$ pro4lem is present at t/e ;m interace t/rou"/ comparin" t/e
/andover success rate and radio /andover success rate. T/e radio /andover
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e1(6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
success rate is e8ual to or "reater t/an t/e /andover success rate. + t/e
/andover success rate is ar smaller t/an t/e radio /andover success rate6 $ou
s/ould anal$ze t/e "round link and capacit$. + t/e dierence 4etween t/e radio
/andover success rate and t/e /andover success rate6 $ou need to consider t/e
intererence.
!B #nal$ze i it is incomin" /andover ailure or it is out"oin" /andover ailure
t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e incomin" cell /andover success rate and out"oin"
/andover success rate in t/e /andover perormance measurement. #ter t/at6
anal$ze t/e out"oin" cell /andover perormance measurement and incomin" cell
/andover perormance measurement o t/e pro4lem cell so as to ind out t/e
incomin" /andover ailure cells rom t/e out"oin" cell perormance
measurement. )onirm i t/e poor /andover is caused 4$ tar"et cell con"estion
t/rou"/ anal$zin" t/e Oincomin" cell /andover ailuresP6 OT)1 traic intensit$P6
and OT)1 con"estion rate Aall 4us$BP o all t/e incomin" /andover ailure cells.
%B )/eck i an$ e8uipment ails t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e T2N sound ratio6 T)1
availa4ilit$6 and T)1 activation N#)CFT+M'O;T o t/e tar"et cell. #nal$ze i t/e
T2N perormance decreases t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e 2,lev perormance
measurement o t/e tar"et cell.
&B )/eck i an$ "round link e8uipment ails t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e #:interace ailures
and t/e "round link 4reaks durin" T)1 seizure.
</en t/e microwave is used or t/e transmission or durin" inter:@S) /andover6
t/e clock deviation is anot/er cause or poor /andover. #nd t/is can 4e proved
4$ t/e intra:@S) /andover ailures. 5or t/e cells w/ere t/e clock s$nc/ronization
is unavaila4le6 t/e @S+) cannot 4e decoded6 so t/e /andover can never occur. +n
t/is case6 $ou need to c/eck i t/e clock is normal and anal$ze t/e call drop rate.
+ t/ese two causes are e,cluded6 $ou need to make ad7ustment rom t/e
perspective o covera"e and intererence.
To reduce call drop rate and en/ance /andover success rate6 $ou can leave a
mar"in or t/e 2,lev and 2,8ual durin" /andover. + t/e 2,lev o a cell is lower
t/an :-0d@m durin" /andover6 $ou s/ould c/eck t/e mean 2,lev and T# value o
T)1 call drop in t/e call drop perormance measurement and anal$ze drive test
to see i t/e covera"e distance o t/e cell is too lon" and i t/e si"nal is not stron"
enou"/.
5or t/e networks in w/ic/ 4etter cell al"orit/ms are ena4led6 $ou s/ould c/eck
t/e Oattempted /andovers A4etter cellBP. +t is 4etter t/at t/e percenta"e it accounts
&0H o t/e /andover causes.
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
T/e intererence will also aect t/e /andover success rate. </en t/e
intererence is present6 t/e voice 8ualit$ will decrease and t/e call drop rate will
increase.
1andover pro4lems are rat/er complicated. To solve t/e pro4lems arisin" in
actual work6 $ou are supposed to inte"rate t/e met/ods introduce a4ove6 t/e
si"nalin" anal$zer6 e8uipment condition6 and drive test into consideration.
8.1 Network roblem Sol"tions
8.1.1 Co&era$e roblems
'. Sol"t"on ro!ed"res
3roblem4 the !o&era$e is be!omin$ smaller after the (TS is enabled5
#ter a @TS /as run or a period o time Aor e,ample6 /al $earsB6 t/e covera"e o t/e
@TS ma$ 4ecome smaller or even dead zone ma$ appear due to various causes. +n
t/is case6 t/e s$stem perormance will 4e aected. T/e s/rink o t/e covera"e is not
onl$ related to t/e tec/nical inde,es Asuc/ as t/e @TS sensitivit$ and powerB6 4ut also
related to t/e en"ineerin" 8ualit$6 "eo"rap/ic actors6 and t/e electroma"netic
environment.
T/e actor concernin" t/e @TS pro4lems are as ollows9

Transmitter output power decrease

2eceive sensitivit$ decrease

#ntenna azimut/ an"le c/an"e

#ntenna tilt c/an"e

#ntenna "ain c/an"e

5eeder loss

)oupler loss

<orkin" 4and c/an"e

Propa"ation environment c/an"e

Diversit$ eect c/an"e.

=ou can c/eck t/e pro4lem accordin" to t/e ollowin" procedure9
1B )/eck t/e conditions around t/e @TS antenna
=ou are re8uired to c/eck i t/ere are ot/er antennas Asuc/ as micro antennaB6
decorations6 4ill4oard6 trees6 or "lass walls standin" around t/e @TS antenna.
T/ese 4arriers ma$ e,ert a ne"ative eect a"ainst t/e antenna reception and
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e1-6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
transmission6 t/us aectin" t/e covera"e o t/e @TS. +n t/is case6 $ou can tune
t/e azimut/ an"el o t/e correspondin" antenna or c/an"e t/e antenna /ei"/t.
2B )/eck t/e c/an"e o t/e propa"ation environment
T/e c/an"e o t/e propa"ation environment o t/e electroma"netic wave will
weaken t/e si"nals received 4$ radio terminals. 'speciall$ or mountains6 t/e
propa"ation o t/e electroma"netic waves depends on t/e relection o
mountains. 5or e,ample6 t/e c/an"e in t/e ve"etation o t/e mountain will
reduce t/e covera"e o t/e @TS. +n addition6 t/e climate and ot/er natural actors
also /ave some eect a"ainst t/e electroma"netic waves. T/e propa"ation loss
varies wit/ wood intensit$6 season6 and so on. T/e ma,imum loss can reac/ 30
d@. + new 4uildin"s prevent t/e propa"ation o t/e electroma"netic waves and
weakens t/e si"nals6 t/e areas in t/e remote cannot 4e covered6 so t/e
su4scri4ers cannot en7o$ t/e service. 'speciall$ t/e /i"/ 4uildin"s near t/e @TS
/ave a "reat eect a"ainst t/e propa"ation o electroma"netic waves.
3B )/eck i t/ere is standin" wave alarm and main diversit$ reception alarm at t/e
operation and maintenance console
T/is pro4lem can 4e c/ecked accordin" to t/e standin" wave alarm messa"es
and t/e diversit$ reception alarm messa"es. + t/e alarms o t/is kind occur6 $ou
s/ould c/eck t/e correspondin" antennas and eeders.
!B )/eck i t/e standin" wave ratio is smaller t/an 1.%H
T/e tolerance o t/e standin" wave alarm t/res/old o t/e )D; or 'D; is "reat.
T/ereore6 ater c/eckin" t/at t/e set:top power is normal6 $ou can urt/er c/eck
i t/e standin" wave is smaller t/an 1.%H. + t/e standin" wave ratio is a4normal6
$ou need to c/eck i t/e water /as penetrated into t/e antenna or eeder
connector6 or i it is li"/tenin" protector pro4lem.
%B )/eck i t/e tower ampliier work normall$
)/eck i tower ampliier alarm is present at t/e operation and maintenance
console. .enerall$6 t/e pro4lems are t/e low noise ampliier was dama"ed or t/e
water /as penetrated into t/e ampliier. T/e ampliier alarm alwa$s comes
to"et/er wit/ t/e dama"e o t/e low noise ampliier. + t/e water /as penetrated
into t/e tower ampliier6 no alarm will 4e "enerated6 4ut t/e 25 loss is "reat. +n
t/is case6 t/e receiver sensitivit$ will decrease dramaticall$.
&B )/eck t/e en"ineerin" parameters Aincludin" antenna tilt and azimut/ an"leB
T/e increase o t/e antenna tilt or t/e deviation o t/e azimut/ an"le will reduce
t/e covera"e o t/e @TS. T/ereore6 antennas must 4e irml$ i,ed so t/at t/e$
can stand stron" wind and storms.
(B )/eck t/e set:top output power o t/e transceiver
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e206 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
5irst $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e lines are well connected6 and t/en c/eck i t/e set:
top power is normal. + it not normal6 $ou s/ould replace t/e pro4lem /ardware.
8B )/eck i t/e receiver sensitivit$ is normal
)/eck i t/e covera"e distance is s/ortened 4$ t/e low receiver sensitivit$. +n
addition6 $ou can monitor t/e messa"es at t/e #4is interace and ind out t/e
relations/ip 4etween level and 4it error rate. #ter t/at6 $ou can "et t/e value o
t/e level w/en t/e 4it error rate is 2H. T/is means6 /owever6 onl$ applies to t/e
situation t/at w/en t/e receiver sensitivit$ drops dramaticall$.
-B )/eck i t/e parameters aectin" t/e covera"e are rationall$ set
10B )/eck i t/e /i"/ 4ack noise in t/e covera"e area is caused 4$ intererence and
poor electroma"netic environment.
3Co&era$e problem !a"sed b* (TS e/pansion5
+ t/e covera"e o t/e @TS s/rinks ater e,pansion6 in addition to makin" t/e previous
c/ecks6 $ou are supposed to c/eck t/e ollowin" items.
1B )/eck i t/e com4iner keeps t/e same 4eore and ater e,pansion
T/e loss o dierent com4iners varies "reatl$ T/ereore6 t/e com4iner
coni"uration deserves special attention durin" @TS e,pansion. + dierent
com4iners are a must6 $ou s/ould ull$ communicate wit/ customers.
2B )/eck i t/e antennas are rationall$ selected
Suita4le antennas must 4e selected or pro7ect installation and network plannin"
so t/at t/e 4est covera"e can 4e ac/ieved. +t must 4e pointed out t/at $ou
s/ould use zero:point illin" antenna or t/e electrical title antenna w/en t/e
antenna /ei"/t is "reat. +n addition6 omni antennas cannot 4e widel$ used or t/e
lar"e area covera"e. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e pro4lem can 4e solved 4$
directional antennas.
3B )/eck i t/e installation o t/e newl$:added antennas are 8ualiied
=ou s/ould irst c/eck i t/e desi"n o t/e antenna /ei"/t6 azimut/ an"le6 and
antenna tilt is 8ualiied. .enerall$6 t/e important covera"e areas cannot 4e 4ared
4$ tower. Meanw/ile6 t/e important covera"e areas cannot 4e perpendicular to
t/e diversit$ direction o t/e antenna. +n t/is case6 t/e antenna diversit$ eect
can 4e e,cavated to t/e ma,imum. To reduce t/e covera"e s/adow caused 4$
t/e tower6 $ou s/ould pa$ attention to t/e distance 4etween t/e antenna and t/e
tower. Moreover6 t/e pole o t/e omni antenna and t/e 25 part o t/e antenna
cannot 4e overlapped.
!B )/eck t/e position o t/e @))1 transmitter antenna
Since t/e tower eect is present6 t/e @))1 transmitter antenna must 4e installed
at a side o t/e important covera"e area. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e s/adow can
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e216 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
4e avoided. To prevent t/e assi"nment ailure caused 4$ t/e inconsistence o t/e
@))1 covera"e and T)1 covera"e6 $ou can use t/e concentric c/annel
allocation al"orit/m. +n addition6 t/e important covera"e area cannot 4e
perpendicular to t/e diversit$ direction o t/e antenna.
%B )/eck i t/e tilts and t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e directional dual transmitter
antennas are consistent wit/ eac/ ot/er
+ t/e tilts and azimut/ an"les o t/e directional dual transmitter antennas are
inconsistent6 call drop6 assi"nment ailure6 and /andover ailure will easil$ occur.
+n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area o t/e @TS will 4ecome small. +n addition6 since
t/e tower eect is present6 t/e @))1 transmitter antenna must 4e installed at a
side o t/e important covera"e area. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e s/adow can 4e
avoided. Moreover6 t/e important covera"e area cannot 4e perpendicular to t/e
diversit$ direction o t/e antenna.
&B )/eck t/e set:top output power o various T2Ns i t/e sc/eme or t/e ma,imum
covera"e is used.
</en t/e ma,imum covera"e is pursued6 t/e T2Ns are re8uired to 4e com4ined
in various wa$s. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e distance o t/e @))1 will 4e lon"er
t/an t/at o t/e T)1. #s a result6 t/e T)1 assi"nment ailure will 4e caused6 so
t/e concentric tec/nolo"$ is needed. T/e c/annel assi"nment ailure caused 4$
low transmit level in t/e inner circle and t/e c/annel con"estion in t/e e,ternal
circle can 4e avoided i t/e T# values o t/e inner circle and t/e e,ternal circle
are correctl$ set and allocated to t/e inner circle and e,ternal circle accordin" to
t/e ri"/t priorit$.
3Co&era$e problems !a"sed b* (TS swap or !onstr"!tion5
1B )/eck i t/e azimut/ an"le and t/e antenna /ei"/t are t/e same 4eore and ater
t/e @TS swap
+ all t/e antenna and eeder components are newl$ constructed6 t/e old @TS can
onl$ 4e swapped ater t/e new antenna is installed. T/ereore6 t/e azimut/ an"le
and t/e antenna /ei"/t ma$ 4e dierent rom t/at o t/e old antenna. +n t/is
case6 t/e covera"e area ma$ decrease. #s a result6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e
azimut/ an"le and t/e antenna /ei"/t are t/e same 4eore and ater t/e 4as
station swap.
2B )/eck antenna tilt pro4lems caused 4$ network swap
.enerall$6 t/e tilt must keep t/e same. + $ou need to control t/e covera"e area
due to new @TSs are added to ur4an areas6 $ou can consider increasin" t/e tilt.
3B )/eck i t/e set:top power o t/e swap @TS is t/e same as t/at o t/e old @TS.
!B )/eck i t/e receiver sensitivit$ o t/e @TS is normal.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e226 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
%B )/eck i it is t/e intererence or t/e poor electroma"netic environment t/at
makes t/e 4ack noise o t/e w/ole area too /i"/.
&B )/eck i an$ standin" wave alarm messa"e or diversit$ reception alarm
messa"e is "enerated or antenna and eeder at t/e operation and maintenance
console.
(B )/eck t/e parameters t/at will aect covera"e are rationall$ set.
8B )/eck i t/e installation o t/e antennas is 8ualiied ater t/e @TS /as 4een
ena4led or swapped.
-B )/eck i t/e ri"/t t$pe o antenna is selected.
10B )/eck t/e position o t/e @))1 T2N transmitter o t/e omni dual transmitter
antenna.
11B )/eck i t/e tilts and t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e two directional antennas keep t/e
same ater t/e directional dual transmitter antenna is used.
12B )/eck i t/e antennas and eeders o t/e cell are inversel$ connected.
13B )/eck i t/e tower ampliier works normall$.
1!B )/eck t/e set:top power or various T2Ns w/en t/e coni"uration sc/eme or t/e
ma,imum covera"e is pursued.
''. roblems )ffe!tin$ Co&era$e and Sol"tions
3)ntenna water penetration5
+t is 8uite accidental t/at t/e water penetrates into t/e antenna. <ater penetration
means t/at t/e water enters t/e 25 internal c/annel. +n t/is case6 t/e volta"e
standin" wave ratio o t/e antenna will increase> t/e antenna loss will increase6 t/e
covera"e area will decrease> or event t/e power ampliier will 4e disa4led.
3)ntenna passi&e intermod"lation5
T/e passive intermodulation o t/e antenna and various connectors will cause
intererence. T/e e,clusive met/od can 4e used or t/e c/eck. T/at is6 $ou can
connect t/e antenna eeders o t/e nei"/4or cells w/ere t/ere is no intererence to
t/e test cell. + an$ pro4lem is ound6 $ou s/ould c/an"e t/e antenna.
3'mproper antenna sele!tion5
.enerall$6 i t/e antenna /ei"/t e,ceeds %0m and i t/e irst zero point under t/e main
antenna 4eam is not illed6 t/e Os/adow under towerP ma$ occur. T/at is6 t/e area
under t/e tower cannot 4e covered 4$ si"nals. +n t/is case6 $ou s/ould select t/e
antenna wit/ zero point illin" unction.
+ t/ree:sector directional antennas are used or vast covera"e6 t/e antennas must
/ave a /i"/ "ain and t/eir /al power an"le must 4e "reater t/an -0 de"rees. + t/e
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e236 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
/al power an"le is small6 t/e "ain o t/e two nei"/4or sectors will 4e low. +n t/is
case6 t/e covera"e radius is small.
+ t/e antenna tilt is "reat6 t/e all mec/anical tilt antenna is not a suita4le c/oice. +n
t/is case6 $ou s/ould select t/e i,ed Oelectrical tilt K mec/anical tiltP antenna or t/e
Ocontinuous ad7usta4le electrical tilt A0 to 10 de"reesB K mec/anical tiltP antenna.
#s t/e re8uenc$ reuse 4ecomes more a""ressive6 t/e ront:to:4ack ratio o t/e
antenna ma$ not meet t/e re8uirement o a sin"le @TS or several @TSs. T/ereore6
$ou s/ould select t/e antennas wit/ "reater ront:to:4ack ratio.
3Tower effe!t a$ainst Omni antenna radiation5
T/e tower eect a"ainst omni antenna radiation deserves enou"/ attention. +t is /ard
to estimate t/e dama"e o t/e omni antenna directional dia"ram caused 4$ t/e tower.
T/e dama"e varies "reatl$ wit/ t/e distance 4etween t/e tower and t/e antenna6 as
s/own in 5i"ure 1.1 and 5i"ure 1.2.
#i$"re 1.1 Omni antenna directional dia"ram wit/out 4arrier
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e2!6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
#i$"re 1.2 Tower eect a"ainst antenna ar:ield
+ t/e antenna is installed on t/e tower and metal tu4e6 $ou s/ould pa$ special
attentions to t/e ollowin" items9

T/e metal tu4e and t/e eect radiation part o t/e antenna cannot 4e
overlapped.

