Remote continuous monitoring (look after the patients conditions in
Medical care unit or hospital by Doctors or Nurse.
Starting with we know that there are two types of blood vessels in the
circulatory system of the body:arteries that carry oxygenated blood from
the heart to various parts of the body and veins that carry blood towards
the heart for purification.
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is
generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode.
A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled variable
resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity;
in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity
A photodiode is a pn junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the
diode, it creates anelectron-hole pair. This mechanism is also known as the inner photoelectric
effect. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away
from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in electric field of the depletion
region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and
aphotocurrent is produced. The total current through the photodiode is the sum of the dark
current (current that is generated in the absence of light) and the photocurrent, so the dark
current must be minimized to maximize the sensitivity of the device.[2]
A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram, a volumetric
measurement of an organ
Telemetry is the highly automated communications process by which measurements
are made and other data collected at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted
to receiving equipment for monitoring. The word is derived from Greek roots: tele =
remote, and metron = measure.
Vital signs include your heart beat, Respiration breathing rate, temperature, and blood
pressure.
A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures
changes in light absorption.[1] A conventional pulse oximeter monitors the perfusion of blood to
the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin.
In natural science and signal processing, an artifact is any error in the perception or
representation of any visual or aural information introduced by the involved equipment or
technique(s).
In medical imaging, artifacts are misrepresentations of tissue structures seen in medical images
produced by modalities such as Ultrasonography,X-ray Computed Tomography, and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging. These artifacts may be caused by a variety of phenomena such as the
underlying physics of the energy-tissue interaction (i.e. Ultrasound-air), data acquisition errors
(such as patient motion).
In the prototype system, this coordination is performed
by the microprocessor. First, the LEDs are turned on;
second, the photo detector signal is sampled at the next CPU
cycle; the LEDs are switched off at the third CPU cycle.
History:
The ambulatory EKG (Holter) device, one of the most widely
accepted ambulatory monitoring systems, was developed and
extensively studied by Holter [1]. Bellet also devised a continuous
2-hour tape recording system using a similar device
[2]. When the ambulatory EKG device was first introduced,
the device was not immediately widespread due to concerns
over lack of documentation of coronary artery disease, reliance
upon T-wave changes, and lack of recorder fidelity [3]. After
many improvements and validity tests, the ambulatory EKG
technology has gained increasing popularity. The ambulatory
EKG, however, is not applicable to long-term monitoring for
a period of several weeks or months. The machine is bulky,
heavy, and uncomfortable to wear due to cumbersome wires
and patches.
challenges
Battery life, cost,motion artifacts(interferences in signals due to motions)
The optoelectronic components, i.e., micro photodiodes
and LEDs, detect the blood-volume waveforms and
oxygen-saturation level at the patients digital artery. The CPU
controls the LED lighting sequence as well as the data acquisition
and transmission process. These signals are locally processed
by the on-board CPU and transmitted to a host computer
for diagnosis of the patients cardiovascular conditions. The ring
sensor is completely wireless and miniaturized so that the patient
can wear the device comfortably 24 h/day.
