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Chapter 2:
Balanced three-phase circuits
Why dealed with three-phase systems ?
Generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power are
accomplished by means of three-phase circuits.
It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads.
A three-phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent
single-phase or two-phase system at the same voltage because it uses
less conductor material to transmit electrical power.
Three-phase system was independently invented by Galileo Ferraris,
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, and Nikola Tesla in the late 1880s.
1

Three-phase line

Three-phase
voltage
source

Three-phase
load

A basic three-phase circuit

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Balanced Three-phase Voltages

They have equal amplitudes.
They have same frequency (50 or 60 Hz).
They are out of phase with each other by exactly 120
Phase sequence is important for paralell operation of three-phase
circuits.

wt*180/

Vm*

variation of instantaneous three-phase voltages wrt time (positive sequence)

Phasor diagram of three-phase voltages

Vc Vm120

Vb Vm120

Va Vm0

Va Vm0

Vb Vm 120

Vc Vm 120

abc (positive sequence)

important property

Va Vb Vc 0

acb (negative sequence)

for balanced operation

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Example: What is the sequence of each of the following set of voltages?

a) Va(t) = 208cos(wt+76) V
Vb(t) = 208cos(wt+316) V
Vc(t) = 208cos(wt-164) V

Va(t) = 208cos(wt+76-76)
Vb(t) = 208cos(wt+316-76)
Vc(t) = 208cos(wt-164-76)

Va(t) = 208cos(wt+0) V
Vb(t) = 208cos(wt+240) V
Vc(t) = 208cos(wt-240) V

b) Va(t) = 4160cos(wt-49) V
Vb(t) = 4160cos(wt-289) V
Vc(t) = 4160cos(wt+191) V

Va(t) = 208cos(wt-49+49)
Vb(t) = 208cos(wt-289+49)
Vc(t) = 208cos(wt+191+49)

Va(t) = 208cos(wt+0) V
Vb(t) = 208cos(wt-240) V
Vc(t) = 208cos(wt+240) V

positive sequence

negative sequence

Types of three-phase voltage sources

Vca(t)

Vc(t)

Vab(t)

Va(t)

Vb(t)

Wye (Y)-connected ideal sources

Vbc(t)

Delta ()-connected ideal sources

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Types of three-phase loads

Wye (Y)-connected load

Delta ()-connected load

If Z1 = Z2 = Z3 => balanced load

7

Four different connection configurations

Three-phase line

Three-phase
voltage
source

Three-phase
load

neutral wire for Y-Y

(optional)

Y Y
Y
Y

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WYE-WYE CIRCUT

VRY VYB VBR VL SOURCE

Vry V yb Vrb VL LOAD Load line-line (line)

VR VY VB V p

Vrn V yn Vbn Vm

Source line-line (line)

voltages
Source phase voltages

VL SOURCE 3V p

voltages

VL LOAD 3Vm
I R I B IY I L I p

Load phase voltages

Line or load phase currents

10

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Real (active) power of the load (Y-connected)

PLOAD 1 ph Vm I p cos

is load power factor angle

PLOAD 3 ph 3Vm I p cos

Since

PLOAD 3 ph 3

Vm

VL LOAD
3

and

I p IL

VL LOAD
I L cos 3VL LOAD I L cos
3

Watts (W)

Real (active) power of the load

11

Reactive power of the load (Y-connected)

QLOAD 1 ph Vm I p sin

is load power factor angle

QLOAD 3 ph 3Vm I p sin

Since

QLOAD 3 ph 3

VL LOAD 3Vm

for Y-connected load

VL LOAD
I p sin 3VL LOAD I p sin
3

Watts (W)

Reactive power of the load

12

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Complex and apparent power of the load (Y-connected)

S LOAD 3 ph PLOAD 3 ph jQLOAD 3 ph

VA
Complex power of the load

S LOAD 3 ph PLOAD 3 ph QLOAD 3 ph

2

Apparent power of the load

S LOAD 1 ph VM I p

VA

Apparent power of the load (1-phase)

S LOAD 3 ph 3Vm I p 3

VA

VL LOAD
IL
3

S LOAD 3 ph 3VL LOAD I L

VA

Apparent power of the load

13

Solution:

14

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(c) KVL => Vry Z Y I R Z Y I Y 0

Vry (12 j 20)9.798 59 (12 j 20)9.798 179 0

Vry (23.3259)9.798 59 (23.3259)9.798 179

Vry 228.490 228.49 120
Vry 228.49 228.49 cos(120) j 228.49 sin(120)
Vry 342.74 j197.88

Vyb=?, Vbr=?

