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Switched Mode Power Conversion: Devices For Efficient Power Conversion Switches Inductors Transformers

This document discusses capacitors and their use in switched mode power conversion. Capacitors store energy in an electric field and are used to store energy and filter current ripple. They have non-ideal characteristics including equivalent series resistance and inductance that affect performance. The energy storage capability depends on the capacitor construction and dielectric material used. Capacitors must be selected and applied properly based on voltage rating, capacitance value, ripple current rating, and other specifications.

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83 views47 pages

Switched Mode Power Conversion: Devices For Efficient Power Conversion Switches Inductors Transformers

This document discusses capacitors and their use in switched mode power conversion. Capacitors store energy in an electric field and are used to store energy and filter current ripple. They have non-ideal characteristics including equivalent series resistance and inductance that affect performance. The energy storage capability depends on the capacitor construction and dielectric material used. Capacitors must be selected and applied properly based on voltage rating, capacitance value, ripple current rating, and other specifications.

Uploaded by

msrai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switched Mode Power Conversion

Capacitors

Devices for Efficient Power Conversion


Switches
Inductors
Transformers
Capacitors

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors

Capacitors Store Energy


Capacitors Store Energy in an Electric Field

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors

Capacitors are also used as Switch-Protection


Elements

In Switching Aid Networks Capacitors


Provide Turn-Off dv/dt Protection

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V
C
I
t

dV
1
I=C
; V(t) = VI + I dt
dt
C0

Electrical Circuit Element Equation


V, C, I are Electrical Circuit Quantities

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V
C
I
t

1
Q
V(t) = VI + I dt = VI +
C0
C

Capacitor Accumulates Charge to


Store Energy

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Charge Balance in AC
V
C
I

V(t) = V(t + T)
1
C

t +T

I dt
t

t +T

=0;

I dt = 0
t

In Periodic AC Application Net Charge


Accumulation Per Cycle is Zero

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V(t) = V(t + T)
V

Capacitor Current is Proportional to dV/dt

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V(t) = V(t + T)
V

t
Negative
Charge
t
Positive
Charge

Charge Balance

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Inductor Flux Balance
V
L
I

I(t) = I(t + T)
1
L

t +T

V dt
t

t +T

=0;

V dt = 0
t

In Periodic AC Application Net Flux


Accumulation Per Cycle is Zero
Volt-Sec Balance in an Inductor

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V
C
I
t

1
Q
V(t) = VI + I dt = VI +
C0
C

Capacitor Accumulates Charge to


Store Energy

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V
C
I

1
E = C V2
2

Stored Energy Relationship

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors
V
C
I

1
E = C V2
2

Capacitors are
Selected from Manufacturers
Catalogue

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Construction
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal

D=E

Electric Flux Density: (D)


Dielectric Permittivity: ()
Electric Field Intensity: (E)

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Value
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal

Q
V
=
A
d

Q
A
=C=
V
d

Capacitance is Defined as Charge (Q) per Volt (V)

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Stored Energy
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
V

1
E = Q dV = CV dV = C V 2
2
0
0

Energy is Work Done to Separate the Charge


Through a Potential of V

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Energy Density
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal

1
1 A 2 2
2
E = CV =
E d = 0.5 E 2 (Volume)
2
2 d

Energy Density is 0.5 E2 Joule/m3

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Energy Density in Air
Terminal
Air

Terminal

1
1 A 2 2
2
E = CV =
E d = 0.5 E 2 (Volume)
2
2 d

= 8.854 10-12 F/m


E = 3 106 V/m
Energy Density = 39.84 J/m3

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Energy Density in Polyester
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal

1
1 A 2 2
2
E = CV =
E d = 0.5 E 2 (Volume)
2
2 d

= 4 * 8.854 10-12 F/m


E = 275 106 V/m
Energy Density = 1.34 MJ/m3

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Energy Density (Bipolar)
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal

E=

1
C V2
2

MKV
Energy = 65 J
Volume: 0.07 m3
Energy Density: 0.94 kJ/m3

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Energy Density (Electrolytic)
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal

E=

1
C V2
2

Electrolytic
Energy = 243 J
Volume: 0.04 m3
Energy Density: 6.1 kJ/m3

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Packaging

Terminal 1
Dielectric
Terminal 2

MKV
Electrolytic
Cylindrical Geometry

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Types of Capacitors

Ultra-Capacitors
Electrolytic Unipolar Capacitors
Metallised Dielectric Bipolar Capacitors

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors - Specification

Voltage Rating Volt


Capacitance Value Farad

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Life

Electrolytic
Standard Life: 105 C, 8000 hrs

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Nonidealities

Electrolytic
MKV
Equivalent Series Resistance: ESR
Equivalent Series Inductance: ESL
Leakage Current: Ilk

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Nonidealities
RESR
C

P = I 2 R ESR

Equivalent Series Resistance: ESR

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Thermal Design
RESR
C

rise = P R th

Thermal Resistance: Rth C/W


Capacitor

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Nonidealities
LESL
C

1
O =
2 CL ESL

Equivalent Series Inductance: ESL


Capacitor

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Nonidealities

Ilk

Leakage Current: Ilk


Shunt Loss: VC Ilk

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Some Calculations
800 V

t
1 ms

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Current Calculations
800 V

t
1 ms

80 A

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors

800 V
t

1 ms
I

-80 A

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Voltage Calculations

2.5 ms

t
-80 A

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Voltage Calculations

2.5 ms

V
I

t
-80 A

1
V =
C

1.25ms

80cos ( t ) dt ; = 2* * 200 rad / sec

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Voltage Calculations

2.5 ms

V
I

t
-80 A

/ 2
80
1
sin ( t ) 0 = 637 V
V =
100 400

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Current & Voltage Calculations
800 V
2.5 ms

t
637 V

I
-80 A

80 A

t
-80 A

V = 637 V

C = 100 F

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Dissipation Calculations
8 ms
80 A

-80 A

-80 A

I 2rms = 802 0.125 + 802 0.125 + 802 0.5 0.31 = 802 0.41
P = 802 0.411.4 m = 3.67 W

MKV
C = 100 F ; RS = 1.4 m

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Measurement of C
V
C
I

dV
I=C
dt
I(t)
V(t)
t

Pulsed Current and Voltage Rise

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Measurement of C with LCR Meter
V
C
I

r
I

ur
r V
I=
j L

ur
V

V
1
=
I C

Sinusoidal Voltage and Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Impedance as a Function of
V
C
I

ur
ur V
Z = r = j L
I
dB
20 dB/dec
log ()
= 1/C

Impedance Plot [dB vs log ()]

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Impedance with Non-idealities
RESR

LESL
C
Z

RESR = 1.4 m
LESL = 180 nH
C = 100 F
O = 235.7 krad/sec
MKV

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Impedance with Non-idealities
RESR

LESL
C
Z

Z dB

235.7 k rad/sec

1/C

1/L
Log10

10 k rad/sec

5.56 M rad/sec
1.4 m

Impedance Plot [dB vs log ()]

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Impedance with Non-idealities
RESR

LESL
C
Z

Z dB

235.7 k rad/sec
Log10

10 k rad/sec

5.56 M rad/sec
1.4 m

Impedance Plot [dB vs log ()]

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors - Safety

Charge Holding
Discharge Time Constant
> 10000 s : 3 Hours

MKV

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Series Operation
Electrolytic
Capacitors May be Operated in Series
To Obtain Higher Voltage Rating.
(specially for Electrolytic)
RB

RB

Bleeder Current is Chosen Higher than Leakage Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors Parallel Operation

Capacitors May be Operated in Parallel


To Obtain Higher Ripple Current Rating
RESR
C

RESR
C

MKV
Physical Layout to Obtain Symmetry

Switched Mode Power Conversion


Capacitors

Devices for Efficient Power Conversion


Switches
Inductors
Transformers
Capacitors

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