Symmetrical Components and
Unbalanced Fault
Chapter 10
Unbalanced Fault
Single-line to ground
Double line to ground
Line to line
Symmetrical Components
Three phase unbalanced phasors of a three phase
system can be resolved into three balanced
systems of phasors [C.L Fortescue, 1918]
positive sequence components consisting of a
balanced three phase components with phase
sequence abc or RYB
negative sequence components consisting of a
balanced three phase components with phase
sequence acb or RBY
zero sequence components consisting of three single
phase components, all equal in magnitude and with
the same phase angles
I c1
I b2
I a1
Ia2
I b1
I c2
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
Ic0
Ib0
0
a
Zero sequence
=
I
I b2
1
c
I a1
I b1
Ic0
2
a
+
I
2
c
Ib0
0
a
Resolution of Unbalanced Phasor into
Symmetrical Components
0
a
1
a
Ia = I + I + I
2
a
In terms of a operator
0
b
0
c
I =I =I
0
a
a = 1120
2
a = 1240
0
b
1
b
Ib = I + I + I
0
c
1
c
Ic = I + I + I
2
b
2
c
1
b
1
a
2 1
a
I = I 240 = a I
I b2 = I a2 120 = aI a2
1
c
1
a
1
a
2
c
1
a
2 1
a
I = I 120 = aI
I = I 240 = a I
Phase and Sequence components
012 to abc
abc to 012
I a 1 1
I = 1 a 2
b
I c 1 a
abc
abc
= AI
1 I
a I
a 2 I
012
= AV
012
0
a
1
a
2
a
I a0
1 1
1 1
I a = 3 1 a
2
I a2
1 a
012
1 I a
a 2 I b
a I c
1 abc
=A I
012
=A V
abc
Example
Given voltage at the load terminals is,
Va = 2000; Vb = 230120; Vc = 200 120
Find the sequence voltage .
Va0
1 1
1 1
Va = 3 1 a
2
Va2
1
a
1 Va
a 2 Vb
a Vc
Va0
1 1
1 1
Va = 3 1 a
2
Va2
1 a
1 Va
a 2 Vb
a Vc
1
V = (Va + Vb + Vc ) = 10120
3
1
1
Va = (Va + aVb + a 2Vc ) = 10 120
3
0
a
1
V = (Va + a 2Vb + aVc ) = 2100
3
2
a
Example
Given unbalance current flowing in the a, b, c
phase of a lines is,
I a = 1500; I b = 00; I c = 100180
Find the sequence current .
I a0
1 1
1 1
I a = 3 1 a
2
I a2
1
a
1 I a
a 2 I b
a I c
I a0
1 1
1 1
I a = 3 1 a
2
I a2
1 a
1 I a
a 2 I b
a I c
1
I = ( I a + I b + I c ) = 16.670
3
0
a
1
I = ( I a + aI b + a 2 I c ) = 72.6523.41
3
1
a
1
I = ( I a + a 2 I b + aI c ) = 72.65 23.41
3
2
a
Sequence Impedance
Z1 : positive sequence impedance- Impedance
offered to the flow of positive sequence
current.
Z2 : negative sequence impedance- Impedance
offered to the flow of negative sequence
current.
Z0 : zero sequence impedance- Impedance
offered to the flow of zero sequence current.