Take measures to avoid installin" t/e w/ole antenna on t/e metal tu4e.

+ t/e antenna is installed on t/e tower6 make sure t/at t/e distance 4etween t/e
antenna and t/e nearest end o t/e tower is "reater t/an & wavelen"t/s.

T/e omni dual transmitter tec/nolo"$ is not recommended.

T/e antenna must 4e perpendicular to 1F8 o t/e /al power 4eam widt/ at least.
3%ire!tional antenna installation problem5
Two pro4lems ma$ occur or directional antenna installation9

T/e antenna is inversel$ or wron"l$ connected.

T/e azimut/ an"les and t/e tilts o t/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver
antenna are inconsistent and or t/e error is "reat.
'n"ineerin" causes are t/e e,planations o t/e two pro4lems. .enerall$6 t/e
error scope o t/e azimut/ an"le cannot e,ceed % de"rees6 and t/at o t/e tilt
cannot e,ceed 0.% de"rees. + t/e error is too "reat6 t/e covera"e o t/e transit
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e2%6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
antenna and t/at o t/e receiver antenna will 4e dierent. +n t/is case6 it is /ard
to make calls t/e covera"e ed"es.

Pro4lems concernin" t/e diversit$ distance 4etween t/e transit antenna and t/e
receiver antenna or t/e isolation 4etween t/e antennas and tower.
T/e covera"e o t/e antenna will 4e aected i t/e diversit$ distance 4etween t/e
transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna or t/e isolation 4etween t/e
antennas and t/e tower is not "reat enou"/. 5or .SM -00M1z s$stem6 t/e
diversit$ distance 4etween t/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna is
re8uired to 4e "reater t/an !m. 5or .SM 1800M1z s$stem6 it is re8uired to 4e
"reater t/an 2m. T/e antenna mount must 4e at least 1.%m awa$ rom t/e tower.
Meanw/ile6 t/e antenna mount must 4e installed wit/in t/e !%:dre"ree protection
areas o t/e li"/tenin" protector.

T/ere are s/adows in covera"e areas.

</en installin" a directional antenna6 $ou s/ould make sure t/at t/ere is no
s/adow wit/in t/e covera"e area. .enerall$6 i t/ere are /u"e 4arrier6 suc/ as
/i"/ 4uildin"s and mountains6 around t/e @TS6 s/adows ma$ appear. + $ou
intend install t/e @TS on t/e roo o a /i"/ 4uildin"6 $ou s/ould install it at t/e
ed"es o t/e 4uildin" so as to avoid t/e s/adow. Since t/e environment around
t/e roo is 8uite comple,6 t/e antenna /ei"/t must 4e "reat enou"/. +n t/is case6
/owever6 $ou s/ould consider t/e a4ilit$ o t/e antenna to stand t/e wind and
storm.
3Omni antenna installation problem5

T/e radiator o t/e omni antenna is 4arred 4$ antenna pole.

T/e covera"e will 4e aected i t/e radiator o t/e omni antenna is 4arred 4$
antenna pole. .enerall$6 t/ere is a 7acket installed at t/e 4ottom o t/e omni
antenna and t/e 7acket is used to connect t/e omni antenna and t/e antenna
pole. 5rom t/e perspective o installation6 t/e top o t/e 7acket must 4e at t/e
same level wit/ or /i"/er t/an t/e top o t/e pole> ot/erwise t/e radiation will 4e
aected.

T/e pro4lems concernin" antenna diversit$ distance and isolation 4etween

antenna and tower.
+ t/e antenna diversit$ distance or t/e isolation 4etween antenna and tower is
not "reat enou"/6 t/e covera"e will 4e poor. + t/e antenna diversit$ distance is
too small6 it will reduce diversit$ "ain. +n t/is case6 t/e receiver sensitivit$ will
reduce. T/ou"/ t/e tower eect a"ainst t/e omni antenna radiation is
unavoida4le6 $ou can increase t/e isolation 4etween t/e antenna and t/e tower
to reduce t/e eect.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e2&6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+t is su""ested t/at t/e isolation 4etween t/e omni antenna and t/e tower is
"reater t/an 2m6 t/e /orizontal diversit$ distance o t/e -00M1z omni antenna is
"reater t/an !m6 and t/e /orizontal diversit$ distance o t/e 1800M1z antenna is
"reater t/an 2m.

T/e omni antenna is not perpendicular to t/e /orizontal plane.

+ t/e omni antenna is not perpendicular to t/e /orizontal plane6 t/e antenna
directional dia"ram will 4e distorted in t/e covera"e area. +n t/is case6 t/e
covera"e o t/e antenna will 4e aected.
+t is su""ested t/at installation plane o t/e antenna mount 4e perpendicular to
t/e /orizontal plane. + t/e mount e,tends 4e$ond t/e tower6 make sure t/at t/e
mount is still in t/e protection areas o t/e li"/tenin" protector. .enerall$6 t/e
areas !%:dre"ee under t/e li"/tenin" protector top are t/e protection areas.
3Conne!tion problems of antenna and feeder6 !ombiner and splitter6 and C%75
+ various connectors o t/e antenna and eeder s$stem are not connected
accordin" to re8uirement6 t/e perormance o t/e antenna and eeder s$stem will
4e aected. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area o t/e @TS will also 4e aected.

<ater penetration occurs at t/e various connectors o t/e antenna and eeder
s$stem.
+ water /as penetrated into t/e connector and eeder6 t/e standin" wave ratio will
increase. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area will 4e aected.

?arious connectors are not ti"/tened.

+ t/e connectors or set:top 7umpers6 or t/e ca4les rom T2N 4oards to com4iner
and splitter6 and or various 25 ca4les are not ti"/tened6 4ot/ t/e reception
perormance and t/e transmit perormance o t/e s$stem will decrease. +n t/is
case6 t/e covera"e area and t/e conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected.

T/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna are inversel$ connected due to
inconsistent coni"uration o t/e set:top 7umper and data.

T/e connection 4etween t/e 7umper and eeder is not ti"/t6 w/ic/ results in /i"/
loss and standin" wave ratio. +n t/is case6 t/e covera"e will 4e aected and
intererence will 4e caused.
3Tower amplifier problem5

<ater penetration will increase t/e loss6 deteriorate t/e standin" wave ratio6 and
decrease t/e receiver sensitivit$.

T/e dama"e o t/e 3N# Ait is in t/e tower ampliierB will decrease t/e "ain or
even decrease t/e "ain to a ne"ative value.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e2(6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$

T/e input end and t/e output end o t/e tower ampliier are inversel$ connected.
+n t/is case6 t/e tower ampliier will 4e s/ort:circuited. + t/e s/ort circuit lasts or
a lon" time6 t/e ront module will 4e dama"ed.
3(TS front mod"le problem5

+solator pro4lem

Duple,er and ot/er ilter dama"e

Standin" wave ratio error alarm

3N# Alow noise ampliierB dama"e

3ow T2N or ampliier output power

3arameter !onfi$"ration problem5
T/e parameters aectin" covera"e are listed 4elow9

T2N power class

Tower ampliier attenuation coeicient

MS ma,imum transmit power control power

MS minimum 2,lev

2#)1 minimum access t/res/old

'''. Co&era$e Cases
Case 14 7se down tilt omni antenna to impro&e !o&era$e
3roblem des!ription5
+n a su4ur4an area6 t/e omni antenna wit/ a "ain o 11d@i is used or t/e @TS. T/is
covera"e distance can reac/ -km in plain environment. 1owever6 t/e covera"e in t/e
area near t/e @TS is poor. T/e 2,lev in t/e small town 800:1!00m awa$ rom t/e
@TS is a4out :-0d@m.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
On:site surve$ s/ows t/at t/e antenna /ei"/t is too "reat. T/e /ei"/t o t/e tower on
w/ic/ t/e antenna is installed %0m. Moreover6 t/e tower is esta4lis/ed on a small
mountain6 so t/e town is 120m 4elow t/e antenna. T/e irst 7ud"ment is t/at t/e
p/enomenon o Os/adow under towerP /as 4een caused.
5urt/er anal$sis o t/e collected data inds t/at omni antenna is used or t/e @TS.
T/e antenna "ain is 11d@i6 and t/e vertical /al power an"el is ( de"rees. + t/e valid
antenna /ei"/t is 120m6 t/e /al power points o t/e antenna ma7or lo4e are scattered
in t/e area a4out 2000m awa$ rom t/e @TS. T/ereore6 t/is town is not in t/e
covera"e area o t/e @TS.
T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e luctuation o t/e 2,lev accordin" to t/e drive test map6
en"ineers ound t/at t/is town locates wit/in t/e radiation area o a zero power point
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e286 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
o t/e @TS. 1owever6 t/e town is too ar awa$ rom t/e mountains around6 so it
cannot "et t/e si"nals relected 4$ t/e mountains. T/ereore6 t/e 2,lev in t/is town is
8uite slow.
#ter /avin" replaced t/e antenna wit/ an omni antenna wit/ % de"rees o t/e down
tilt an"le6 en"ineers retested t/e 2,lev and ound t/at it increased 4$ 1%:20 d@ in t/e
areas 3km wit/in t/e @TS. +n some areas6 t/e 2,lev is increased 4$ 30 d@.
T/ereore6 t/e covera"e /as 4een improved remarka4l$6 as s/own in 5i"ure 1.1.
#i$"re 1.1 )omparison o t/e 2,lev 4eore and ater antenna replacement
Case 24 'mproper installation of omni antenna has effe!t a$ainst the !o&era$e
3roblem des!ription5
# new @TS /as 4een ena4led or a local network. ;sers complain t/at t/e covera"e
area 4ecome smaller ater t/at. 5or t/e low narrow areas 2km awa$ rom t/e @TS6
t/e 2,lev is alread$ lower t/an :-0d@m.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
T/rou"/ surve$in" t/e environment around t/e @TS6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e ma7or
transmitter antenna and t/e diversit$ receiver antenna are installed in a plane parallel
to t/e road. #pparentl$6 t/is kind o installation does not meet t/e criteria.
T/e correct wa$ is to install t/e ma7or transmitter antenna and t/e diversit$ receiver
antenna in a plane perpendicular to t/e road. +n addition6 t/e ma7or transmitter
antenna must 4e located at one side o t/e road6 as s/own in 5i"ure 1.2.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e2-6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
#i$"re 1.2 +nstallation position o omni antenna
Case +4 'mproper !onfi$"ration of data !a"ses poor !o&era$e
3roblem des!ription5
Durin" t/e optimization or a place6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e si"nals at a section o
t/e road in t/e su4ur4an area are 8uite poor. T/e measured 2,lev is :-%d@m.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
T/is section locates in t/e su4ur4an area and is a4out 3km awa$ rom t/e ur4an
area. T/ere is no a4rupt c/an"e in terms o landorm wit/in t/is section. T/eoreticall$6
t/e 2,lev /ere s/ould 4e a4out :80d@m6 so t/e dierence 4etween t/e t/eoretical
2,lev and t/e measured 2,lev is "reat. #ccordin" to t/e re8uenc$ sweep test6 t/e
stren"t/ o t/e 5a si"nal is a4out :-%d@m6 and t/e stren"t/ o t/e 54 si"nal is a4out
:80d@m. 5or t/is section6 it is covered 4$ t/ree cells o t/e @TS # and @TS @ t/at are
installed in t/e ur4an area At/e @))1 re8uencies are 5a and 54B. +n addition6 a cell
o t/e @TS ) installed at t/e remote su4ur4an area also covers t/e section At/e
@))1 re8uenc$ is 5cB.
T/rou"/ c/eckin" data6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e 54 is not included in t/e nei"/4or
c/annel num4ers o t/e #:3 cell in t/e @#1. </en t/e MS moves rom t/e ur4an area
to t/e su4ur4an area6 it will c/oose #:3 cell to camp on6 4ecause t/e 54 is not
coni"ured in t/e nei"/4or c/annel num4ers. +n t/is case6 t/e MS cannot reselect t/e
@:3 cell to camp on. +n t/e cell nei"/4or relations/ip list6 t/e #:3 cell and @:3 cell
cannot work as t/e nei"/4or cell or eac/ ot/er6 and t/e 54 is not coni"ured in t/e
nei"/4or c/annel num4ers o t/e #:3 cell listed in @#2. T/ereore6 in conversation
mode6 t/e MS cannot keep t/e conversation in #:3 cell. </en it arrives at t/is
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e306 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
section6 it cannot /and over to t/e @:3 cell. T/ereore6 t/e si"nals are poor6 so is t/e
voice 8ualit$.
3Sol"tion5
'na4le t/e #:3 cell and @:3 cell to work as nei"/4or cell or eac/ ot/er.
Case ,4 'rrational (TS swap affe!ts !o&era$e
3roblem des!ription5
+n an ur4an area6 a @TS must 4e swapped or t/e 4uildin" on w/ic/ t/e @TS was
installed were to 4e moved. )onsiderin" t/at covera"e or t/e scenic spot 2km awa$
At/e scenic spot locates 4e/ind a /illB is poor6 so en"ineers intended to install t/e @TS
on t/e top o t/e /ill. On t/e top o t/e cell6 t/e w/ole cit$ and t/e scenic spot can 4e
seen. 1owever6 ater t/e @TS swap6 users complaint t/at t/ere were no si"nals in t/e
indoor environment o t/e cells near t/e site w/ere t/e old @TS was installed.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
T/e 4uildin"s o t/e resident area are densel$ distri4uted and t/e avera"e /ei"/t is
8m. @eore t/e @TS swap6 t/e cell used or t/is area is onl$ 100m awa$6 and t/e
antenna /ei"/t is 1%m. T/ereore6 t/e indoor conversation 8ualit$ can 4e "uaranteed.
#ter t/e @TS swap6 /owever6 t/e cell used t/is area is 1.8km awa$6 and t/e antenna
/ei"/t is 30m. +n t/is case6 t/e si"nals are 8uite weak w/en arrivin" at t/e 4ottom o
resident area6 t/ou"/ t/e si"nals allin" at t/e top o t/e 4uildin" is "ood. To solve t/is
pro4lem6 $ou can onl$ increase t/e output power o t/e transmitter antenna or
increase t/e antenna "ain. 1owever6 t/e covera"e is still not to usersL satisactor$
even increase t/e antenna /ei"/t to 30m. T/ereore6 w/en swappin" or constructin"
a @TS at t/e densel$ populated area6 $ou s/ould pa$ attention to t/e ollowin" items9

+t is su""ested t/at t/e distance 4etween t/e @TS and t/e resident area is e8ual
to or smaller t/an 1%0m6 ot/erwise t/e covera"e or t/is area will 4ecome weak
dramaticall$.

T/e antenna o t/e swapped @TS cannot 4e too "reat. + t/e @TS is installed
amon" resident 4uildin"s6 t/e antenna /ei"/t is su""ested to 4e (:10m. + t/e
@TS is installed 4e$ond t/e resident 4uildin"s and t/e 4uildin"s are /i"/6 $ou
can increase t/e antenna /ei"/t accordin"l$.

