Chapter 5 Gases
PV=nRT
Volume and either pressure or density are used to quantify
amounts of gas.
P = force/area
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 psi
These equivalents are conversion factors:
Gas characteristics:
1. highly compressible
2. exerts pressure
3. thermally expandable
4. low viscosity (flows easily)
5. low density
6. miscible unless reactive
Calculating Pressure:
Volume mL, L
n= number of moles (total)
R=ideal gas constant 0.0821 L
atom
mol K
T=temp in Kelvin
Historically: Boyles Law
volume
Pressure
Equation:
Volume
1/Pressure
Two state problems:
P1V1 = P2V2 = constant
Example: What is the pressure when 50.2 mL of air at 0.723 atm
is reduced to 25.1 mL?
Ans: 1.45 atm
Charles Law
Equation
Volume
Temperature ( C)
Two state problems:
V1
T1
V2
T2
Always use Kelvin
Example: A sample of H2 occupies 100 mL at 25.0 C and 1.00
atm. What volume would it occupy at 50.0 C at the same
pressure?
Ans: 108 mL H2
Avogadros Law
Equation
In the combustion reaction
at constant pressure and temperature,
increase in the number of molecules
creates an increase in volume.
C7H16 (l) + 11 O2 (g) 7 CO2 (g) + 8 H2O (g)
Put these laws together:
PV = nRT
The ideal gas law (ideal is low P, high T)
Calculate R under standard condition. Ans: 0.0821 L atm/(mol K)
R
PV
nT
Distinguish between one-state and two-state equations:
One-state problem uses PV=nRT.
Two-state problem needs an equation. Derive the equation starting
with PV=nRT. Continue with R P1V1 P2V2 .
n1T1
n2T2
Derive the equation for the conditions that change:
Condition
equation
P, V
P, T
V, n
P, V, T
Example: What is the volume of 2.00 moles of N2 at 0C and 1.00
atm? Guess first. Ans: 44.8 L
Example: What is the pressure when 50.2 mL of air at 0.723 psi is
reduced to 25.1 mL?
Ans: 1.45 psi
Example: How many moles of gas occupy 100L at STP? Ans:
4.46 moles
Watch for necessary conversions.
Example: What volume would 50.0 g gaseous ethane occupy at
140C under 1820 torr?
Ans: 23.6 L ethane
Example: When 2.74 moles of O2 occupy 61.4 L at STP, what
volume (in L) will be used for 3.00 moles of O2 at 1.00 atm and
25C?
Ans: 73.4 L
Variations in the Ideal Gas Law equation.
A. Molar mass
PV = nRT
M mass
mol
Example: Calculate the molar mass of a 0.0405 g sample of gas
occupying 250 mL at 750 torr and 25C.
Ans: 4.02 g/mol
By determining the molar mass of a gas, it may be identified from
a limited list.
B. Density using molar mass
PV = nRT
density
mass
vol
mass
mol
Example: Calculate the density of propane (C3H8) under 750. torr
at 25C in a 250-mL vessel.
Ans: 1.77 g/L propane
Example: Calculate the molar mass of a gas having a density of
1.43 g/L at STP.
Ans: 32.0 g/mol
Example: Can 55.5 moles of steam exist in 1.00 L under 1.00 atm
pressure at 273K? Yes or no.
Gas Laws in Reaction Stoichiometry
Na2CO3 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Example: Determine the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced
when 5.68 g of sodium carbonate react with 12.5 mL of 3.00 M
HCl at 24.3C and 757 mm Hg.
Ans: 0.460 L CO2
Try using either a reaction table or a path diagram. For both, the
limiting reagent must be determined.
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure in a mixture of unreacting gases is equal to
the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
A. PT = Pgas1 + Pgas2 + Pgas3 +
Important application for the candle lab
PT = Pgas + Pwater vapor
rewrite this as
Pgas = PT - Pwater vapor
B. by mole fraction
Pgas =
PT x
PT
n gas
nT
gas
at constant T. V
Write a two-state equation for variation in P and n.
Example: What is the partial pressure of N2 in a mixture
containing 2.42 mol N2 and 3.07 mol O2 in a 5.00-L vessel at
298K?
Ans: 11.9 atm
Example: Find the total pressure of a 1.00 mol nitrogen and 1.00
mol oxygen sample in 5.00 L at 298K.
Ans: 9.78 atm
Gaseous Effusion = the flow of a gas through a small hole where
molecules pass through without colliding with each other.
U-238 (99.27% abundance)
U-235 (0.72%)
The different velocities were used to concentration U-235 for use
in nuclear bombs. An alternative technology is centrifugation.
Kinetic Molecular Theory Postulates
1. The volume of individual gas molecules is negligible
compared to the volume of the vessel (compared with the
space between the molecules)
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion; straight line
movement, elastic collisions.
3. Molecules have a range of speeds. Increasing temperature
causes an increase in the average velocity (also increase in
kinetic energy)
Figure 5.14
Distribution of molecular speeds at three temperatures.
Macroscopic Behavior of Ideal Gases
1. Boyles Law V = P
2. Charles Law T
3. Avogadros Law n = # of collisions
Relationship between molar mass and molecular
speed.
Figure 5.19
Ek = 3/2 (R/NA) T
Real Gases
1. At high pressure, molecules have volume.
2. At high pressure, molecules interact.
Therefore, several other gas laws have been determined based
on the characteristics of the molecules of interest for high
pressure conditions.
Eg, van der Waals equation:
P
n2a
V
V2
nb
nRT
a and b are constants