Sequence Impedance of Y- Connected
Loads
Va Z S + Z n
V = Z + Z
n
b m
Vc Z m + Z n
abc
=Z
abc
Zm + Zn
ZS + Zn
Zm + Zn
abc
In symmetrical components,
012
a
AV
012
a
=Z
abc
=A Z
=Z
AI
abc
012 012
a
012
a
AI
012
a
Z m + Z n I a
Zm + Zn Ib
Z S + Z n I c
From phase impedance to symmetrical impedance
012
=A Z
abc
A
Z0
Z1
0
0
Z S + 3Z n + Z m
0
Z
Z
0
S
m
012
Z =
0
0
ZS Zm
Z2
Sequence of Transmission Line
1
Z =Z
0
X = X + 3X n
Where,
Dn
X n = 2f (0.2 ln )
D
Zero sequence impedance of transmission line is
is >3x larger positive sequence
Sequence Impedance of Synchronous
Machines
Depends on phase order of the sequence
current relative to relative to direction of
rotation of rotor
1
X =X
''
d
OR
X =X
'
d
OR
X = Xd
X 2 = X d''
0
X = Xl
Xl = leakage reactance
Sequence Impedance of Transformers
1
Z =Z =Z
Transformer is a static device , leakage
impedance will NOT change if phase is changed
Positive sequence impedance = negative sequence impedance
= zero sequence impedance
Transformer zero sequence equivalent circuit
Z0 = Zl + 3Xn
Xn =0
Transformer zero sequence equivalent circuit
I0=0
I0=0
Z0 = Zl + 3Xn
Xn =
Transformer zero sequence equivalent circuit
I0
I0=0
Zero sequence current circulating
in delta winding
Z0 = Zl + 3Xn
Transformer zero sequence equivalent circuit
Z0 = Zl + 3Xn
Transformer zero sequence equivalent circuit
Zero sequence current circulating
in delta winding
Z0 = Zl + 3Xn
Sequence network of a loaded generator
Ia
+
Va Ea Z s + Z n
V = E Z
n
b b
Vc Ec Z n
Zn
Ia
Z n I b
Z s + Z n I c
Zn
Zs + Zn
Zn
Zs
Ea
Ec
In
Zs
Zn
abc
=E
abc
abc
abc
Va
Eb
Zs
AVa012 = AEa012 Z abc AI a012
Ib
+
Ic
Vb
+
012
a
=E
012
a
A Z
abc
AI
Vc
Va012 = Ea012 Z 012 I a012
012
a
Z 012
Z s + 3Z n
= 0
0
0
Zs
0
0 Z 0
0 = 0
Z s 0
0
Z1
0
0
Z 2
Generated emf is balanced, therefore zero and negative sequence emf is zero
Ea012
0
= Ea1
0
V a0 0
1 1
V a = E a
V a2 0
Z 0
0
0
0
Z1
0
0 I a0
1
0 Ia
Z 2 I a2
Z0
I a0
+
Va0
Zero sequence network
I a2
Va2
Negative sequence network
Positive sequence network
Important Observations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Three sequences are independent
Positive-sequence network is the same as the one-line diagram used in
studying balanced three-phase currents and voltages
Only positive sequence network has a voltage source. Therefore, positive
sequence current causes only positive sequence voltage drops
There is no voltage source in the negative or zero sequence networks
Negative and zero sequence currents cause negative and zero sequence
voltage drops only
The neutral of the system is the reference for positive and negative
sequence networks, but ground is the reference for the zero sequence
networks. Therefore , the zero sequence current can flow only if the
circuit from the system neutrals to ground is complete
The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero sequence network as
3Zn.
The three-sequence systems can be solved separately on a per phase
basis. The phase currents and voltages can then be determined by
superposition their symmetrical components of current and voltage
respectively.
Single Line to Ground Fault
Ia
+
Zs
Ea
Ec
In
Zs
Zf
Va
Eb
Zs
Zn
Ib
Ib = 0
+
Ic = 0
Ic
Vb
+
Vc
Va = Z f I a
Ib = Ic = 0
I a0
1 1
1 1
I a = 3 1 a
2
I a2
a
1
E0
I = 1
Z + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f
0
a
1 I a
a 2 0
a 0
Fault Current
3Ea
I f = I a = 3I = 1
Z + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f
0
a
Line to Line Fault
Ia
+
Zs
Ea
Ec
In
Zs
Zn
Va
Eb
Zs
Ib
Ib
+
Ic
Vb
+
Vc
Ic
Zf
Vb Vc = Z f I b
Ia = 0
Ib = I c
Sequence currents
I a0
1 1
1 1
I a = 3 1 a
2
I a2
1 a
1 0
a 2 I b
a I b
I a0 = 0
1
a a2 Ib
3
1
I a2 = (a 2 a) I b
3
I a1 =
I a1 = I a2
KVL in sequence components
1
a
Ea Z Z I = Z f
3I a1
a a2 a2 a
)(
Ea
I = 1
Z +Z2 +Zf
1
a
Phase currents
Fault current
I a 1 1
I = 1 a 2
b
I c 1 a
1 0
1
a Ia
a 2 I a1
I b = I c = (a 2 a ) I a1 = j 3I a1
Double Line to Ground Fault
Ia
+
Zs
Ea
Ec
In
Zs
Zn
Va
Eb
Zs
Ib
+
Ic
Vb
+
Vc
Zf
Vb = Vc = Z f ( I b + I c )
Ia = 0
1 1
E
Z
Ia
I a0 = a0
Z + 3Z f
Ea Z 1 I a1
I =
Z2
2
a
I a1 =
1
Z +
Ea
Z 2 Z 0 + 3Z f
Fault current
Z + Z + 3Z f
I f = Ib + Ic = 3I
0
a
Refer to the power system shown in Figure 3
and the parameters given.