=ou can solve t/e pro4lems concernin" cross area covera"e can t/rou"/
controllin" t/e power class o t/e @TS6 tunin" t/e azimut/ an"le o t/e antenna6
or tunin" t/e tilt an"le o t/e antenna.
3Sol"tion5
#ccordin" to on:site surve$6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e indoor si"nals o t/is area are
too poor to /old t/e conversation. T/is area can 4e seen clearl$ rom t/e tower on
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e316 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
w/ic/ t/e @TS is installed. T/e distance 4etween t/e @TS and t/e area is onl$ 1.8km6
and 4etween t/em are vast armlands. To solve t/is pro4lem6 $ou can attempt to tune
t/e azimut/ an"le and t/e tilt an"le o t/e antenna. + t/e covera"e is not $et
improved6 $ou can use t/e ollowin" met/ods9

2eplace t/e common antenna used or t/is cell Aits "ain is 1%d@iB wit/ t/e /i"/:
"ain antenna used or t/e scenic spot Aits "ain is 18d@iB

T/ere are ! T2Ns in t/is cell6 all in S); mode6 replace t/e S); mode wit/ t/e
dual:)D; mode.
#ter t/e a4ove met/ods are done6 t/e antenna "ain or t/is area can 4e increased 4$
&d@. #ter t/e antenna replacement6 $ou need to tune t/e antenna tilt or t/e 4est
covera"e.
T/rou"/ retestin" t/e indoor si"nal level6 en"ineers ound t/at it increased 4$ &:12d@.
#nd even t/e common MS can keep normal conversation.
8.1.2 'nterferen!e roblems
+ntererence is a ke$ actor aectin" network perormance6 includin" conversation
8ualit$6 call drop6 /andover6 con"estion6 and so on.
'. 'nterferen!e So"r!es
+n t/e mo4ile telecommunication s$stem6 w/en t/e @TS is receivin" t/e si"nals rom
a remote MS6 it will not onl$ 4e interered 4$ ot/er telecommunication e8uipments6
4ut also it will 4e interered 4$ t/e ot/er @TSs and MSs wit/in t/e s$stem6 as s/own
in 5i"ure 1.1.
#i$"re 1.1 Sc/ematic drawin" o mo4ile telecommunication intererence
1ereunder introduces t/e intererence sources aectin" t/e .SM s$stem.

+ntra:network intererence
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e326 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ t/e re8uencies are improperl$ planned6 or t/e re8uenc$ reuse is too
a""ressive6 intra:re8uenc$ intererence or nei"/4or cell intererence will 4e
caused.

2epeater intererence
#t t/e earl$ sta"e o network construction6 repeaters are widel$ used or
e,tendin" t/e covera"e distance o t/e network. 1owever6 i t/e repeaters are
improperl$ planned6 t/e network will 4e interered.
+ t/e repeaters are not installed accordin" to re8uirement6 t/at is6 t/ere is not
enou"/ isolation let 4etween t/e donor antenna and t/e su4scri4er antenna6 t/e
@TS to w/ic/ t/e repeaters attac/ will interered.
5or t/e repeaters ena4lin" 4road4and non:linear ampliier6 t/e intermodulation
inde,es are ar "reater t/an t/at re8uired in t/e protocols. +n t/is case6 t/e
"reater t/e power is6 t/e "reater t/e intermodulation will 4e. T/ereore6 t/e @TS
near t/e repeaters will 4e interered.

+ntererence rom ot/er 4i":power telecommunication e8uipments

T/ese e8uipments include radar6 analo" @TS6 and ot/er telecommunication
e8uipments usin" t/e same 4and.

1ardware pro4lems
T2N pro4lem9 + t/e perormance o t/e T2N decreases6 t/e s$stem ma$ 4e
interered.
)D; pro4lem or splitter pro4lem9 #ctive ampliier is used in t/e )D; splitter and
splitter module. </en an$ pro4lem occurs6 t/e s$stem ma$ also 4e interered.
Stra$ and intermodulation9 + t/e out:4and stra$ o t/e power ampliier or t/e T2N
o t/e @TS "o 4e$ond re8uirement6 or t/e isolation o t/e transmission and t/e
reception o t/e )D; duple,er is too small6 t/e connection c/annel will 4e
interered. Meanw/ile6 t/e passive e8uipments6 suc/ as t/e eeder and t/e
antenna6 will "enerate intermodulation.
''. 'nterferen!e ositionin$ and -limination
3ositionin$ and elimination pro!ed"re5
1B 5ind out t/e intererence cell accordin" to CP+
+ t/e call drop rate6 /andover success rate6 traic volume6 con"estion rate6 and
intererence 4and o a cell deteriorate to a 4ad level a4ruptl$6 it means t/at
intererence ma$ e,ist in t/e cell.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e336 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+n t/is case6 $ou can also c/eck t/e /istorical record o operations made in t/is
cell. 5or e,ample6 c/eck i t/e /ardware and sotware o t/e @TS /as 4een
added or increased and i t/e data o t/e @TS /as 4een modiied. .enerall$6 t/e
appearance o intererence is related to t/ese operations.
+ t/ese parameters are not ad7usted6 t/e intererence ma$ 4e rom t/e /ardware
itsel out outside actors. +n t/is case6 $ou are su""ested to c/eck i it is /ardware
pro4lem. + it is not6 $ou s/ould c/eck outside actors.
2B )/eck OM) alarm
Sometimes /i"/ call drop rate6 low /andover success rate6 and /i"/ con"estion
rate ma$ 4e related to e8uipment pro4lems. +n t/is case6 $ou can c/eck OM)
alarm records. T/ese records are related to t/e deterioration o t/ese inde,es.
3B )/eck re8uenc$ plannin"
+ t/e intererence is dou4t in a cell6 $ou can c/eck t/e re8uenc$ plannin" or t/e
cell and t/e nei"/4or cells o t/e cell. 5or t/is c/eck6 $ou are re8uired to make
clear t/e distri4ution o t/e antennas6 ind out t/e azimut/ an"le o eac/ cell6
draw t/e topolo"$6 and mark t/e @))1FT)1 c/annel num4ers. Meanw/ile6 $ou
are also re8uired to compare t/e planned c/annel num4ers wit/ t/e coni"ured
c/annel num4ers in t/e @S).
#ccordin" to t/e accurate re8uenc$ plannin" topolo"$6 $ou can make sure i t/e
intra:re8uenc$ intererence or nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence is present in t/e
network.
!B )/eck cell parameter coni"uration
T/e cell parameters6 suc/ as )2O6 t/res/old6 /andover duration6 nei"/4or cell
relations/ip6 and so on6 ma$ /ave intererence a"ainst t/e s$stem.
+ t/e )2O is set to a "reat value6 t/e MS ma$ 4e "uided to an idle cell w/ose
level is lower t/an its surroundin" cells. Once t/e conversation is started 4ut t/e
)F+ cannot meet t/e t/res/old re8uirement A12d@B6 intererence will 4e caused.
+ nei"/4or cells are missin"6 t/e MS cannot /and over to a cell wit/ 4etter si"nal
level and 8ualit$. +n t/is case6 t/e intererence will also 4e "enerated. + t/e
/andover t/res/old and t/e PFN are too "reat6 t/e /andovers 4etween cells are
unavaila4le. + t/e PFN is too small6 /owever6 it will result in re8uent /andover. +n
t/is case6 4ot/ t/e call drop rate and t/e s$stem load will 4e increased.
%B Drive test
Drive test is an eective met/od to position t/e intererence. T/ere are two drive
test met/ods9 idle mode test and dedicated mode test.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e3!6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
5or idle mode test6 t/e test e8uipment can test t/e si"nal level o 4ot/ t/e si"nal
level and t/e nei"/4or cells. +n addition6 t/e test e8uipment can also perorm t/e
re8uenc$ sweep test or t/e desi"nate c/annel num4ers or 4ands. +n t/is case6
t/e intererence caused 4$ cross:cell covera"e si"nals can 4e discovered.
5or dedicated mode test6 t/e test e8uipments can test t/e si"nal level o t/e
service cell and nei"/4or cells6 t/e 2,8ual6 t/e T#6 and so on. + t/e 2,lev is
e8ual to or "reater t/en :80d@m and t/e 2,8ual is e8ual to or "reater t/an & in
an area6 it can 4e conirmed t/at t/e intererence e,ists in t/e area. Some test
e8uipment can displa$ t/e 5'2 Arame error rateB. .enerall$6 i t/e 5'2 is
"reater or e8ual to 2%H6 t/e conversation will not 4e continuous. T/at is6 t/e
intererence e,ists.
&B +ntererence elimination
=ou can eliminate t/e intererence accordin" to t/e a4ove c/ecked results6 and
t/en evaluate t/e elimination t/rou"/ CP+ and drive test.
30ardware problem positionin$ and elimination5
</en t/e intererence is dou4ted in a cell6 $ou s/ould irst c/eck i t/e @TS w/ere t/e
cell locates works normall$. +n t/e remote end6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/ere is antenna
alarm6 T2N alarm6 or @TS clock alarm "enerated. +n t/e near end6 $ou s/ould c/eck i
t/ere is antenna pro4lem6 water penetration6 eeder A7umperB dama"e6 )P; pro4lem6
T2N pro4lem6 wron" 7umper connection or clock pro4lem occurred.

#ntenna perormance decline

#ntenna a passive component and its dama"e pro4a4ilit$ is small. 1owever6 i
t/e antenna is dama"ed or its perormance declines6 t/e voice 8ualit$ will
4ecome poor.

#ntenna connector pro4lem

.SM 25 si"nals are micro wave si"nals. + t/e connections 4etween T2N6 )D;6
eeder6 and antenna /ave an$ pro4lem6 4ot/ t/e standin" wave ratio and t/e
intermodulation will increase. +n t/is case6 t/e intererence will 4e resulted.

+nverse antenna connection

T/e inverse antenna connection is a commonl$ seen pro4lem. + t/e antenna is
inversel$ connected6 t/e c/annel num4ers used 4$ t/e cell and t/e planned
c/annel num4ers are completel$ inconsistent. +n t/is case6 intra:re8uenc$
intererence6 inter:re8uenc$ intererence6 and /andover diicult$ will 4e resulted.
'speciall$ or t/e networks t/at /ave inade8uate re8uenc$ resource6 t/e inverse
antenna connection /as "reat eect a"ainst network 8ualit$.

Qumper pro4lem
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e3%6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
Man$ 7umpers locate 4etween antennas6 so t/e$ are oten wron"l$ connected. +n
t/is case6 /i"/ call drop rate will 4e resulted.

T2N pro4lem
+ T2N pro4lems occur6 t/e intererence will increase6 t/e covera"e distance area
will decrease6 and t/e access is diicult.

)lock ailure
+ t/e clock deviation is too "reat6 it is /ard or t/e MS to lock t/e re8uencies o
t/e @TS6 so t/e /andover ailure alwa$s occurs6 or t/e MS cannot camp on an$
cell o t/e @TS. +n addition6 i t/e clock deviation is too "reat6 t/e @TS cannot
understand t/e si"nals o t/e @TS6 w/ic/ will result in 4it errors. 1owever6 t/e
clock ailure will not reall$ introduce intererence6 4ut it is t/e transmission errors
t/at make t/e voice 8ualit$ decrease.

)onclusion
#n$ pro4lem concernin" t/e T2N6 )D;6 eeder6 antenna6 7umper6 and connector
ma$ cause intererence or call drop. T/ereore6 i intererence appears6 $ou
s/ould c/eck t/e /ardware o t/e @TS. +n addition6 @TS clock ailure will also
cause intererence and call drop.
+t is eas$ to solve t/e /ardware pro4lems t/rou"/ c/an"in" t/e 4oards or
ad7ustin" traic data. + t/ere is spectrum anal$zer availa4le6 $ou can position t/e
pro4lem more eicientl$. 'speciall$ w/en t/e intererence appears wit/out an$
modiication o network data6 $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin" t/e /ardware.
3'ntra8Network 'nterferen!e5
T/e intra:network intererence is mainl$ rom intra:re8uenc$ intererence and
nei"/4or cell intererence. </en )F+ is smaller t/an 12d@ or t/e )F# is smaller t/an
:&d@6 t/e intererence is unavoida4le. 1owever6 t/e a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse
tec/nolo"$ will increase o t/e occurrence pro4a4ilit$ o intererence.

Same:re8uenc$ and nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence

+n .SM s$stem6 t/e re8uenc$ reuse is unavoida4le. </en t/e re8uenc$ reuse
distance o two cells usin" t/e same re8uenc$ is smaller t/an cell radius6 same:
re8uenc$ intererence will 4e easil$ caused. Past e,periences s/ow t/at t/e
re8uenc$ reuse must 4e avoided in man$ cases.
5i"ure &.1 s/ows t/e cellular structure.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e3&6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
#i$"re 9.1 )ellular structure
#s s/own in t/is i"ure6 t/ere are ! @TSs6 #6 @6 )6 and D. + t/e c/annel num4er N is
allocated to #3 cell6 t/is c/annel num4er cannot 4e allocated to #:16 #26 @16 @26 )16
)26 )36 D16 D26 and D3. #nd t/e c/annel num4ers NR1 cannot 4e allocated to #16
#26 #36 @16 )26 D16 and D2 Ano re8uenc$ /oppin"B.
T/e intererence a"ainst t/e uplink c/annel num4ers can 4e 7ud"ed 4$ t/e
intererence 4and data in t/e traic statistics.
5or t/e intererence a"ainst t/e downlink c/annel num4ers6 t/e e,istin" drive test
e8uipments can 4e indirectl$ used to measure i t/e same:re8uenc$ intererence is
present. 5irst $ou s/ould lock t/e test MS in t/e service cell and ena4le make t/e MS
work in conversation mode durin" drive test. + $ou ind t/at t/e 2,lev in an area is
/i"/ 4ut t/e 2,8ual is low6 it is likel$ t/at t/e same:re8uenc$ is present in t/is area.

+ntererence caused 4$ cross covera"e

+n a properl$ desi"ned network6 eac/ cell covers t/e areas around t/e @TS onl$
and t/e MS camps on or /olds conversation in t/e nearest cell. )ross covera"e
means t/at t/e covera"e o a cell is too lar"e and t/e cell can cover t/e areas
under t/e control o ot/er @TSs. + cross covera"e occurs6 irrational traic
a4sorption6 intererence6 call drop6 con"estion6 and /andover ailure ma$ arise.

+ntererence caused 4$ a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse

201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e3(6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
)apacit$ and 8ualit$ alwa$s contradicts to eac/ ot/er. +n ur4an areas6 t/e
a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse tec/nolo"$ must 4e used or t/e num4er o
su4scri4ers in ur4an areas are "reat. +n t/is case6 t/e network 8ualit$ will surel$
decrease. +n t/e areas w/ere @TSs are irrationall$ distri4uted6 t/e a""ressive
re8uenc$ reuse tec/nolo"$ ma$ cause t/e collision o same re8uenc$ and
nei"/4or re8uencies.

+ntererence caused 4$ repeater

+t is convenient to use repeater or special covera"e. 1owever6 i a repeater is not
8ualiied or it is not properl$ installed6 it will cause intererence.

