VENTILATOR USING ARDUINO WITH BLOOD

OXYGEN SENSOR
Ms.S.Rajalakshmi S.Kavipriyabai S. Vinodhini
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication, Communication, Communication,
Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sri Sairam Engineering College,
Chennai, India Chennai, India Chennai, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

S.Krithika
Department of Electronics and
Communication,
Sri Sairam Engineering College,
2022 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT) | 978-1-6654-7995-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IC3IOT53935.2022.9767888

Chennai, India
[email protected]

Abstract - The human lungs use the again stress

generated through the contractile motion of the manufacture cost-effective open-source ventilators in
diaphragm to inhale and breathe air. The ventilator uses an effort to combat the global shortage of ventilators.
reverse motion to inflate the lungs with pump motion. This paper is a part of that effort. The basic model of
The ventilation mechanism should be able to provide
our ventilator unit is determined by Figure 1.[11].
1030 breaths per minute and accommodate two sets of
increments. The Ventilator ought to additionally be
capable of alter the quantity of air this is driven into the
lungs with every breath. Last but not least, so far it has
been set to adjust the duration of the inhalation-
exhalation ratio. In either case, the ventilator should be
able to monitor the patient's blood oxygen levels and
exhaled lung pressure while avoiding gauge / high
pressure. Designed and developed using Arduino here,
the ventilator meets all of these requirements, creating a
reliable and affordable ventilator to help during a
pandemic. Here, the ventilator bag driven by a stepper
motor. Our system uses a blood oxygen sensor along
with a heart rate sensor (KY039) and a temperature
sensor (18B20) to monitor the patient's required vital Figure 1: Basic Model
signs and display them on a mini LCD screen. The uses
of air purifier to purify the air, as normal ambient air
BLOCK DIAGRAM
affects the patient. Whenever a patient faces a dangerous
position, a buzzer sounds to notify a nearby caretaker.
The buzzer is attached to the Arduino with a relay to
boom the voltage. Patient records is uploaded to the
cloud through an IOT modem. The whole machine is
managed with the aid of using the Arduino controller to
get the preferred result.

Keywords – mechanical ventilator mechanism, ventilator

unit, heartbeat sensor, blood oxygen sensor, temperature
sensor, air purification, IOT modem.

INTRODUCTION

In recent months, The demand for ventilators to treat

COVID 19 patients has surged in recent months, and
there is currently a global shortage of ventilators. The
outcomes of this flaw are devastating, specially in
underprivileged areas[1]. Even a well-resourced hospital
has developed a protocol for two patients to share the
same ventilator(figure 1).This is a questionable practise
since it not only spreads the load of bacteria and
viruses among patients, but it also puts patients at risk Figure 2: Block diagram
of damage. Researchers have initiated an endeavour to
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 result, the first step is to identify that AC component, which
HEARTBEAT SENSOR (KY039 MODULE) is critical.
The output from the detector is first filtered using a 2degree
The sound of a person's heartbeat is the contraction or HP-LP circuit, and then turned into virtual pulses using a
expansion of the valves of his or her coronary coronary comparator circuit or a simple ADC. The virtual pulses are
heart as they move blood from one location to another. The sent to a microcontroller, which uses the calculation BPM
coronary heart beat fee is the number of times the coronary (Beats per minute) to calculate the warmth beat rate. = 60*f
heart beats per minute (BPM), and the heart beat is the pulse Where f is the heart beat frequency
of the coronary heart that may be felt in any artery close to
the skin.
• Manual Method: A heartbeat can be manually tested by
checking one's pulses at the wrist (radial pulse) and the neck
(neck pulse) (carotid pulse). The method is placing the two
arms (index and middle finger) at the wrist (or neck beneath
the windpipe) and counting the number of pulses for 30
seconds, then multiplying that number by two to get the
heart beat rate. However, only minor tension should be
applied, and arms should be moved up and down until the
heart beat is felt.•
Using a sensor: Heart beat can be detected primarily based
on variations in optical energy as light is dispersed or
absorbed at some point in its path through the blood when
the coronary coronary heart beat changes.