Generators G1 and G2: X 1 = X 2 = j 0.1 p.u; X 0 = j 0.05 p.u;
Voltage: 11 kV
Transformers T1 and T2: X 1 = X 2 = X 0 = j 0.15 p.u;
Voltage: 11/275 kV
Line: Z 1 = Z 2 = j 0.05 p.u, Z 0 = j 0.1 p.u ;
Voltage: 275 kV
All per unit values are on a base of 100 MVA, and pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per unit.
Consider a single line to ground fault at bus B
Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance
networks for the power system. State in your drawing the
numerical values of all the impedance.
Positive sequence network
j0.1
j0.15
j0.05
j0.15
j0.1
Negative sequence network
j0.05
j0.15
j0.1
Zero sequence network
j0.15
j0.05
Determine the fault current in per unit for a bolted single lineground fault at bus B.
I a0 = I a1 = I a2 =
Ea
Z 1B + Z B2 + Z B0 + 3Z f
Z 1B = ( j 0.1 + j 0.15 + j 0.05) //( j 0.15 + j 0.1) = j0.1364
Z B2 = Z 1B = j0.1364
Z B0 = ( j 0.15 + j 0.1) //( j 0.15) = j0.09375
I a0 = I a1 = I a2 =
1.0
= -j2.728 .pu
j 0.1364 + j 0.1364 + j 0.09375 + 0
I B ( F ) = 3I a0 = j8.1844 p.u
Sequence impedance at bus B
Determine the current in per unit flowing in the faulted phase of
the overhead line for a bolted single-line-ground fault at busbar B.
Positive sequence voltage at
buses A and B,
VA1
= ( j0.1+
0.25
1
j0.15) *IB (F)( ) =
0.55
j0.25* j2.728*0.4545= -0.31
VA1 (F) =VA1 (0) + VA1 = 1.0 0.31 = 0.69 p.u
0.25
VB1 = ( j0.1+ j0.15+ j0.05) * I 1B (F)( ) = -0.372
0.55
VB1 (F) =VB1(0) + VB1 = 1.0 0.372 = 0.628 p.u
Negative sequence voltage buses A and B,
VA2 (F) =VA2 (0) + VA2 = 0.0 0.31 = - 0.31
VB2 (F) =VB2 (0) + VB2 = 0.0 0.372 = -0.372
Zero sequence voltage buses A
and B,
V A0 = ( j 0.15) * I B0 ( F )(
0.25
) = - 0.186
0.55
V A0 ( F ) = V A0 (0) + V A0 = 0.0 0.186 = -0.186 p.u
0.25
) = - 0.31 p.u
0.55
VB0 ( F ) = VB0 (0) + VB0 = 0.0 0.31 = -0.31 p.u
VB0 = ( j 0.15 + j 0.1) * I B0 ( F )(
Calculate sequence current and then phase current
VA0 (F) VB0 (F)
0
z
AB
1
1
012 VA (F ) VB (F )
I AB
=
=
1
z AB
2
2
VA (F) VB (F)
2
z
AB
0.186 (0.31)
j
0
.
1
j1.24
0
.
69
0
.
628
= j1.24 p.u
j0.05
0.31 (0.372) j1.24
j
0
.
05
1 1
abc
012
I AB
( F ) = AI AB
( F ) = 1 a 2
1 a
1 j1.24
a j1.24
a 2 j1.24
a
I AB
= 3( j1.24) = -j3.72 p.u
b
I AB
= 1.24 90 + 1.24 90 + 240 + 1.24 90 + 120 = 0.0 p.u
c
I AB
= 1.24 90 + 1.24 90 + 120 + 1.24 90 + 240 = 0.0 p.u
Short method
Since it is single phase to ground fault, we can just consider faulted phase
IAB
Using current divider, IAB = I(F)*0.25/(0.25+0.30) = 3.718 p.u
Refer to the power system shown in Figure 3
and the parameters given.
Generators G1 and G2: X 1 = X 2 = j 0.1 p.u; X 0 = j 0.05 p.u;
Voltage: 11 kV
Transformers T1 and T2: X 1 = X 2 = X 0 = j 0.15 p.u;
Voltage: 11/275 kV
Line: Z 1 = Z 2 = j 0.05 p.u, Z 0 = j 0.1 p.u ;
Voltage: 275 kV
All per unit values are on a base of 100 MVA, and pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per unit.
Consider a line-line fault at bus B
Determine the current in per unit flowing in the faulted phase of
the overhead line for a bolted line-line fault at busbar B.
Fault current is calculated using ,
I b = I c = (a 2 a) I a1
Ib = Ic = j
3I a1
I a1
E0
= 1
Z + Z 2 + Zf
1
=j 3
= 4.725 p.u
( j 0.1364 + j 0.1364 + j 0.09375)