+ntererence caused 4$ outside environment

Outside environment6 suc/ as T? station6 4i":power radio station6 micro wave6
radar6 /i"/ volta"e wire6 analo" @TS6 and so on6 will cause intererence.
'''. 'nterferen!e Cases
Case 14 'nterferen!e !a"se b* antenna performan!e de!line
3roblem des!ription5
T/ere are % @TSs in a count$. T/e coni"uration t$pe is S!F!F! or S&F&F&. T/e
intererence 4and % reac/es 1% accordin" to t/e T)1 perormance measurement o
t/e most cells. T/ere is no alarm ound at t/e OM).
3roblem positionin$ and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ monitorin" and re"isterin" t/e intererence 4and traic statistics or t/e
pro4lem cells all da$6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence 4and % mostl$
appeared at da$ time6 and it seldom appeared at earl$ mornin".
2B T/rou"/ sendin" t/e idle @;2STS o all t/e @TSs6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
intererence 4ands o t/ese cells appeared in t/e earl$ mornin". + t/e sendin" o
t/ese idle @;2STS stopped6 t/ese intererence 4ands disappeared. T/ereore6 it
can 4e proved t/at t/e intererence came rom t/e network. +t is not related to
ot/er telecommunication e8uipments.
3B T/e re8uencies and ot/er data were not ad7usted 4eore t/e intererence
appeared6 so t/e intererence is not related to t/e re8uenc$ plannin".
!B T/rou"/ surve$in" t/e 2NM test interace o t/e )D; usin" t/e spectrum
anal$zer durin" t/e traic peak at da$ time6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e 4road4and
intererence was stron" and t/e 4ack noise was risin".
%B T/ere was no intererence in one cell6 4ut t/e intererence in anot/er two cells
was stron". T/rou"/ replacin" t/e antenna eeder o t/e cell wit/ no intererence
wit/ t/e antenna eeders o t/e cells wit/ intererence and sendin" idle @;2STS6
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e386 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence went wit/ t/e antenna eeder. T/ereore6 it
can 4e decided t/at t/e pro4lem occurred at t/e antenna and eeder s$stem.
&B T/rou"/ c/an"in" t/e antenna6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence went wit/
t/e antenna. T/ereore6 t/e pro4lem is likel$ present at t/e antenna.
(B T/rou"/ replacin" t/e antenna wit/ dual polarization antenna6 en"ineers ound
t/at t/e stron" intererence disappeared immediatel$. T/rou"/ replacin" t/e old
antenna o anot/er @TS wit/ a new one6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence
also disappeared.
Case 24 Call drop !a"sed b* intra8network interferen!e
3roblem des!ription5
)ustomers in a place complaint t/at call drop /appen re8uentl$. 5i"ure (.1 s/ows
t/e topolo"$ or @TS distri4ution and re8uenc$ plannin".
#i$"re :.1 Topolo"$ or @TS distri4ution and re8uenc$ plannin"
+n t/is i"ure6 1126 10(6 1206 12!6 1186 1226 10!6 10&6 11&6 1016 1106 and 113 are
@))1 c/annel num4ers> 10-6 1026 11%6 -&6 -86 1006 1116 11!6 and 108 are T)1
c/annel num4ers.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ a careul test6 en"ineers ound t/at t/ere were 12 c/annel num4ers
"at/erin" at t/e call drop spot and 2,lev reac/ed :(3d@m. </en t/e MS seized
c/annel num4er 116 t/e intererence rom c/annel num4er 112 caused t/e call
drop.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e3-6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
2B T/rou"/ testin" t/e ).+ o c/annel num4er 12 usin" test MS6 en"ineers ound
t/at t/is c/annel num4er was one o t/e @))1 num4er o D3.
3B T/rou"/ surve$in" @TS D6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e antenna o D3 is installed at
t/e top o a 4uildin". +n addition6 a /ouse made o "lass was ound 8m awa$ and
!m under t/e antenna. 'n"ineers tested t/at t/e si"nal stren"t/ near t/e
antenna was a4out :!%d@m6 and t/e si"nal stren"t/ at near t/e "lass was
:30d@m6 w/ic/ was 4e$ond t/e e,pectation o en"ineers. +n act6 t/e cause was
t/at t/e si"nals relected 4$ t/e "lass were relected to t/e call drop spot.
!B +t is su""ested to c/an"e t/e antenna installation place and c/annel num4er.
=ou s/ould interc/an"e t/e c/annel num4er 111 and c/annel num4er 11! o
@TS # and increase t/e down tilt an"le o #3 cell. +n addition6 to avoid t/e
intererence caused 4$ c/annel num4er 111 ater t/e interc/an"e6 $ou s/ould
ad7ust t/e direction o c/annel num4er 113 o )1 cell.
%B Test s/ows t/at ever$t/in" is normal ater t/e ad7ustment. T/e c/annel num4er
113 o @TS ) /as no eect a"ainst c/annel num4er 11!. #nd t/e call drop
disappears.
Case +4 'nterferen!e !a"sed b* repeater
3roblem des!ription5
;sers in an area complaint t/at t/e MS cannot seize a c/annel to /old conversation6
or t/e noise is "reat ater c/annel seizure and t/e c/annel and t/e MS si"nal is
stron". Two @TSs are installed in t/is area. T/e antenna azimut/ an"le o cell1 ri"/tl$
directs to t/e nort/. @eore user complaint6 t/e @TS in t/is area ran normall$ and t/e
network inde,es met t/e re8uirement. #ter t/e pro4lem arisen6 t/e traic volume o
t/e two @TSs dropped s/arpl$ rom t/e perspective o traic statistics inde,es. +n
addition6 t/e traic volume o cell1 and cell3 also dropped s/arpl$. T/ou"/ t/e si"nals
or t/e conversation were stron"6 t/e voice 8ualit$ was 8uite poor. #ccordin" to traic
statistics6 t/e intererence 4ands o t/e our cells were o level 36 level !6 and level %6
and -%H o t/e c/annels were interered. +n addition6 ot/er c/annels were interered
to some e,tent. 1owever6 no alarm messa"es were "enerated at t/e OM).
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
1B #ccordin" to user eed4acks6 t/e possi4le reasons include transmission pro4lem6
antenna eeder pro4lem6 /ardware pro4lem6 intra:network intererence6 and
outside intererence.
2B T/e uplink intererence si"nals in t/e nort/west direction mi"/t stron".
T/ereore6 cell16 cell26 and cell3 o t/e two @TSs were interered6 in w/ic/ cell1
and t/e cell3 were seriousl$ interered.
3B T/rou"/ on:site dialin" test6 en"ineers ound t/at it was /ard to make calls in t/e
areas covered 4$ cell1 and cell3. 'ven i a call was put t/rou"/6 t/e voice 8ualit$
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!06 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
was 8uite poor. +n addition6 t/e voice was discontinuous and t/e intererence was
stron". T/rou"/ usin" MS to call a i,ed p/one6 en"ineers ound it was /ard to
/ear t/e voice clearl$. On t/e contrar$6 t/e$ could /ear t/e voice rom t/e i,ed
p/one clearl$. T/is /as proved t/e a4ove anal$sis. T/at is6 t/e intererence mi"/t
4e rom t/e outside6 or t/e standin" wave pro4lem was occurrin" at t/e antenna
Arom t/is perspective6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e intererence e,isted on t/e uplink
onl$B.
!B T/rou"/ usin" antenna eeder anal$zer to perorm on:site test6 en"ineers ound
no pro4lem was e,istin" at an$ @TS. # new repeater was ound in t/is area6 and
it was located two kilometers awa$ rom t/e @TS in t/e nort/west direction.
Moreover6 t/e intererence appeared 7ust w/en t/e repeater was ena4led. On:
site test ound t/at t/e @TS 4ecame normal state once t/e repeater s/ut down6
and t/e intererence 4ands also 4ecame normal6 so did t/e call. + t/e repeater
was ena4led6 /owever6 it was /ard to make calls and t/e intererence was
stron". #t last6 t/e a"reement to s/ut down t/e repeater was reac/ed. #ter t/at6
t/e conversation 4ecame normal.
Case ,4 Mi!rowa&e interferen!e
3roblem des!ription5
Durin" network maintenance6 t/rou"/ anal$zin" @S) traic statistics6 en"ineers
ound t/at t/e call drop rate o t/e cell2 and cell3 o a S2F2F2 @TS arisen a4ruptl$6 and
t/e value even reac/ed 20H at some time.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ c/eckin" @S) traic statistics6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e num4er o idle
T)1s was increasin" at t/e intererence 4ands 3:% around 8930. #round 109006
t/e idle T)1s were ound at t/e intererence 4and ! and intererence 4and %.
#round 229006 t/e idle T)1s were ound at t/e intererence 4and 1. T/ereore6 it
could 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e intererence e,isted.
2B @ecause t/e @TS ran normall$6 t/e pro4lems cannot 4e related to re8uenc$
plannin".
3B #ccordin" to t/e T2N mana"ement messa"es6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
intererence e,isted at t/e our 4oards o t/e cell2 and cell3 o t/e @TS. @ecause
t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e our 4oards to 4e dama"ed simultaneousl$ is 8uite small6
t/e T2N pro4lem can 4e e,cluded. 1owever6 one 4oard was c/an"ed in case o
a4normal conditions6 4ut t/e intererence was not eliminated.
!B T/rou"/ c/eckin" all t/e @S) traic statistics data6 en"ineers ound t/at cells o
t/e @TSs near t/e @TS and t/e cells o t/e cell2 and cell3 o t/e @TS were
interered to some e,tent. +n addition6 en"ineers also ound t/at t/e SD))1s A1&
SD))1s in totalB o t/e seriousl$:aected cells were seized at sometimes.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!16 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
1owever6 t/e num4er o su4scri4ers determined t/at t/e pro4a4ilit$ or all t/e
SD))1s to 4e seized simultaneousl$ is 8uite small. T/ereore6 it could 4e
7ud"ed t/at t/e uplink was interered 4$ outside actors. 1owever6 t/e
intererence mi"/t 4e related to direction onl$.
%B To urt/er position t/e pro4lem6 en"ineers interc/an"ed t/e 7umpers o cell1 and
cell3 at t/e set top. +n t/is case6 t/e intererence was ound at cell16 4ut t/e
intererence was disappearin" rom cell3. T/ereore6 t/e intererence was not
related to c/annel num4er.
&B @ecause t/e intererence was not related to c/annel num4er6 it mi"/t 4e t/e 4i":
power si"nals t/at caused t/e intererence.
(B T/rou"/ usin" t/e spectrum anal$zer to perorm t/e measurement at t/e output
interace o t/e @TS splitter6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e 4i":power si"nals e,isted
at t/e -0!M1z c/annel num4er Ait /as an interval o %M 4etween t/e used
c/annel num4er. 5or t/e @TS w/ere t/e intererence was stron"6 t/e si"nal level
can reac/ as /i"/ as a4out :2%d@m. 5or ot/er @TSs6 t/e si"nal level was a4out
:%0d@m. T/ereore6 it could 4e 7ud"ed t/at it was t/is si"nal t/at aected t/e
@TS.
8B T/rou"/ usin" t/e spectrum anal$zer to scan t/e areas near t/e @TS6 en"ineers
ound t/at t/ere was a microwave antenna outputtin" 4i":power at t/e c/annel
num4er -0!.
-B T/e intererence disappeared ater t/e microwave e8uipment was s/ut down.
8.1.+ Call %rop roblems
5or t/e .SM network6 call drop is usersL ma7or worr$ and t/e call drop rate is an
important inde, evaluatin" network 8ualit$.
'. Call %rop Resasons and Sol"tions
i; Call drop d"e to !o&era$e reasons
3Reason anal*sis5

Discontinuous covera"e Adead zoneB

5or a sin"le @TS6 t/e 8ualit$ o t/e si"nals at t/e ed"e o t/e station is 8uite poor6
so t/e MS cannot /and over to anot/er cell. +n t/is case6 t/e call drop occurs.
+ t/e landorm o t/e covera"e areas is comple, or luctuates "reatl$6 or t/e radio
transmission environment is comple,6 t/e si"nals will 4e 4arred. +n t/is case6 t/e
covera"e is discontinuous and call drop will occur.

Poor indoor covera"e

201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!26 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ t/e 4uildin"s in an area are densel$ populated6 t/e si"nal attenuation is "reat.
#nd i t/e walls o t/e 4uildin"s are t/ick6 t/e penetration loss is "reat and t/e
indoor si"nal level is low. +n t/is case6 t/e call drop ma$ easil$ occur.

+solated island eect

#s s/own in 5i"ure 1.16 t/e service cell orms an isolated island due to various
reasons Aor e,ample6 t/e power is too "reatB. +n t/is case6 t/e MS still seizes t/e
si"nals o t/e service cell # ater movin" to cell )6 4ut t/e cell # does not deine
t/e nei"/4or cell ). #t t/is time6 i t/e MS still perorms t/e /andover accordin"
to t/e nei"/4or cell @ provided 4$ nei"/4or cell #6 it cannot ind a suita4le cell. +n
t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur.
#i$"re 1.1 )all drop caused 4$ lar"e covera"e

Small covera"e
+ t/e covera"e is too small6 t/e /ardware e8uipment o a cell ma$ ail. 5or
e,ample6 t/e antenna is 4arred or t/e T2N ailure occurs At/e power ampliier
partB.
3<"d$ment methods5
5irst $ou s/ould ind out t/e areas w/ere t/e covera"e is inade8uate accordin" to
user complaints6 and t/en $ou s/ould perorm t/e drive test in a lar"er scope to c/eck
i t/e si"nal level and t/e /andover are normal and i t/e call drop e,ists. +n addition6
$ou can emplo$ t/e traic statistics recorded at t/e OM) to c/eck t/e @S) overall
call drop rate and ind out t/e cell wit/ "reat call drop rate. 5urt/ermore6 $ou can still
make t/e anal$sis and 7ud"ment 4$ reerrin" to ot/er traic statistics items.
1ereunder lists some ones9

Power control perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e mean uplink and
downlink si"nal stren"t/ is too lowB
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!36 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$

2,lev perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e ratio o t/e low 2,lev is too
"reatB

)ell perormance measurementFinter:cell /andover perormance measurement

Ato c/eck i t/e level class and t/e mean 2,lev are too lowB

)all drop perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e si"nal level is too low durin"
call drop and i t/e T# value is normal 4eore call dropB

Deined nei"/4or cell perormance measurement Ato position t/e cell wit/ low
mean si"nal levelB

;ndeined nei"/4or cell perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e undeined

nei"/4or cells wit/ /i"/ si"nal level e,istB

Power control perormance measurement Ato measure t/e "reatest T# value

4etween t/e MS and @TSB
3Sol"tions5
1B )/eck t/e areas w/ere t/e covera"e is inade8uate
=ou can ind out t/e area w/ere t/e covera"e is inade8uate t/rou"/ drive test.
5or an isolated @TS or t/e @TSs installed in mountain areas t/at cannot orm
seamless covera"e6 $ou can add @TSs to t/ese areas or seamless covera"e. Or
$ou can improve t/e covera"e t/rou"/ ot/er means. 5or e,ample6 $ou can
en/ance t/e ma,imum transmit power o t/e @TS6 c/an"e t/e antenna azimut/
an"le6 c/an"e t/e antenna tilt6 c/an"e t/e antenna /ei"/t6 and so on. +n addition6
$ou s/ould also anal$ze i t/e call drop is caused 4$ landorms. .enerall$6 call
drop can easil$ occur at tunnels6 4i" s/oppin" market6 under"round railwa$
entrance6 under"round parkin" lot6 and low:l$in" places. +n t/is case6 $ou can
use t/e micro cell to solve t/e covera"e pro4lem.
2B 'nsure indoor call 8ualit$
To ensure indoor call 8ualit$6 $ou s/ould make sure t/at t/e outdoor si"nals are
stron" enou"/. To stren"t/ t/e outdoor si"nals6 $ou can increase t/e ma,imum
@TS transmit power6 c/an"e t/e antenna azimut/ an"le6 c/an"e t/e antenna tilt
an"le6 and c/an"e t/e antenna /ei"/t6 and so on. + t/e indoor call 8ualit$ is still
not improved remarka4l$6 $ou can consider addin" @TSs. 5or improvin" t/e
indoor covera"e o oice 4uildin"s and /otels6 $ou can consider usin" t/e indoor
antenna distri4ution s$stem.
3B 5or t/e cells /avin" no nei"/4or cells6 $ou can coni"ure t/e nei"/4or cells or
t/e cell so as to reduce t/e call drop rate. To eliminate t/e isolation island eect6
$ou can reduce t/e tilt an"le o t/e @TS.
!B 'liminate /ardware pro4lems
=ou can c/eck i t/ere are /ardware pro4lems and i t/e covera"e area is too small
t/rou"/ drive test. + t/e call drop rate o a cell arises dramaticall$ 4ut all ot/er
inde,es are normal6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e nei"/4or cells o t/is cell work normall$.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!!6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
A.enerall$6 t/e downlink pro4lems ma$ occur. 5or e,ample6 T2N pro4lem6 diversit$
unit pro4lem6 and antenna pro4lem are commonl$ seen. + t/e uplink ails6 t/e
out"oin" /andover ailure rate o t/e old cell will 4e /i"/.B
ii; Call drop d"e to hando&er reasons
3Reason anal*sis5

+rrational parameter coni"uration

+ t/e si"nal level at t/e cross:area o two cells is 8uite low6 t/e level o t/e
/andover candidate cell is too low6 and i t/e /andover t/res/old is too low6 some
MSs will /and over to t/e nei"/4or cell w/en t/e si"nal level o t/e nei"/4or cell
is /i"/er t/an t/at o t/e service cell. + t/e si"nal level o t/e nei"/4or cell
deteriorates dramaticall$ 7ust ater t/e /andover6 t/e call drop will occur i no
suita4le cell is availa4le or t/e /andover.

+ncomplete nei"/4or cell deinition

+ t/e nei"/4or cell deinition is incomplete6 t/e MS will /old t/e conversation in
t/e e,istin" cells until it moves 4e$ond t/e ed"es o t/e cell 4ut cannot /and over
to a stron"er cell. +n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur.

Nei"/4or cells wit/ same @))1 and same @S+) e,ist.

Traic con"estion
+ t/e traic is un4alance6 no T)1 will 4e availa4le in t/e tar"et cell. +n t/is case6
t/e /andover ailure will occur.

@TS clock lost s$nc/ronization

+ t/e @TS lost s$nc/ronization6 t/e re8uenc$ oset will "o 4e$ond t/e
re8uirement. +n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur i /andover ails.