PRINCIPLE OF HEARTBEAT SENSOR Figure 3: KY039 MODULE

The heartbeat sensor (Figure 3) is entirely based on the

Pin 1 is for delivering electricity to the LED.
picture phlethysmography principle. It measures the
Pins 2 and 3 are both grounded. The output is pin four. Pin 1
variation in blood flow through any organ of the body,
is also the permit pin, and pulling it too hard turns the LED
which causes a variation in the mild depth through that
on, causing the sensor to stop operating. It's built into a
organ (a vascular vicinity). The timing of the pulses is
wearable tool that can be worn on the wrist, and the output
especially essential in programmes that monitor coronary
may be sent wirelessly (through Bluetooth) to a laptop for
heart pulse rate. The float of blood volume is determined by
processing.
the rate of coronary heart pulses, and because light is
Create your own Heartbeat Sensor System with this app.
absorbed by blood, the sign pulses are equal to the coronary
A fundamental Heartbeat Sensor gadget also may be
heart beat pulses.
produced the utilisation of fundamental additions like a ldr,
comparator IC LM358 and a Microcontroller as mentioned
Photophlethysmography is divided into several types:
underneath.
Light released from the light emitting tool is transferred
through any vascular region of the frame, such as the
As previously stated in relation to the concept of coronary
earlobe, and acquired by way of the detector.
coronary heart beat sensor, when the finger or earlobe tissue
Reflection: The light emitted by the mild emitting device is
is lighted with a moderate supply, the moderate is
pondered by the way the spaces are laid out. How a
communicated once it has been modulated, i.e. something is
Heartbeat Sensor Works A small emitting diode and a
absorbed through the blood and the remainder is transmitted.
detector, such as a small detecting resistor or a photodiode,
The modulated moderate is received by the moderate
make up the basic heartbeat sensor. The coronary coronary
detector in this manner.
heart beat pulses cause a change in the flow of blood to
As a mild detector, a Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) is
bright areas of the body.
utilised. It is based on the idea that when a resistor
experiences a minor drop in voltage, its resistance changes.
When a tissue is lit by a light source, such as light emitted
The resistance lessens as the mild depth increases. As a
by an LED, it either reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the
result, the voltage drop across the resistor is reduced.
light (earlobe). Some of the light is absorbed via the blood,
while the transmitted or contemplated light is acquired
In this case, a comparator is utilised to compare the LDR
through the use of a light detector. The amount of mild
output voltage to the brink voltage. The threshold voltage is
absorbed in that tissue is determined by the blood volume.
the voltage drop across the LDR at the same time as the
The detector's output is an electrical signal proportional to
mild with stable depth, from the moderate deliver, falls
the rate of coronary coronary heart pulse.
directly on it.
The non-inverting terminal of the comparator LM358 is
This sign is actually a DC sign in terms of tissue and blood
connected to the LDR, while the inverting terminal is
extent, with an AC component superimposed over the DC
connected to the ability divider association, which is close to
sign that is synchronised with the coronary heart beat and
the edge voltage. The depth of the mild is reduced when a
results from pulsatile changes in arterial blood extent. As a

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human tissue is lit using the mild supply[7]. The resistance the blood. When utilising blood gas, it is sometimes referred
will grow when the mild depth decreases at the LDR, and as to as PaO2 and when using pulsed oxygen, it is referred to
a result, the voltage drop will increase. A good judgement as O2 saturation (SpO2). These suggestions will assist you
excessive sign is advanced on the comparator output when in comprehending the consequences of the findings.
the voltage drops throughout the LDR or the non-inverting
enter surpasses the inverting enter, and a good judgement Normal: In healthy lungs, normal ABG oxygen levels are 80
low output is advanced when the voltage drop is smaller. As to 100 millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). A pulse oximeter's
a result, the output is a series of pulses. measurement of blood oxygen concentration (SpO2) is
These pulses may be transmitted to the Microcontroller, usually between 95 and 100 percent.
which then processes the data to obtain the coronary heart
beat rate, which is then shown on the Microcontroller's
display.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR - 18B20

The DS18B20 is a type of temperature sensor (Figure 4) that

provides 9 to 12 bit temperature values. These values
​ ​ indicate the temperature of a particular device[10].

Figure 5: Blood oxygen sensor

However, those levels might not observe to COPD or

different lung conditions. Your physician will inform you
what's regular to your precise condition. For example, it isn't
always unusual for humans with extreme COPD to keep
pulse oximeter (SpO2) readings at 88-ninety two percent.
Subnormal:Hypoxemia is defined as a lack of oxygen in the
blood at normal levels.
Hypoxemia is a common cause of worry. The more oxygen
is depleted, the more severe the hypoxemia. This might
cause headaches in the tissues and organs of the frame.
Figure 4: Temperature sensor - DS18B20
PaO2 less than 80 mmHg, or pulse oximeter (SpO2)
This sensor can communicate over a single-line bus protocol underneath 95% is typically taken into consideration low. It
that uses a data line to communicate with an internal is critical to recognize what's regular, specifically when you
microprocessor. Also, this sensor is powered directly from have persistent lung disease.
the data line, so no external power supply is required. Your physician can suggest perfect oxygen degrees[7].
Applications for the DS18B20 temperature sensor include Above regular: Oxygen degrees are tough to be too
industrial equipment, consumer products, heat sensitive excessive if respiration isn't always assisted. Most often,
equipment, thermostat control, and thermometers. individuals who use oxygen dietary supplements revel in
excessive degrees of oxygen. These may be discovered at
ABG.
BLOOD OXYGEN SENSOR
BUZZER
A pulse oximeter (pulse oximeter-figure 5) is a non-invasive
device that estimates the amount of oxygen in the blood. The buzzer (figure 6) is a sounding device that might
This is done by sending infrared rays to the capillaries of the convert audio signs into sound signs. It is typically powered
fingers, toes, or ear lobes. Then measure the amount of light thru manner of way of DC voltage. It is extensively applied
reflected from the gas[8]. in alarms, computers, printers and distinctive virtual
. The reading indicates what percentage of the blood is products as sound devices.
saturated. This is called a pO2measurement. This check has
a 2 percentage mistakes window. That is, measurements
may be up to two percentage above or beneath actual blood
oxygen levels. This check is much less accurate, however
very smooth for docs to perform. Therefore, doctors agree
with it is able to be study immediately. The oxygen
saturation test is used to determine the amount of oxygen in