Vry 395.7630 volts

Solution:
(a) Load phase current:

Ip

1100
1100

4.72 A
Z
12 2 20 2

One-phase average power delivered to the load:

P1 ph Vm I p cos
P1 ph (110)(4.72)(0.512) 265.83W

15

Load power factor angle:

20

59 pf cos 0.515
12

tan 1

Total average power delivered to the load:

P3 ph 3Vm I p cos
P3 ph (3)(110)(4.72)(0.512) 797.49W
or

P3 ph 3VL LOAD I p cos

P3 ph ( 3 )( 3110)(4.72)(0.512) 797.49W

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(b)

One-phase reactive power of the load:

Q1 ph Vm I p sin
Q1 ph (110)(4.72)(0.857) 445 var
Total reactive power of the load:

Q3 ph 3Vm I p sin
Q3 ph (3)(110)(4.72)(0.857) 1335 var 1.335k var
or

Q3 ph 3VL LOAD I p sin

Q3 ph ( 3 )( 3110)(4.72)(0.857) 1335 var
This amount of reactive power is consumed (absorbed) by the three-phase load.
Because the load is inductive, i.e., Z = 12+j20
17

(c)

One-phase apparent power of the load:

S1 ph VM I p
S1 ph (110)(4.72) 519.2VA

(d) Power factor

pf cos 0.515 lagging

S3 ph P3 ph jQ3 ph

S3 ph

Total apparent power of the load:

S3 ph 3VM I p

Q3 ph

S3 ph (3)(110)(4.72) 1557.6VA

P3 ph

or

VL LOAD 3 (110) 190.53V

Power triangle of the load

S3 ph 3VL LOAD I p 3 (190.53)(4.72) 1557.6VA

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WYE-DELTA CIRCUT

I3
=>Y transformation

I2

Y-

VRY VYB VBR VL SOURCE

Vry V yb Vrb VL LOAD Load line-line (line)

VR VY VB V p

Vry V yb Vrb Vm

Source line-line (line)

voltages
Source phase voltages

VL SOURCE 3V p

voltages

I1 I 2 I 3 I p Load phase currents

I R I B I Y I L 3I p Line currents

Load phase voltages

VL LOAD Vm
19

20

10

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Real (active) power of the load (-connected)

PLOAD 1 ph Vm I p cos

is load power factor angle

PLOAD 3 ph 3Vm I p cos

Since

Vm VL LOAD

PLOAD 3 ph 3VL LOAD

and

Ip

IL
3

IL
cos 3VL LOAD I L cos
3

Watts (W)

Real (active) power of the load

21

Reactive power of the load (-connected)

QLOAD 1 ph Vm I p sin

is load power factor angle

QLOAD 3 ph 3Vm I p sin

Since

Vm VL LOAD

QLOAD 3 ph 3VL LOAD

and

Ip

IL
3

IL
sin 3VL LOAD I L sin
3

VARs

Reactive power of the load

22

11

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Complex and apparent power of the load (-connected)

S LOAD 3 ph PLOAD 3 ph jQLOAD 3 ph

VA
Complex power of the load

S LOAD 3 ph PLOAD 3 ph QLOAD 3 ph

2

VA

Apparent power of the load

S LOAD 1 ph VM I p

VA

Apparent power of the load (1-phase)

S LOAD 3 ph 3Vm I p 3VL LOAD

S LOAD 3 ph 3VL LOAD I L

IL
3

VA

Apparent power of the load

23

24

12

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Solution:

(a)

25

26

13

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Or power factor

pf cos cos 53.13 0.6 lagging

S3 ph P3 ph jQ3 ph

ST

QT

T
Power triangle of the load

27

Y or

IL

Y or

P
VL

Three-phase
voltage
source

+
-

Three-phase
Load
(pf=cos)

Q
The following power equations are valid
regardless of connection type of source (Y or )
regardless of connection type of load (Y or )

P 3VL I L cos

kW

Q 3VL I L sin

kVAR

S P jQ

kVA
28

14

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Power measurement in three-phase circuit using three wattmeter method

Single-phase wattmeter

29
[Ref]: http://ece.mst.edu/media/academic/ece/documents/classexp/ee209labs/Experiment_3_Power_Measurements.pdf

Power measurement in three-phase circuit using two wattmeter method

Single-phase wattmeter

30
[Ref]: http://ece.mst.edu/media/academic/ece/documents/classexp/ee209labs/Experiment_3_Power_Measurements.pdf

15

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Single-phase wattmeter (analog)

Three-phase wattmeter (analog)

Three-phase wattmeter (digital)

display

31

32

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33

34

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End of Chapter 2

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