T3103 e,pir$
T/e T3103 will 4e started w/en t/e network sends a /andover command. ;pon t/e
reception o t/e messa"e to complete t/e /andover or t/e messa"e to remove t/e
command6 t/e T3103 will stop. T3103 is used to /old t/e c/annel lon" enou"/ or t/e
MS to return to t/e old c/annel. + t/e T3103 is set to a too small value6 t/e MS
cannot necessaril$ return to t/e old c/annel. +n t/is case6 call drop ma$ occur durin"
/andover.
3<"d$ment methods5
=ou can 7ud"e i t/e cells wit/ low /andover success rate6 re8uent re:esta4lis/ment
ailures6 and /i"/ call drop rate t/rou"/ anal$zin" traic statistics inde,es. #ter t/e
7ud"ment6 $ou can ind out w/at causes t/e /andover. 5or e,ample6 t/e uplink and
downlink 2,lev can cause t/e /andover> t/e uplink and downlink 2,8ual can cause
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!%6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
t/e /andover> power 4ud"et can cause /andover> call direct retr$ can cause
/andover> and also /andover can 4e initiated 4$ traic reasons.
To c/eck i t/e @TS clock runs normall$6 $ou can c/eck i t/e an$ alarm is "enerated
or t/e @TS clock. + necessar$6 $ou must correct t/e @TS clock to eliminate clock
pro4lem. =ou can c/eck i t/ere is /andover pro4lem t/rou"/ drive test. + t/ere is a
pro4lem cell6 $ou s/ould perorm drive near t/e cell or several times. 1ereunder lists
t/e inde,es concernin" call drop9

+nter:cell /andover perormance measurement Are8uent /andover ailures6

re8uent re:esta4lis/ment ailuresB

+nter:cell /andover perormance measurement Are8uent /andovers6 /i"/ re:

esta4lis/ment rateB

;ndeined nei"/4or cell perormance measurement At/e undeined nei"/4or cell

level and t/e num4er o measurement report "o 4e$ond t/e standardB

Out"oin" cell /andover perormance measurement Aind out t/e reasons or low
out"oin" cell /andover rom t/e /andover tar"et cellB

3ow incomin" cell /andover success rate> t/e cell /andover parameters are
improperl$ set> t/e tar"et cell is con"ested.

T)1 perormance measurement At/e /andover times are not proportional to t/e
T)1 call seizure successes> t/e /andover /appens too re8uentB
3Sol"tion5
1B )/eck t/e parameters aectin" t/e /andover. 5or e,ample6 $ou can c/eck t/e
/ierarc/ical and level settin"6 eac/ /andover t/res/old6 eac/ /andover
/$steresis6 /andover time6 /andover duration6 t/e minimum access level o t/e
/andover candidate cell6 and so on.
2B + t/e call drop is caused 4$ un4alance traic volume or i t/e call drop occurs
due to no /andover c/annel is availa4le at t/e tar"et @TS6 $ou can solve t/e
pro4lem 4$ ad7ustin" t/e traic volume. 5or e,ample6 $ou can ad7ust t/e pro7ect
parameters6 suc/ as antenna tilt and antenna azimut/ an"le6 to control t/e
covera"e scope o a cell. To 4alance t/e traic volume6 $ou can use )2O to
"uide t/e MS to camp on ot/er idle cells6 or $ou can set t/e /ierarc/ical and
level priorit$ to "uide t/e MS to /and over to t/e idle cell. +n addition6 $ou can
solve t/e pro4lem 4$ e,pandin" t/e T2N directl$.
3B )ali4rate t/e pro4lem @TS clock to ena4le t/e s$nc/ronization o t/e clock.
iii; Call drop d"e to interferen!e reasons
3Reason anal*sis5
+ t/e MS receives stron" same:re8uenc$ intererence si"nals or stron" nei"/4or
re8uenc$ intererence si"nals in t/e service cell6 t/e 4it error rate will deteriorate. +n
t/is case6 t/e MS cannot demodulate t/e @S+) code o t/e nei"/4or cells accuratel$6
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!&6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
or it cannot receive t/e measurement report rom t/e MS correctl$. #s a result6 t/e
conversation will 4e interered6 t/e call 8ualit$ will 4ecome poor6 and call drop will
occur.
3<"d$ment methods5
T/e intererence ma$ 4e rom t/e network itsel or t/e outside network6 or it ma$ e,ist
in t/e uplink si"nals or downlink si"nals. T/e ollowin" met/ods can 4e used to
position t/e intererence.

5ind out t/e cells mi"/t 4e interered t/rou"/ c/eckin" traic statistics.

Perorm t/e call drive test or t/e areas t/at mi"/t 4e interered and c/eck t/e
uplink and downlink intererence accordin" to user complaint. =ou can ind out i
t/ere is a place w/ere t/e si"nal is stron" 4ut t/e call 8ualit$ is poor t/rou"/
drive test tools. +n addition6 $ou can use a test MS to perorm dialin" test to
c/eck i a c/annel num4er is interered.

)/eck t/e re8uenc$ plannin" to see i same:re8uenc$ intererence and

nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence occur in t/e area w/ere t/e re8uenc$ is
improperl$ planned.

#d7ust t/e c/annel num4ers t/at mi"/t 4e interered to see i t/e intererence can
4e avoided or reduced.

',clude t/e intererence caused 4$ e8uipment.

+ t/e previous met/ods ail to eliminate t/e intererence6 $ou can use t/e
spectrum anal$zer to scan t/e re8uencies to ind out t/e interered c/annel
num4er and t/e intererence source.
1ereunder lists several traic statistics inde,es used or intererence anal$sis9

+ntererence 4and
=ou can c/eck t/e uplink intererence t/rou"/ anal$zin" t/e intererence 4and in
t/e traic statistics. + an idle c/annel appears at t/e intererence 4ands 3:%6 t/e
intererence is present. + it is intra:network intererence6 it will increase as t/e
traic volume "rows. .enerall$6 i it is outside intererence6 it is not related to
traic volume. +t must 4e pointed out t/at t/e intererence 4ands are reported to
t/e @S) 4$ t/e @TS T2N c/annel Aw/en in idle modeB t/rou"/ 25 resource
indication messa"es. + t/e current c/annel is 4us$ and cannot report 25
resource indication messa"e6 $ou must consider t/e traic volume or t/e
measurin" t/e intererence 4ands.

2,lev perormance measurement

T/e 2,lev perormance measurement provides t/e matri, relations/ip 4etween
t/e si"nal level and 8ualit$. + t/e si"nal level is /i"/ 4ut t/e 8ualit$ is poor6 it
means t/at t/e intererence Asame:re8uenc$ intererence6 intra:re8uenc$
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!(6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
intererence6 and outside intererenceB is present at t/e c/annel num4ers o t/e
T2N 4oard.

Poor 8ualit$ /andover ratio

T/e cell perormance measurement6 inter:cell /andover perormance
measurement6 or t/e out"oin" cell /andover perormance measurement records
t/e out"oin" /andover attempt times. + t/e re8uent /andover is caused 4$ poor
si"nal 8ualit$6 it means t/at t/e intererence is present.

2,8ual perormance measurement

+t is related to t/e mean 2,lev and 2,8ual durin" call drop.

)all drop perormance measurement

+t records t/e mean 2,lev and 2,8ual durin" call drop.

5re8uent /andover ailures and re8uent re:esta4lis/ment ailures

+t means t/at t/e intererence ma$ 4e present in t/e tar"et cell.
3Sol"tions5
1B )/eck t/e interered road and t/e distri4ution o si"nal 8ualit$ t/rou"/ dive test.
#s ar as t/e actual conditions are concerned6 $ou can ad7ust t/e @TS transmit
power and antenna tilt o t/e related cells or ad7ust t/e c/annel num4er plannin"
to avoid t/e intererence.
2B ;se DTN tec/nolo"$6 re8uenc$ /oppin" tec/nolo"$6 power control6 and diversit$
tec/nolo"$
T/ese tec/nolo"ies can 4e used to reduce t/e s$stem noise and en/ance anti:
intererence capacit$ o t/e s$stem. DTN is divided into uplink DTN and downlink
DTN. +n t/is case6 t/e transmit time can 4e reduced and t/e intererence level o
t/e s$stem can also 4e reduced. 1owever6 $ou s/ould ad7ust t/e DTN accordin"
to t/e actual radio environment and t/e nei"/4or cell relations/ip. </en si"nals
received 4$ t/e MS are poor6 t/e use o t/e DTN will result in call drop. + t/e
downlink DTN is ena4led6 t/e @TS will increase its transmit power ater t/e call is
esta4lis/ed. Durin" t/e conversation6 /owever6 t/e @TS will reduce its transmit
power. +n t/is case6 t/e intererence a"ainst ot/er @TSs will 4e reduced. + t/e
intererence is present near t/e @TS6 t/e downlink DTN will deteriorate t/e
conversation 8ualit$. </en t/e @TS reduces its transmit power6 t/e conversation
8ualit$ will decrease or t/e call drop ma$ even occur in t/e areas w/ere t/e
2,lev is low 4ut t/e intererence si"nal is stron".
3B Solve t/e e8uipment pro4lems6 suc/ as t/e sel:e,citation o T2N 4oards and
t/e antenna demodulation intererence.
!B ',clude t/e outside intererence.
i&; Call drop d"e to antenna feeder reasons
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!86 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
3Reason anal*sis5

'n"ineerin" pro4lem ma$ 4e one o t/e reasons. 5or e,ample6 i t/e transmit
antennas 4etween two cells are inversel$ connected6 t/e level o t/e uplink
si"nal will 4e ar poorer t/an t/at o t/e downlink si"nal. +n t/is case6 t/e call
drop6 one:wa$ audio6 and call diicult$ will 4e ound in t/e areas ar awa$ rom
t/e 4ase station.

+ polarization antennas are used6 a cell /ad two sets o antennas. + t/e tilt
an"les o t/e two antennas are inconsistent wit/ eac/ ot/er6 t/e call drop will
occur.
+ a directional cell /as a master antenna and a diversit$ antenna6 t/e @))1 and
t/e SD))1 o t/e cell ma$ 4e transmitted t/rou"/ t/e two antennas respectivel$.
+ t/e tilt an"les o t/e two antennas are dierent6 t/e covera"e scope o t/e two
antennas will 4e dierent. +n t/is case6 t/e MS can receive @))1 si"nals 4ut
cannot seize t/e SD))1 w/en startin" a call. T/us t/e call drop is resulted.

+ t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e two antennas are inconsistent wit/ eac/ ot/er6 call
drop ma$ also occur. T/at is6 t/e MS can receive t/e SD))1 si"nals6 4ut it ma$
4e assi"ned wit/ t/e T)1. +n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur.

T/e pro4lems concernin" antenna eeder will also cause call drop. 5or e,ample6
i t/e antenna is dama"ed6 or water penetrates into t/e antenna6 or connector
pro4lem is present6 t/e transmitter power and t/e receiver sensitivit$ will
decrease. +n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur. To conirm t/e pro4lem6 $ou can
c/eck t/e standin" wave ratio.
3roblem positionin$ and sol"tion5
1B )/eck i an$ alarm concernin" t/e com4iner6 )D;6 tower ampliier6 and standin"
wave is "enerated and c/eck i t/e @TS 4oards are normal in t/e OM).
2B #nal$ze i t/e pat/ 4alance is realized accordin" to traic statistics.
3B 5urt/er anal$ze i t/e pat/ 4alance is realized t/rou"/ monitorin" t/e messa"es
sent across t/e #4is interace.
!B Perorm drive test and dialin" test. Durin" drive test6 $ou can c/eck i t/e @))1
num4ers o t/e service cell are consistent wit/ t/e planned ones6 namel$6 i t/e
transmit antenna o t/e antenna is correctl$ installed.
%B )/eck and test t/e on:site @TSs. 1ere t/e installation o t/e azimut/ an"le and
t/e tilt an"le o t/e antenna must 4e c/ecked. +n addition6 $ou s/ould also c/eck
i t/e eeder and 7umper are correctl$ connected6 i t/ere is connector pro4lem6
and i t/e eeder is dama"ed. 5urt/ermore6 $ou must still c/eck i t/e standin"
wave is normal.
&B Qud"e i it is @TS /ardware t/at causes pat/ un4alance and call drop. To solve
/ardware pro4lem6 $ou can eit/er c/an"e t/e components t/at ma$ /ave
pro4lems or disa4le ot/er T2Ns in t/e cell. To ind out t/e pro4lem T2N6 $ou can
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e!-6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
position t/e pro4lem t/rou"/ dialin" test. Once a pro4lem /ardware component
is ound6 $ou must replace it wit/ a sound one. + no sound one is availa4le6 $ou
must s/ut down t/e pro4lem /ardware component to prevent it rom aectin"
network 8ualit$.
1ereunder lists several traic statistics items or pat/ 4alance anal$sis9

Pat/ 4alance measurement Ato anal$ze i t/e pat/ 4alance is realizedB

)all drop perormance measurement Ato anal$ze t/e uplink and downlink level
and 8ualit$ durin" call dropB

Power control perormance measurement Ato anal$ze mean 2,lev on t/e uplink
and downlinkB
&; Call drop d"e to transmission reasons
+ t/e transmission 8ualit$ across t/e #4is interace and #:interace ma$ 4e not "ood
and sta4le6 call drop ma$ occur. T/e ollowin" met/ods can 4e used to solve t/e
pro4lem9
1B )/eck t/e transmission alarm and 4oard alarm and anal$ze i t/ere is
transmission intermittent and 4oard ailure.
2B )/eck t/e transmission c/annel6 test t/e 4it error rate6 c/eck 2M connectors6
and c/eck i t/e e8uipment "roundin" is rational to ensure sta4le transmission
8ualit$ and reduce call drop rate.
3B )/eck t/e traic statistics to see i t/e re8uent call drop is caused 4$
transmission pro4lems. 'speciall$ $ou s/ould c/eck T)1 perormance
measurement6 4ecause it can indicate i t/e #:interace ailures durin" T)1
seizure is normal6 i t/e T)1 utilization is normal6 and i t/e "round link call drop
times are "reat.
&i; Call drop d"e to parameter reasons
1ere $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin" i t/e parameters related to call drop are
irrationall$ set. + t/e ollowin" parameters are not irrationall$ set6 t/e call drop ma$ 4e
resulted.

2adio link ailure counter

T/is parameter acts on t/e downlink. </en t/e MS ails to decode t/e S#))16 it
will use t/is parameter to decide w/en to disconnect t/e call. + t/is parameter is
set to a too small value6 t/e radio link ailures will easil$ occur and cause call
drop. 5or dead zones or t/e areas w/ere t/e call drop re8uentl$ /appens6 $ou
are recommended to set t/is parameter to a "reater value.
</en c/an"in" t/e radio link ailure counter6 $ou s/ould c/an"e t/e
correspondin" T310-. T/e T310- must 4e set to a value "reat enou"/ or t/e MS
to detect a radio link ailure. 5or e,ample6 i t/e value o t/e radio link ailure
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%06 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
counter is 1& Aa4out 8 secondsB6 t/e value o T310- must 4e "reater t/an 8
seconds A$ou can set T310- to - seconds or 10 secondsB.

S#))1 multirame num4er

T/is parameter acts on t/e uplink. T/e @TS uses t/is parameter to noti$ t/e
radio link connection ailure messa"e to @SS. T/e @SS side 7ud"es t/e radio link
ailure accordin" to t/e 4it error rate on t/e uplink S#))1. + t/is parameter is set
to a too small value6 t/e radio link ailure will /appen re8uentl$ and t/e call drop
rate will 4e resulted.

#ccess control parameters

T/e access control parameters include t/e Minimum 2#)1 2,lev6 2#)1 4us$
t/res/old6 and so on. + t/e access control parameters are irrationall$ set6 t/e call
drop will 4e easil$ resulted.

T31016 T310(
T3101 is started w/en t/e @S) sends a )1#NN'3 #)T+?#T' messa"e to t/e
@TS. +t stops w/en an 'ST#@3+S1 +ND+)#T+ON messa"e is received. T/is timer
monitors t/e immediate assi"nment procedure. + T3101 e,pires6 t/e allocated
c/annels will 4e removed.
T310( is started w/en t/e @S) sends an #SS+.NM'NT )OMM#ND messa"e
to t/e @TS. Once t/e @S) receives t/e #SS+.NM'NT )OMP3'T' messa"e
rom t/e @TS6 t/is timer will reset. T310( is used to /old t/e c/annels lon"
enou"/ so t/at t/e MS can return to t/e old c/annel. Or it can also 4e used 4$
t/e MS to release a c/annel.
+ t/e two timers are set to a too small value6 t/e s$stem will not /ave enou"/
time to send t/e #SS+.NM'NT )OMP3'T' messa"e to t/e @S). +n t/is case6
t/e call drop will occur i t/e timer e,pires.