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 Figure 6: Buzzer

RELAY
Figure 8: Stepper Motor
The relay (figure 7) is an electric switch. It consists of a
row of input terminals and a row of operating contact The basic operating principle of a stepping motor is as
terminals for one or more control signals. A switch can have follows. By energizing one or more stator phases, the
any number of contacts in multiple contact types. B. There current flowing through the coil creates a magnetic field that
are no contacts, NC contacts, or a combination. aligns the rotor with this magnetic field. By supplying
different phases one after another, the rotor can be rotated
The relays are used when you need to control circuits with by a certain amount to reach the desired end position.
independent low current signals, or when you need to
control multiple circuits with a single signal[5]. IOT MODEM
The modem may be powered from a preferred 12V strength
deliver or from a single-mobileular lithium-ion battery
withinside the voltage variety of 4V to 14V. The board has
TTL inputs / outputs (with degree shifter), UART, and USB
connectors, permitting customers to connect with MCUs,
PCs to switch data / ship AT instructions and replace
module firmware. There is likewise an choice for the
consumer to interchange among RS232 and UART (TTL)
the usage of jumper settings. Modems may be without
difficulty accelerated and adapted. Modem datasheets are to
be had withinside the UKC app (Android and iOS). Or test
the barcode in your modem to get the app. Intubation till a
nation wherein it is able to run, and air flow from the nostril
and mouth of the affected person and squeeze the
Figure 7: Relay pouch.

The relay operates on the principle of electromagnetic

induction. When an electric current is passed through an
electromagnet, a magnetic field is generated around the
electromagnet. ... used to carry DC current through the load.
In relays, the copper coil and iron core act as
electromagnets.

STEPPER MOTOR

A brushless DC electric driven stepper motor (Figure 8) is a

brushless DC electric powered motor that splits one
revolution into numerous similar steps[6]. The function of
the motor may be informed to transport and prevent at any
of those steps with out a role sensor (open loop controller)
for feedback, so long as the motor is torque and the velocity Figure 9: IOT modem
is adequate for the software increase.
Using this IOT modem(Figure 9) we can directly access the
internet and uploading the collected data to the cloud. Thus,
the data of the patient saved for the particular day. The
previous day data also been collected in the cloud using this
modem.

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 open supply ventilator. Our contribution to this problem is
VENTILATOR UNIT geared toward mitigating the consequences of this
worldwide ventilator scarcity. This is a stunning and
A bag valve mask (BVM) or Ambu bag (Figure 10) is a self- unlucky occasion that influences critically deprived areas.
inflating bag that is used to give ventilation to those who are This challenge gives a numerical approach that lets in real-
unable to breathe normally. The BVM consists of a time tracking of a patient`s lung situation as wholesome or
rebreathing valve and a face mask[2]. The opposite end of bad (see segment 3.2 of the context). This beneficial but
the bag is attached to an oxygen source. The mask is
easy numerical approach opens up opportunities for utility
manually pressed against the face. Squeeze the pouch to
to different ventilators. In summary, this paper contributes
ventilate through the patient's nose and mouth until
intubation is possible. . to each theoretical and sensible aspects. The buzzer may be
included into this mission the usage of both an alarm display
screen or a speaker used to alert the clinician while
stress reaches a positive threshold. At the equal time, the
ventilator calls a few particular thresholds.

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[8]. Levin, M.A.; Shah, A.; Shah, R.; Kane, E.; Zhou, G.; Eisenkraft, J.B.;
Figure 11: ventilator bag model Chen, M.D. Differential Ventilation Using Flow Control Valves as a
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last resorts. Crit. Care 2020.
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specializes in the manufacturing of low-price open supply [10]. Herrmann, J.; Fonseca da Cruz, A.; Hawley, M.L.; Branson, R.D.;
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