T200> N200
T200 is an important timer used or t/e 3#PDm A3ink #ccess Procedure on t/e
Dm c/annelB. +t prevents t/e deadlock rom occurrin" w/en t/e data is
transerred across t/e data link la$er. +n .SM s$stem6 t/e messa"es transerred
across radio interaces can 4e divided into two t$pes9 t/e messa"es needin"
opposite acknowled"ement and t/e messa"es not needin" opposite
acknowled"ement.
5or t/e messa"es needin" opposite acknowled"ement6 a T200 must 4e started
once t/e messa"e is sent. + t/e opposite acknowled"ement is not received ater
a period o time6 t/e messa"e s/ould 4e retransmitted. +n t/is case6 t/e timer
must 4e restarted. + t/e retransmission times e,ceed t/e ma,imum allowed
times6 t/e messa"e will no lon"er 4e retransmitted and t/e link will 4e released.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%16 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
T/at is6 t/is call drops. N200 is t/e ma,imum retransmission times allowed. T200
and N200 /ave dierent t$pes dependin" on c/annel t$pes AT)1 ull rate6 T)1
/al rate6 and SD))1B and service t$pes Asi"nalin" and messa"esB. T/e "iven
c/annel t$pe and service t$pe matc/es a pair o T200 and N200.
T/e call drop rate can 4e reduced i t/e messa"e is retransmitted as earl$ as
possi4le 4eore t/e opposite acknowled"ement is received. T/at is6 t/e value o
T200 must 4e set as small as possi4le and t/e value o N200 must 4e set as
"reat as possi4le. 1owever6 t/e T200 cannot 4e set to a too small value and t/e
N200 cannot 4e set to a too lar"e value. + t/e opposite part$ /as acknowled"ed
t/at t/e link /ad 4een removed6 t/e retransmission will make nonsense.
T/ereore6 to reduce t/e call drop rate6 $ou can ad7ust t/e T200 and N200
accordin" to actual radio conditions.
''. Call %rop Cases
Case 14 Call drop !a"sed b* fre="en!* hoppin$ !ollision
3roblem anal*sis5
# @TS uses 1 , 3 25 re8uenc$ /oppin". #ter capacit$ e,pansion6 t/e T)1 allocation
ailure rate is still /i"/ due to radio link pro4lems. +n addition6 t/e T)1 call drop rate
and incomin" /andover ailure rate are /i"/. T/e SD))1 call drop rate is normal.
3roblem positionin$ and sol"tion5
@ecause /i"/ call drop rate and /i"/ incomin" /andover ailure rate come to"et/er
wit/ t/e T)1 allocation rate6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e pro4lem ma$ arise durin" T)1
assi"nment or t/e c/annel num4ers or timeslots seized 4$ t/e call are interered or
unsta4le. @ecause t/e SD))1 call drop rate is normal6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e
pro4a4ilit$ or t/e @))1 carriers and @))1 num4ers to t/e interered are small6 4ut
t/e non:@))1 carriers and non:@))1 num4ers ma$ 4e "reatl$ interered.
T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e /ardware6 antenna eeder6 and transmission6 en"ineers ound
no pro4lem. #ccordin" to drive test6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e si"nal level was /i"/ 4ut
t/e 8ualit$ was poor. T/rou"/ on:site dialin" test6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
conversation 8ualit$ was poor. T/rou"/ c/eckin" en"ineerin" parameters6 en"ineers
ound t/at t/e M#+O o t/e new carrier was t/e same as t/at o t/e old carrier.
T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e call drop was caused 4$ t/e re8uenc$ /oppin"
collision. #ter modi$in" t/e M#+O6 en"ineers ound t/at call drop rate 4ecame
normal.
Case 24 Call drop !a"sed b* isolated island effe!t
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
3roblem des!ription5
;sers complained t/at call drop alwa$s occurred a4ove t/e it/ loor o a 4uildin".
3roblem anal*sis5
1B T/rou"/ on:site test6 en"ineers ound t/at call drop and noise e,isted /ere. #s
ar as t/e test MS was concerned6 it was alwa$s in t/e service area o t/e ot/er
@TS A/ereunder called @TS @B ot/er t/an t/e local @TS A/ereunder called @TS
)B 4eore t/e call drop.
2B +t is estimated t/at t/e service cell 4elon"s to @TS @6 w/ic/ is 3:! kilometers
awa$ rom t/e 4uildin". T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e si"nals rom t/e @TS
@ are relected si"nals. #s a result6 an area similar to an isolated island is
ormed.
3B T/rou"/ c/eckin" data coni"uration6 en"ineers ound t/at onl$ t/e cell 2 o @TS
# /as t/e nei"/4or cell relations/ip wit/ @TS @. T/ereore6 w/en t/e MS is usin"
t/e si"nals in cell 2 o t/e @TS @6 i t/e si"nals in cell 3 o @TS # were stron"6
and i t/e cell 2 o @TS @ /as no nei"/4or cell relations/ip wit/ t/e cell 3 o t/e
@TS #6 t/e /andover cannot 4e perormed.
T/e si"nals rom t/e cell 2 o @TS @ are relected man$ times. T/ereore6 w/en
si"nals Arom @TS @B received 4$ t/e MS 4ecame poor dramaticall$6 emer"ent
/andover ma$ 4e initiated. +n t/is case6 /owever6 eit/er t/e cell 2 or cell 3 o t/e
@TS # is not an ideal candidate cell or t/e cell 2 o @TS @. #s a result6 t/e MS
ma$ /and over to ot/er @TS A/ereunder called @TS )B6 4ut t/e MS cannot
receive t/e si"nals rom @TS ). T/ereore6 call drop occurs.
3Sol"tion5
=ou are recommended to c/an"e t/e data in t/e @#1 A@))1B list6 @#2 AS#))1B list6
and nei"/4or cell relations/ip list. 5or e,ample6 $ou can coni"ure t/e cell 3 o @TS #
as t/e nei"/4or cell o cell 2 o @TS @. To eliminate t/e isolated island eect6 $ou
s/ould also urt/er optimize t/e en"ineerin" parameters. #ter t/at6 t/e call drop
pro4lem can 4e solved.
Case +4 Red"!e !all drop rate thro"$h optimizin$ hando&er parameters
3roblem des!ription5
T/e drive test in an area ound t/at t/e call drop rate at a cave near t/e @TS /i"/
4ecause t/e /andover cannot 4e perormed in due time.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
T/e cave is near t/e @TS. T/e si"nal level o t/e tar"et cell is a4out :80d@m in t/e
cave6 4ut t/e si"nal level o t/e old cell drops 4elow :100d@m. T/e downlink power o
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%36 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
t/e two cells outside t/e cave is "ood6 so t/e /andover cannot 4e initiated. 1owever6
t/e si"nal level deteriorates dramaticall$ in t/e cave6 so t/e call drop occurs 4eore
t/e measurement time is arrivin".
To reduce t/e call drop rate6 $ou can optimize and ad7ust t/e /andover parameters9
1B + no pin":pon" /andover is present and t/e conversation is continuous6 $ou can
make t/e [email protected] /andover /appen as easil$ as possi4le.
2B Set t/e t/res/old to tri""er t/e emer"ent /andover rationall$ so t/at t/e
emer"ent /andover can 4e tri""ered 4eore call drop.
5or t/e parameter modiication6 see
Table 1.1 1andover parameter optimization
Parameter Name @eore Modiication #ter Modiication
[email protected] /andover measurement time % 3
[email protected] /andover duration ! 2
[email protected] /andover t/res/old (2 &8
;plink 8ualit$ t/res/old or emer"ent
/andover
(0 &0
Minimum downlink power or /andover
candidate cell
10 1%
Case ,4 Call drop !a"sed b* !lo!k problem
3roblem des!ription5
T/e cell # o an 1800M1z network /as 4een cutover. #ter t/e esta4lis/ment o a cell
at site @6 t/e calls made in t/e cell /andin" over to t/e .SM-00 M1z cell t/at s/ares
t/e same @TS site drops in t/e .SM-00 M1z cell. #nd t/e call drop rate is "reat.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
'n"ineers ind t/at t/e clock o t/e .SM-00 M1z @TS and t/at o t/e .SM1800 M1z
@TS are as$nc/ronous. </en t/e calls esta4lis/ed on t/e .SM1800 M1z cell intend
to /and over to t/e .SM-00 M1z cell6 t/e drive test data s/ows t/at t/e 5'2 arises
dramaticall$ irst6 and t/en "raduall$ disappears to none. + t/e /andover is rom a
.SM-00 M1z cell to a .SM1800 M1z cell6 t/is p/enomenon is also present.
T/rou"/ monitorin" si"nalin"6 en"ineers ind t/at t/e conversation /eld several
seconds 4eore t/e call drop is 7ust process or call re:esta4lis/ment. 1owever6 t/e
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%!6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
test MS s/ows t/at t/e call /as 4een /anded over to t/e .SM-00 M1z cell.
T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e clocks are seriousl$ as$nc/ronous. To solve t/is
pro4lem6 t/e carrier concerned and t/e .SM-00 e8uipment provider cooperate wit/
eac/ ot/er on clock cali4ration. #ter t/at6 t/e a4normal call drop disappears.
T/ereore6 or dual:4and /andover6 t/e clock o t/e .SM-00 M1z @TS and t/at o t/e
.SM1800 M1z @TS must 4e s$nc/ronous.
8.1., 0ando&er roblems
T/e MS is alwa$s movin" durin" conversation. To ensure c/annel 8ualit$6 t/e MS
must measure t/e 8ualit$ o t/e c/annels o t/e surroundin" c/annels wit/out stop6
and t/en send t/e measurement report to t/e @S) t/rou"/ t/e service cell. T/e @S)
will perorm radio link control accordin" to t/e si"nal level and 8ualit$ contained in t/e
measurement report. + t/e MS moves to anot/er cell6 t/e new cell will replace t/e old
cell to ensure t/e continuit$ o t/e service. T/e /andover ena4les eac/ cell to orm a
seamless network.
'. 0ando&er roblem ositionin$ Steps
1B 5ind out i t/e pro4lem occurs at an individual cell or all cells and ind out t/e
c/aracteristics o t/e pro4lem cells. 5or e,ample6 i t/e cells are t/e nei"/4ors
cell o a cell6 or i t/e$ are co:@S) cells6 or i t/e$ are co:MS) cells.
+ t/e /andover 4etween two cells ails6 $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin" i t/e data
o t/e two cells is correctl$ coni"ured. +n addition6 $ou s/ould also c/eck t/e
/ardware o t/e two cells.
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e nei"/4or cells o a cell6 $ou s/ould ocus on
c/eckin" o t/e data o t/is cell is correctl$ coni"ured. +n addition6 $ou s/ould
also c/eck t/e /ardware o t/e cell.
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e cells under t/e same @S)6 $ou s/ould ocus on
c/eckin" t/e data coni"uration 4etween t/e @S) and MS).
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e cells under t/e same MS)6 t/e cooperation
4etween t/e local e,c/an"e and t/e opposite e,c/an"e ma$ ail. 5or e,ample6
t/e si"nalin" is incompati4le and t/e timer settin" is irrational.
2B )/eck i t/e data /as 4een modiied 4eore /andover pro4lems occur.
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in an individual cell6 $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin" i t/e
data coni"uration or t/is cell /as 4een modiied.
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e cells under t/e same @S)6 $ou s/ould ocus on
c/eckin" t/e data coni"uration or t/e local @S) and t/e opposite MS) /as
4een modiied.
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in t/e cells under t/e same MS)6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e
data coni"uration or t/e opposite MS) /as 4een modiied.
3B )/eck i it is t/e /ardware ailure t/at causes t/e /andover pro4lem.
!B 2e"ister t/e related traic statistics items6 suc/ as t/e /andover perormance
measurement and T)1 perormance measurement.

)/eck i t/e T)1 seizure o t/e pro4lem cell is normal. 5or e,ample6 i t/e
call drop rate is /i"/.

)/eck i t/e out"oin" /andover success rate is normal.

5ind out t/e causes or t/e /andover ailure.

)/eck i t/e radio /andover success rate is normal.

%B Perorm drive test or t/e pro4lem cell and anal$ze t/e drive test si"nalin".

)/eck i t/e uplink and downlink o t/e pro4lem cells are 4alanced6
4ecause un4alanced pat/ ma$ cause /andover pro4lem A@TS pro4lem
ma$ cause t/e un4alanceB.

)/eck i t/e measurement report or t/e pro4lem cell contains correct

nei"/4or cell list.

)/eck i a call can /and over rom a pro4lem cell to a nei"/4or cell
correctl$ and c/eck i it can /and over rom a nei"/4or cell to t/e pro4lem
cell.

#nal$ze i t/e si"nalin" procedure or t/e /andover is normal.

''. 0ando&er roblem )nal*sis Methods
i; 0ando&er !annot be initiated
+ t/e MS is in a cell w/ere t/e si"nal is poor6 it cannot /and over to anot/er cell. +n
t/is case6 $ou s/ould consider o t/e /andover conditions are met and i t/ere is an
out"oin" cell availa4le.
1ereunder details t/e possi4le reasons9

T/e /andover t/res/old is set to a low value

5or ed"e /andover6 t/e /andover tri""erin" condition is t/at t/e 2,lev must 4e
smaller t/an t/e /andover t/res/old. + t/e ed"e /andover t/res/old is set to a
too small value6 t/e si"nal level o t/e nei"/4or cells will 4e ar /i"/er t/an t/at o
t/e service cell. +n t/is case6 t/e /andover cannot 4e initiated. #s a result6 t/e
conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected6 or even t/e call drop will 4e resulted. T/e
settin" o t/e /andover t/res/old depends on t/e covera"e scope o t/e cell. =ou
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%&6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
can c/an"e t/e size o t/e service area o t/e cell t/rou"/ c/an"in" t/e
/andover t/res/old.

Nei"/4or cell relations/ip is not set

T/ou"/ t/e si"nal level in t/e nei"/4or cells o t/e service cell is /i"/6 t/e MS
will not report t/e nei"/4or cells i t/e nei"/4or cell relations/ip is not set. +n t/is
case6 t/e MS cannot /and over to a nei"/4or cell. T/rou"/ perormin" cell
reselection or dialin" test6 $ou can c/eck t/e nei"/4or cell list reported 4$ t/e
MS. + t/e MS /as moved to t/e ma7or lo4e o a cell 4ut t/is cell is not ound in
t/e nei"/4or cell list6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e correct nei"/4or cell relations/ip
/as 4een correctl$ set. Durin" t/e drive test6 $ou can use anot/er MS to scan t/e
@))1 num4ers to c/eck i t/e stron" @))1 num4ers are in t/e service cell or in
t/e nei"/4or cell list.

1andover /$steresis is irrationall$ set

+ t/e dierence 4etween t/e si"nal level o t/e /andover candidate cell and t/at
o t/e service cell is "reater t/an /andover /$steresis6 t/e cell can work as a
tar"et cell. + t/e /$steresis is set to a too "reat value6 t/e /andover is /ard to 4e
initiated.

T/e 4est measurement time ONP and OPP are irrationall$ set
Durin" normal /andover6 t/e MS uses N:P rules to list t/e /andover candidate
cells in a certain order. + a candidate cell is t/e 4est cell wit/in P seconds out o
N seconds6 it will 4e treated as t/e 4est cell.
</en t/ere are two cells 4ecome t/e 4est cell alternatel$6 t/e MS ma$ ind it
/ard to select a 4est cell t/rou"/ N:P rule6 w/ic/ makes t/e /andover diicult. +n
t/is case6 $ou can ad7ust t/e values o N and P and reduce t/e measurement
time to make t/e /andover decision more sensitive to level c/an"e.
+ t/e landorm and t/e "round o47ects o t/e service cell are 8uite complicated6
t/e si"nals received 4$ t/e movin" MS will luctuate "reatl$. +n t/is case6 t/e
/andover candidate cell cannot meet N:P rule6 w/ic/ will make t/e /andover
diicult.
ii; 0ando&er problem !a"sed b* hardware fail"re
+ t/e data coni"uration or t/e pro4lem cell and t/e nei"/4or cells /as not 4een
modiied recentl$ 4ut t/e /andover pro4lems occur a4ruptl$6 $ou s/ould irst
consider i t/e pro4lems are caused 4$ @TS /ardware e8uipment.
+ t/e cells s/arin" t/e same 4ase station wit/ t/e cell /ave similar pro4lem6 $ou
s/ould consider i t/e pro4lem is caused 4$ t/e common /ardware o t/e cells.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%(6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ t/e pro4lem is ound in onl$ one cell under t/e 4ase station6 $ou s/ould
consider i it is t/e /ardware o t/is cell t/at causes t/e pro4lem. 5or e,ample6 i
some o t/e carriers are dama"ed. To test t/e pro4lems o t/is kind6 $ou can
disa4le some o t/e carriers. + t/e /andover success rate returns to normal state
ater a carrier is disa4led6 $ou can c/eck i t/e pro4lem is present at t/is carrier
or i t/e )D; and antenna eeder part related to t/is carrier ails. + si"nals o a
cell on t/e uplink and downlink are seriousl$ un4alanced6 re8uent /andover will
4e caused and t/e /andover success rate will decrease.
To c/eck i t/e si"nalin" low o t/e cell is normal and i t/e uplink 2,8ual and
downlink 2,8ual are "ood6 $ou can monitor t/e messa"es sent across t/e #4is
interace. + t/e 2,8ual is poor6 it means t/at t/e /ardware e8uipment o t/e ails
or serious intererence is present in t/e cell. +n t/is case6 t/e si"nalin" e,c/an"e
is unavaila4le and t/e /andover pro4lem will occur.
iii; 0ando&er problem !a"sed b* irrational data !onfi$"ration

5or stand:alone networkin" mode6 i t/e out"oin" MS) or incomin" MS)

/andover is a4normal6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e si"nalin" cooperation o t/e two
MS)s is correct. +n addition6 $ou s/ould also c/eck i t/e data coni"uration or
t/e opposite MS) and t/e local MS) /as 4een modiied recentl$.

5or co:MS) networkin" mode6 i t/e /andover is perormed wit/in t/e @S)s o
dierent providers and t/e inter:@S) /andover is a4normal6 $ou s/ould irst
c/eck i t/e si"nalin" cooperation 4etween t/e @S)s is normal6 and t/en c/eck i
t/e data coni"uration or t/e @S)s /as 4een modiied.

+ t/e a4normal /andover is ound at a cell onl$6 $ou need to anal$ze t/e
a4normal /andover accordin" to actual conditions.
+ t/e incomin" /andover o a cell is a4normal6 $ou need irst c/eck i t/e
incomin" /andovers to t/is cell is a4normal. .enerall$6 w/en t/e /andover is
a4normal6 t/e /andover success rate is low6 or even t/e /andover does not
occur.
+ all t/e incomin" /andovers to t/is cell is a4normal6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e data
coni"uration or t/is cell is correct. 1ere t/e data coni"uration includes 4ot/ t/e
data coni"ured or t/is cell and t/e data coni"ured or ot/er cells 4ut is related
to t/is cell. 5or e,ample6 t/e ).+ o t/is cell ma$ 4e correctl$ coni"ured6 4ut it
ma$ 4e wron"l$ coni"ured in ot/er cells.
+ t/ere is onl$ one incomin" /andover to a cell is a4normal 4ut ot/er incomin"
/andovers to t/is cell are normal6 in addition to c/eckin" i t/e data coni"uration
or t/is cell is correct6 $ou s/ould also c/eck i t/e data coni"uration or t/e
nei"/4or cells is correct. 5urt/ermore6 $ou s/ould also c/eck i t/e /ardware
e8uipment o t/e cell is normal.
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)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
T/e met/ods to anal$ze t/e a4normal out"oin" /andovers are similar to t/e
met/ods to anal$ze t/e a4normal incomin" /andovers.

)/eck t/e timers Asuc/ as T310%6 N$16 T31036 and T31!2B related to t/e
/andover.
T310% indicates t/e interval or continuous P1=S+)#3 +N5O2M#T+ON to 4e sent to
t/e MS. T/e network will start T310% or t/e sendin" o t/e P1=S+)#3
+N5O2M#T+ON. + t/e timer ails 4eore receivin" an$ correct rame rom t/e MS6 t/e
network will resend t/e P1=S+)#3 +N5O2M#T+ON and restart t/e timer. # piece o
P1=S+)#3 +N5O2M#T+ON can 4e sent N$1 times to t/e ma,imum. 1ere t/e product
o N$1 and T310% must 4e "reater t/an t/e sum o T312! and delta AOdeltaP indicates
t/e interval 4etween t/e e,pir$ o T312! and t/e reception o t/e 1andover 5ailure
messa"e o t/e old @S)B6 ot/erwise t/e MS cannot perorm successul /andover.
T312! is a timer waitin" or t/e P1=S+)#3 +N5O2M#T+ON rom t/e network side
durin" as$nc/ronous /andover. </en sendin" t/e 1#NDO?'2 #))'SS messa"e
on t/e D))1 or t/e irst time6 t/e MS will start T312!. ;pon receivin" a piece o
P1=S+)#3 +N5O2M#T+ON6 t/e MS will stop T312!. + t/e c/annel t$pe allocated in
t/e 1#NDO?'2 )OMM#ND messa"e is SD))1 AKS#))1B6 t/e T312! is set to
&(%ms. 5or ot/er cases6 t/e T312! is set to 320ms.
'''. 0ando&er Cases
Case 14 No hando&er !andidate !ell is a&ailable d"e to CG' error
3roblem des!ription5
T/e /andover in an area is a4normal. </en t/e MS moves rom cell # to cell @6 t/e
si"nals in cell @ are stron"er t/an t/at o cell #6 4ut t/e /andover does not /appen.
#ter t/e MS moves rom cell @ to cell )6 t/e MS /ands over rom cell # to cell ).
3Ca"se anal*sis5
+ a cell can work as a service cell and can /and over to ot/er cells6 4ut t/e incomin"
/andover is unavaila4le6 $ou can c/eck i t/e ).+6 @S+)6 @))1 num4er o t/e cell
are correct.
3roblem sol"tion5
1B ;se t/e test MS to lock t/e @))1 num4ers o cell @. T/e call is normal. T/e MS
can /and over to an$ ot/er cell 4$ orce.
2B Make a call ater lockin" t/e @))1 um4er o an$ nei"/4or cell o cell @6 and t/en
orce t/e MS to /and over to cell @6 4ut t/e /andover does not /appen6 4ecause
no /andover command is seen in t/e drive test sotware.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e%-6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
3B T/e /andover procedure re8uires t/e MS detectin" t/e nei"/4or cell si"nals and
reportin" t/e detected si"nals to @S) wit/ a measurement report. ;pon
receivin" t/e measurement report6 t/e @S) must make t/e /andover decision. +
t/e /andover conditions are met6 t/e @S) s/ould activate t/e T)1 o t/e service
cell6 and t/en send a /andover command to t/e MS.
!B + t/e si"nals o cell @ are ar stron"er t/an t/at o cell # and t/e /andover
conditions are met At/e [email protected] /andover t/res/old is (0B6 4ut no /andover
command is sent6 it means t/at errors occur durin" t/e activation o t/e tar"et
cell T)1.
%B + t/e cell @ works as t/e tar"et cell 4ut t/e T)1 cannot 4e activated6 t/e data
ma$ 4e incorrectl$ coni"ured or t/e cell. +n t/is case6 t/e @S) t/at contains t/e
cell cannot ind t/e tar"et cell6 so t/e T)1 cannot 4e activated and no /andover
command can 4e ound in t/e service cell.
&B T/e ).+ error is ound in cell @ t/rou"/ data c/eckin". T/e /andover is normal
ater t/e ).+ is c/an"ed to correct value.
Case 24 7nbalan!ed path !a"ses low hando&er s"!!ess rate
3roblem des!ription5
T/e incomin" @S) /andover success rate is 8uite low or t/e two cells under a @TS6
ran"in" rom 10H to 30H.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
.enerall$6 i t/e data pro4lems6 suc/ as ).+ error or intra:re8uenc$ intererence6
e,ists and i t/ere is dead zones in /eav$:traic areas6 or i it is /ard or t/e MS to
access t/e cell due to poor uplink si"nals6 t/e incomin" @S) /andover success rate
is low.
3Sol"tion5
1B T/e cell data is ound normal.
2B T/rou"/ c/eckin" traic statistics items6 en"ineers ound t/at all incomin" cell
/andover success rates were low.
3B T/rou"/ drive test6 en"ineers ound t/at re8uent /andover attempts were made
in t/e area 2km awa$ rom t/e @TS6 4ut t/e /andover alwa$s ailed. 'ven i a
successul /andover was made6 call drop occurred immediatel$. Durin" t/e
/andover6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e downlink level was a4out :8%d@m. 'n"ineers
made 10 dialin" tests wit/ re8uenc$ locked6 all t/e ori"inatin" calls ailed. 5or
t/e answerin" calls6 t/e$ can 4e connected 4ut cannot 4e called out.
!B +t is estimated t/at t/e )D; uplink c/annel loss is "reat6 or t/e 7umpers are
incorrectl$ connected at t/e @TS top. +n t/is case6 t/e uplink si"nals will 4e poor6
w/ic/ causes t/e pro4lem.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&06 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
%B #ter c/an"in" t/e )D;6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e incomin" /andover success
rate increased to -%H.
Case +4 'mproper antenna plannin$ !a"ses low hando&er s"!!ess rate
3roblem anal*sis5
T/e /andover success rate amon" t/e t/ree cells under a @TS is 8uite low accordin"
to traic statistics. 5or t/e /andover rom cell1 to cell3 and t/e /andover rom cell2 to
cell36 t/e success rate is lower t/an 30H.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
.enerall$6 low /andover success rate is caused 4$ 4oard ailure6 /andover data error6
or improper antenna plannin".
3Sol"tion5
1B T/e @TS /ardware is normal and no alarm concernin" /andover parameters is
"enerated6 so t/e /ardware pro4lem and parameter settin" pro4lem can 4e
e,cluded.
2B T/e @TS locates at t/e eastern side o a sout/:nort/ road and is (00m awa$
rom t/e road. T/e azimut/ an"les o t/e t/ree cells are 0S6 80Sand 1&0S. T/e$
t/ree cells direct to t/e two directions and t/e open resident areas l$in" under a
/ill in t/e east respectivel$. #mon" t/e t/ree cells6 t/e down tilts o two cells are
(S. To make t/e covera"e as speciied as possi4le6 en"ineers concentrated t/e
antenna azimut/ an"les o t/e t/ree cells in desi"n. +n t/is case6 /owever6 t/e
cells o t/e @TS are seriousl$ overlapped in t/e east. 5or t/e areas 7ust in t/e
west6 t/e covera"e is provided 4$ t/e side lo4es and 4ack lo4es o t/e t/ree
cells. T/ereore6 w/en t/e MS is movin" on t/is road6 irst it is covered 4$ cell1.
</en it moves to t/e west6 t/e si"nals o t/e t/ree cells are poor and luctuatin"
"reatl$. +n addition6 since t/e /andover measurement time and t/e /andover
duration is set to a small value6 t/e /andover is rat/er sensitive6 and t/atLs w/$
t/e re8uent /andover ailure occurs.
3B #ter settin" t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e t/ree cells to &0S6 180S6 and 3%0S6
en"ineers ound t/at t/e /andover success rate o amon" t/e t/ree cells
increased to -%H.
Case ,4 roblems !on!ernin$ the !ooperation of different !arriers> e="ipment
!a"se low o"t$oin$ (SC hando&er s"!!ess rate
3roblem des!ription5
T/ere is a dual:4and network in w/ic/ t/e .SM-00 M1z network and t/e .SM1800
M1z network are stand:alone. #ter t/e two networks completed cell reselection and
/andover parameter settin"6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e dual:4and /andover success
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&16 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
rate was low> especiall$ t/e success rate o t/e /andover rom t/e .SM1800 M1z
network to t/e .SM-00 M1z network was low6 ran"in" rom &0H to 80H. 1owever6
t/e success rate o t/e /andover rom t/e .SM-00 M1z network to t/e .SM1800
M1z network was /i"/er t/an -2H.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
5or a dual:4and network6 i t/e pro4lems concernin" t/e cooperation o dierent
carriersL e8uipment are ound6 $ou must know t/e data coni"uration o t/e
e8uipment. 5or e,ample6 i t/e e8uipment supports P/ase 2K and '52.
3Sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ usin" si"nalin" anal$zer to anal$ze t/e messa"e lowin" across t/e #:
interace and ':interace6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e MS) o t/e .SM1800 M1z
network would send 4ack a 1andover 2e7ect messa"e to t/e @S) o t/e
.SM1800 M1z network w/en t/e @S) sent a 1andover 2e8uired messa"e to
t/e MS).
2B T/e MS) o t/e .SM1800 M1z network sent a Prepare 1andover messa"e to
t/e MS) o t/e .SM-00 M1z network. ;pon receivin" t/e messa"e6 t/e MS) o
t/e .SM-00 M1z network sent 4ack an #4ort messa"e.
3B @ecause t/e success rate o t/e /andover rom .SM-00 M1z network to t/e
.SM1800 M1z network was /i"/6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e voice version carried
in t/e Prepare 1andover messa"e Arom t/e .SM-00 MS) to .SM1800 MS)B
is /al rate version 16 4ut t/e voice versions carried in t/e Prepare 1andover
messa"e Arom .SM1800 MS) to .SM-00 MS)B are ull rate version 16 ull rate
version 26 and /al rate version 16 w/ic/ 4elon" to P1#S' 2K. 1owever6 MS) o
provider # does not support t/e P1#S' 2K6 so t/e /andover ailure is caused.
!B T/rou"/ modi$in" t/e MS) data o t/e circuit MS) data at t/e #:interace and
selectin" t/e ull rate version 1 onl$6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e voice versions
carried in t/e Prepare 1andover messa"e Arom .SM1800 MS) to .SM-00
MS)B are ull rate 1 and 2. #ter t/at6 t/e dual:4and /andover success rate was
"reatl$ increased.
8.1.1 Con$estion roblems
T/is section introduces t/e met/ods to /andle SD))1 con"estion and T)1
con"estion6 in w/ic/ T)1 con"estion indicates SD))1 seizure all 4us$. T/e T)1
con"estion /as two cases. One is T)1 seizure all 4us$. 5or t/is case6 t/e real
c/annels cannot 4e allocated to t/e MS6 so t/e MS will ail to re8uest t/e c/annels.
T/e ot/er one is t/at t/e T)1 assi"nment ails ater an assi"nment is sent due to
various reasons.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&26 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
'. Con$estion roblem Sol"tions

)on"estion caused 4$ /eav$ traic

=ou can c/eck i t/e SD))1 traic and T)1 traic are normal t/rou"/ viewin"
traic statistics. + t/e con"estion is caused 4$ /eav$ traic6 t/e most eicient
met/od to solve t/e pro4lem is to e,pand t/e capacit$ o t/e network. +n addition6
$ou can adopt traic s/arin" tec/nolo"ies to ease t/e con"estion. 5or e,ample6
$ou can modi$ t/e )2O6 ena4le direct retr$ or load /andover unction.

SD))1 con"estion caused 4$ 4urst traic

+ t/e SD))1 con"estion rate is /i"/ and t/e traic is /eav$ 4ut t/e T)1 traic is
normal6 t/e SD))1 con"estion ma$ 4e caused 4$ 4urst traic. T/e SD))1
con"estion alwa$s occurs at @TSs alon" railwa$s and tunnel e,its6 4ecause t/e
@TSs are installed in remote places and t/e capacit$ o a @TS is small. #s a
result6 w/en t/e train moves ast alon" t/e railwa$s or stops at a railwa$ station6
most o MSs ailin" to capture a network will perorm location update6 w/ic/ will
result in SD))1 con"estion. +n addition6 w/en s/ort messa"es are sent at a
concentrated time6 t/e SD))1 con"estion will also occur easil$. SD))1
con"estion cannot 4e completel$ avoided6 4ut some measures can 4e taken to
ease t/e con"estion. 5or e,ample6 $ou can add t/e num4er o SD))1s6 or
ena4le t/e d$namic conversion 4etween SD))1 and T)1.

)on"estion caused 4$ T2N pro4lems

</en a carrier coni"ured in a multi:T2N cell cannot provide services6 t/e
c/annel con"estion will also occur. To solve t/e pro4lem6 $ou s/ould replace t/e
pro4lem T2N wit/ a sound one. + t/e T2N pro4lem cannot 4e positioned6 $ou
s/ould c/eck i t/e antenna eeder connection is correct and i t/e antenna
standin" wave is normal. + $es6 rec/eck t/e T2N w/ere t/e pro4lem ma$ 4e
"enerated.

)on"estion caused 4$ intererence

T/e intererence present across t/e radio interaces will also cause con"estion.
+n t/is case6 $ou s/ould solve t/e intererence pro4lem irst.

)/annel assi"nment ailure caused 4$ inconsistent covera"e

+ t/e concentric tec/nolo"$ is not used6 t/e transmit power o t/e T2Ns wit/in
t/e same cell will 4e inconsistent6 w/ic/ will result in inconsistent covera"e. +n
t/is case6 t/e c/annel assi"nment ailure will easil$ occur. To position t/is
pro4lem6 $ou can c/eck i t/e connection 4etween t/e splitter and connector and
i t/e connection 4etween )D; and S); are correct.
</en a cell uses multiple transmitter antennas6 inconsistent covera"e will 4e
inconsistent6 w/ic/ will result in c/annel assi"nment ailure. To solve t/is
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&36 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
pro4lem6 $ou s/ould make t/e covera"e o eac/ transmitter antenna as
consistent as possi4le t/rou"/ en"ineerin" ad7ustment.
+n addition6 i t/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna o a cell is not in
t/e same plane or t/e antenna tilt an"les are inconsistent6 t/e c/annel
assi"nment ailure will also 4e caused. +n t/is case6 $ou can cali4rate t/e
antennas to solve t/e pro4lem.

)on"estion caused improper data coni"uration

+ t/e con"estion is caused 4$ improper location area plannin"6 $ou can reduce
t/e SD))1 con"estion rate 4$ plannin" t/e location area properl$.
+ t/e con"estion is caused 4$ t/e pro4lems concernin" SD))1 d$namic
allocation6 $ou can reduce t/e SD))1 con"estion rate 4$ ena4lin" t/e SD))1
d$namic allocation unction.
5or dual:4and network6 $ou can properl$ set t/e parameters Asuc/ as )2O6
)@#6 and cell reselection /$steresisB to reduce t/e SD))1 con"estion rate.
+ t/e timers6 suc/ as T31016 T31036 T310(6 T31226 T32126 and T31116 are not
properl$ set6 SD))1 con"estion will also 4e caused.
1ereunder are t/e solutions to t/e previous pro4lems.
=ou can ease t/e con"estion caused 4$ SD))1 dual allocation t/rou"/ reducin"
t/e T3101 to a smaller value. + t/e T3101 is set to a lar"e value6 t/e radio
resources will 4e seized or a lon" period o time. To ull$ use t/e radio
resources6 t/ereore6 $ou can reduce t/e T3101 value.
=ou can save t/e T)1 resources t/rou"/ reducin" t/e T3103 and T310( to a
rational value. .enerall$6 T3103 and T310( are set to a4out % seconds.
T/e T3122 must 4e stopped once t/e MS receives an +MM'D+#T' #SS+.N
2'Q')T messa"e. Onl$ ater t/e T3122 e,pires6 t/e MS can send a new
c/annel re8uest messa"e. + t/e MS sends c/annel re8uest messa"es
re8uentl$6 t/e 2#)1 load and )))1 load will increase. To solve t/is pro4lem6
$ou can increase t/e T3122 to a lar"er value.
T3212 stands or t/e time limit value or periodical location update. =ou can ease
t/e SD))1 load 4$ increasin" t/e T3212 to a lar"er value.
T3111 is related to release latenc$. +t is used or t/e deactivation o t/e latenc$
c/annels ater t/e ma7or si"nalin" link 4reaks. T3111 can 4e initiated durin"
eit/er T)1 release or SD))1 release. T/e value o T3111 must 4e consistent
wit/ t/at o t/e T3110 at t/e MS side. .enerall$6 it s/ould 4e 2 seconds. + t/e
T3111 is set to a lar"e value6 "reat SD))1 con"estion rate ma$ 4e caused.
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&!6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
''. Con$estion Cases
Case 14 S%CC0 !on$estion !a"sed b* wron$ 2)C !onfi$"ration
3%es!ription5
# @TS is coni"ured as S1F1F1. +t is ound t/at t/e SD))1 con"estion rate or 2 cells
reac/es as /i"/ as 8H.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e measurement inde,es or T)1 and SD))16 en"ineers
ound t/at t/e T)1 traic was not /eav$. T/e traic volume or eac/ cell durin"
4us$ /ours is lower t/an 2.2'rl. 1owever6 t/e re8uests or SD))1 seizure are
"reat6 reac/in" 3032 times durin" 4us$ /ours. T/e SD))1 traic reac/es
1.8&'rl6 and t/e con"estion rate reac/es 8H.
2B T/e main reasons or SD))1 seizure include t/e messa"es sent 4eore call
setup6 t/e messa"es sent durin" /andover6 t/e location update messa"es sent
under t/e idle mode6 and ot/er s/ort messa"es.
3B T/e T)1 traic is normal6 t/e re8uests or T)1 seizure Aincludin" /andoverB are
normal A318 timesB6 and t/e /andover re8uests are also normal A1!& timesB.
T/ereore6 t/e SD))1 con"estion ma$ 4e caused 4$ a lar"e num4er o location
update messa"es or s/ort messa"es.
!B T/e 3#) o t/e @TS is 0%006 and t/e 3#)s o ot/er cells o t/e surroundin" cells
are 0%20. #ter c/an"in" t/e 3#) o t/e @TS to 0%206 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
re8uests or SD))1 seizure durin" 4us$ /ours were 2-86 t/e SD))1 traic was
0.2('rl6 and t/e con"estion rate reduced to 0.
Case 24 S%CC0 !on$estion !a"sed b* b"rst lo!ation "pdates
3roblem des!ription5
T/e radio connected ratio o a local network is lower t/an avera"e level. #ccordin" to
traic statistics anal$sis6 it is ound t/at t/e SD))1 con"estion /appened at several
@TSs.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ anal$zin" traic statistics6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e SD))1s o t/e
con"ested cells were seized or 300 to !00 times durin" 4us$ /ours. 1ere t/e
@TS was coni"ured as S1F1F1 and eac/ cell was coni"ured wit/ 8 SD))1s.
T/ereore6 t/e SD))1s can 4e seized 4$ !00 times6 4ut t/e SD))1s were
con"ested or tens o times durin" 4us$ /ours.
2B #s ar as t/e re"istered traic statistics items were concerned6 most o t/e
SD))1 seizures were caused 4$ location update. Takin" t/e @TS location into
consideration6 en"ineers ound t/at most o t/e @TSs were installed at t/e
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&%6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
intersections o two railwa$s. T/ereore6 it mi"/t 4e t/e 4urst location update t/at
caused SD))1 con"estion.
3B To veri$ i it was t/e 4urst location update t/at caused t/e con"estion6 en"ineers
re"istered t/e traic statistics items in % minutes and ound t/at most o t/e
location update /appened wit/in t/e ive seconds. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e train
time ta4le6 en"ineers ound t/at t/ere were ! to % trains passin" 4$ wit/in t/e
ive seconds. </en t/e trains passed t/e intersections6 a lar"e num4er o
location updates were "enerated in a s/ort time. +n t/is case6 t/e con"estion was
caused.
T/ereore6 i t/e @TSs are installed at t/e railwa$ intersections6 $ou are su""ested to
ena4le t/e SD))1 d$namic allocation unction and coni"ure a suita4le mar"in or
t/e SD))1.
Case +4 Great TC0 !on$estion rate !a"sed b* the in!onsistent tilt an$les of two
antennas "nder the same !ell
3roblem des!ription5
+t is ound t/at t/e T)1 con"estion rate o a cell is "reat A"reater t/an %HB accordin"
to traic statistics.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ c/eckin" @S) traic statistics6 en"ineers ound t/at it was t/e T)1
seizure ailure t/at directl$ caused t/e "reat T)1 con"estion rate.
2B .enerall$6 T)1 seizure ailure is caused 4$ T)1 assi"nment ailure. T/rou"/
monitorin" #4is interace6 en"ineers ound t/at most o t/e T)1 assi"nment
ailure occurred at t/e No.! T2N and No.% T2N6 and t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e
assi"nment ailure rate or t/e No.! T2N was near t/at or t/e No.% T2N.
3B T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e antenna eeder part6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e tile an"le
correspondin" to t/e transmitter antennas o t/e two T2Ns were too "reat Ait is
10 de"rees t/an t/at o t/e antenna or @))16 4ecause t/e antenna nuts were
ound loosen. T/ereore6 i t/e MS is ar awa$ rom t/e @TS6 it can receive t/e
@))1 si"nals 4ut cannot receive t/e T)1 si"nals. + t/e T)1 is assi"ned to t/e
MS w/en t/e MS starts a call6 t/e T)1 seizure ailure will occur.
!B To solve t/e pro4lem6 $ou can ena4le t/e tilt an"el o t/e T)1 antenna and t/at
o t/e @))1 antenna to 4e consistent wit/ eac/ ot/er. +n t/is case6 t/e T)1
con"estion rate can 4e reduced to 2H or lower.
Case ,4 0i$h TC0 !on$estion rate !a"sed b* downlink interferen!e
3roblem des!ription5
# cell o @TS is responsi4le or coverin" a lar"e area o sea surace alon" t/e coast.
#ccordin" to t/e re"istered traic statistics items6 en"ineers ound t/at w/en t/e
201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&&6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
traic volume was lower t/an 1'rl6 t/e T)1 con"estion o t/e cell reac/ed 10H at
some time. 1owever6 no alarm was "enerated. #ll t/e intererence 4ands ell wit/in
t/e intererence 4and1 and t/e /ardware and 25 connections were normal.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
@ecause all t/e intererence 4ands ell wit/in t/e intererence 4and16 t/e uplink
intererence is impossi4le. )onsiderin" t/at t/e covera"e distance reac/es &0 to (0
kilometers and multiple normal cells are present alon" t/e coast6 t/e pro4a4ilit$ or
t/e c/annel num4ers o t/e downlink areas and t/e cell to 4e interered is /i"/.
T/rou"/ modi$in" t/e c/annel num4ers o t/e cell6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e T)1
con"estion rate was improved. T/rou"/ urt/er optimizin" t/e c/annel num4ers6
en"ineers ound t/at t/e T)1 con"estion rate was lower t/an 1H. T/ereore6 it can
4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e 10H o con"estion rate is caused 4$ t/e downlink intererence o
some areas.
8.1.9 Other roblems
'. S"bs!riber 's Not in Ser&i!e )rea
</en a su4scri4er is not in service area6 t/e MS works as t/e called part$ w/en t/e
si"nals received 4$ t/e MS are "ood and t/e callin" part$ /ears a voice sa$in" t/at
t/e su4scri4er is not in t/e service area. + t/e covera"e6 operation6 and data
coni"uration o a network are "ood6 t/e occurrence pro4a4ilit$ or t/e pro4lem must
4e lower t/an 1H6 ot/erwise it is ot/er causes t/at result in t/e pro4lem.
.enerall$6 i a su4scri4er is not in t/e service area6 t/e ollowin" causes ma$ 4e
present9

)overa"e pro4lem
+ t/e su4scri4er complaint /appens at cell ed"es6 t/e pro4lem ma$ 4e related to
covera"e. +n t/is case6 t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e callin" part$ ailure is e8ual to t/e
pro4a4ilit$ or t/e Osu4scri4er is not in service areaP.

Parameter settin"
+ t/e su4scri4er is not in service area6 t/e parameters concernin" t/e pa"in"6 access6
and immediate assi"nment ma$ 4e not properl$ set. +n t/is case6 $ou can c/eck i t/e
messa"es concernin" 2#)1 overload6 P)1 overload6 and SD))1 overload are
"enerated t/rou"/ 8uer$in" traic statistics and alarms. + $es6 t/e su4scri4er ma$ not
in t/e service area.

S$stem capacit$ limit or overload

201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&(6 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ s$stem capacit$ limit or overload occur Aor e,ample6 1D@ overload6 )P; overload6
or capacit$ overload durin" 4us$ /oursB6 t/e s$stem ma$ ail to read t/e su4scri4er
inormation6 or su4scri4ers cannot access t/e radio network. +n t/is case6 t/e
su4scri4er ma$ not in t/e service area. To solve t/is pro4lem6 $ou can take measures
to e,pand t/e s$stem capacit$.

Transmission pro4lem
+ t/e links 4etween s$stems Asuc/ as t/e 3#PD link o t/e #4is interace and t/e links
o t/e eac/ network entit$B and t/e links wit/in a s$stem Asuc/ as t/e link amon" t/e
modules o @)SFMS)B are not sta4le6 t/e messa"es sent t/rou"/ t/ese links ma$ 4e
missin". +n t/is case6 su4scri4ers ma$ not in t/e service area. To position t/e
pro4lem6 $ou can c/eck t/e alarms.

'8uipment causes
+ t/e desi"ns concernin" MS) and @S) are incomplete6 t/e pro4a4ilit$ o Osu4scri4er
is not in service areaP will increase.

MS causes
+ t/e 25 parts or t/e sotware parts o t/e MS /ave pro4lems6 or e,ample6 t/e
reception capa4ilit$ o t/e MS is poor> t/e re8uenc$ deviation "oes 4e$ond t/e
re8uirements deined in t/e protocols> and t/e dual:4and perormance o t/e MS is
poor6 t/is pro4lem ma$ also occur.
''. Si$nal #l"!t"ation
Si"nal luctuation indicates t/at c/an"e o t/e MS si"nal stren"t/. T/e ollowin"
actors ma$ cause si"nal luctuation.

2adio wave propa"ation

T/e stren"t/ o t/e si"nals received 4$ t/e MS is t/e amplitude o t/e sum o t/e
vectors o various propa"ation pat/s. @ecause t/e propa"ation environment is ever:
c/an"in"6 t/e attenuation o radio c/annels is ever:c/an"in". T/ereore6 even i t/e
MS does not move6 t/e stren"t/ o t/e received si"nals will c/an"e.

)ell reselection and /andover

</en t/e MS moves rom t/e old cell to t/e new cell t/rou"/ /andover or cell
reselection6 t/e si"nals o t/e MS will luctuate 4ecause t/e si"nal stren"t/ o t/e old
cell and t/at o t/e new cell are inconsistent.

#ntenna s/ake
</en t/e antenna s/akes6 t/e antenna "ain will c/an"e6 so t/e si"nals will also
luctuate.

3ocation update or c/annel assi"nment occurs at non:@))1 T2N

201!:10:2! 1;#<'+ )onidential Pa"e&86 Total&-
)/apter 8 .SM 2adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
+ t/e SD))1 is assi"ned to a non:@))1 T2N durin" location update and power
control is availa4le on SD))16 t/e si"nal stren"t/ ma$ luctuate.
'''. ?oi!e %is!ontin"it*
?oice discontinuit$ stands or pauses or words loss occurs in conversation. + t/e
voice continuit$ is remarka4le6 t/e conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected.
T/e ollowin" actors ma$ cause voice discontinuit$

5re8uent /andovers
Onl$ /ard /andover is availa4le in .SM s$stem. T/ereore6 w/en t/e MS /ands over
rom t/e source c/annel to t/e tar"et c/annel6 t/e downlink rames ma$ loss at t/e
#4is interace. #s a result6 t/e voice continuit$ is unavoida4le durin" /andover.
.enerall$6 re8uent /andovers ma$ occur at cell ed"es or durin" cross covera"e. +n
t/is case6 t/e voice discontinuit$ will 4ecome a /eadac/e o su4scri4ers. To avoid t/e
re8uent /andovers6 $ou can ad7ust t/e antenna tilt and /ei"/t and coni"ure t/e data6
suc/ as uplink and downlink 8ualit$ t/res/old and restriction properl$.

2adio link intererence

2adio link intererence will increase t/e 4it error rate6 w/ic/ will cause voice
discontinuit$. +n addition6 t/e si"nals alwa$s luctuate "reatl$ at cell ed"es6 so t/e
conversation 8ualit$ at t/e cell ed"es is 4ad.

Poor network covera"e

+ t/e network covera"e is poor6 t/e 2,lev and 2,8ual will 4ecome poor6 t/us t/e
conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected.

@TS transmission pro4lem

@TS transmission pro4lems will aect conversation 8ualit$. 5or connectors6 $ou
s/ould c/eck o t/e connection amon" t/e connector is "ood. 5or optical
transmission6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e optical /eaders are clean and i t/e
transmission errors are "reat. 5or micro wave transmission6 it ma$ 4e aected 4$
weat/er. + t/ere is lar"e amount o dust in t/e e8uipment6 t/e conversation 8ualit$
ma$ also 4e aected. + 4ot/ micro wave transmission and optical transmission are
used6 $ou s/ould pa$ attention to t/e cooperation o t/e transmission impedance at
t/e e8uipment interaces.

T2N 4oard ailure

1ardware pro4lem will result in poor conversation 8ualit$. +n t/is case6 $ou s/ould
replace t/e pro4lem /ardware wit/ t/e sound one.
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