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QS025

HCLIM _ KMJ

MATHEMATICS QS025
1. INTEGRATION

5. VECTORS

2. FIRST ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

4. CONICS
3. NUMERICAL
METHODS

MATHEMATICS QS025
6. DATA
DESCRIPTION

10. SPECIAL
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS

7. PERMUTATIONS
AND
COMBINATIONS

9. RANDOM
VARIABLES

8. PROBABILITY

CHAPTER 1
INTEGRATION
1.1
INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONS
1.2
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
1.3
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
1.4
DEFINITE INTEGRAL

LECTURE 1 OF 9

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1.1 a) Relate integration and differentiation
b) Use the basic rules of integration

1.1 INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONS

Integration as Anti Differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION

y
F

dy
dx
f
ANTIDERIVATIVE

The process of finding anti derivative is called

Definition:

A function F is called an anti derivative of a

function f if the derivative of F is f
d
F x c F ' x 0 f x
dx

F is anti derivative of f

Example:
d

2x2 4x
dx

2
4
x
dx

2
x

2 x 2 5 4 x
dx

2
4
x
dx

2
x
5

2 x 2 10 4 x
dx

2
4
x
dx

2
x
10

d
F x c f x
dx

f x dx F x c

d
F ( x) c f ( x)
dx

f
(
x
)
dx

F
(
x
)

the indefinite integral of f(x) equals F(x) plus c

- Integral sign

f(x) - Integrand
F(x) - anti-derivative
c - arbitrary constant

BASIC RULES OF INTEGRATIONS

1.

k dx kx c
where k is a constant and c is an arbitrary constant

Example:

2 dx 2 x c

n 1
x
n
x
dx n 1 c,

2) i)

Example

a) x dx
2

b) x 4 dx

n 1

n 1
kx
n
c,
2) ii) kx dx
n 1

n 1

Example
21
3
5
x
5
x
a) 5x 2 dx
c
c
2 1
3

b) 5x 4 dx


ax b
2) iii) ax b dx
n 1a

n 1

c,

Example

a) ( x 8) dx
2

( x 8) 21

c
2 1
( x 8)3

c
3

b) (3x 8) 2 dx

(ax b) must be linear

c) 4(2 x 6) dx
4

4(2 x 6) 41

c
(4 1)(2)

3.

k f x dx k f x dx

Example:
1

4
dx 4 x 2 dx

4.

f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

Example:

x x dx
2

CAUTION

1. f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

2. f x g x dx f x g x dx
f x
3.
dx
g x

f x dx
g x dx

Example 1
Find the following integrals
a) 3 dx

a) 3 dx 3x c
6
x
b) dx

c)

1
dx
x

6
b) x dx

c)

1
dx
x

Example 2
Find the following integrals.
a)

x dx
2
3

b) 32 y 1 dx
c)

4x 1
2 x 3 dx

 1 1
3
x2
4
a) 2 x dx 2 x dx 2
c x2 c

1
3
1
2
1
2

2
3

b)

32 y 1

c)

4x 1
4x
1
2
1 3
dx

dx

dx

dx

2 x3
2 x3 2 x3
x 2 2 x dx

dy

Example 3
Find the following integrals
a) x

a)

5 dx x 4 10 x 2 25 dx

dx

b) 6 x

2 x 2 dx

c) 2 x 13 x 2 dx

b)

6 x

2 x dx
2

6 x 3 dx 2 x 2 dx

6 x 4 2 x3

c
4
3

3x 4 2 x 3

c
2
3
c)

6
x

2
x

3
x

dx
x 2dx

Exercises
Find the following integrals
1.

7z

3
4

6.

dz

2
x
x 2 dx

2 x 1 dx
4.
2
x

5.

4 x

7. 3 x 6 2 x 2 7 x 5 dx

5x 4
2. 3 dx
x

3.

x x dx

5 x 3 dx

x5 2 x 2 1
8.
dx
4
x

9. 3 3 y 4 y dy
y4

5
1
10. x dx
x

Answer:

1) 4 z c

x 2 x3
6)
c
2 3

5 2
2) 2 c
x x

3x 7 2 x 3 7 x 2
7)

5x c
7
3
2

7
4

x 2x
3)
c
4
3
3

4x
1
4)
4 ln x 3 c
3
3x
3

5)

4 x 5x

c
3
4

x 2 2 x 3
8)

c
2 x 3
1
4

4
3

3
2

3y
8y
9) 28 y

c
4
3
x7
10)
c
7

LECTURE 2 OF 9

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1 x
1.1 c) Determine integration of , e and a x
x
1.1 d) Determine the integral of the forms
f 'x
i)
dx
f x

f ' x e f x dx

iii)

f ' x [ f x ]n dx

iv)

mx n
a
dx

ii)

1
1.1 c) Determine integration of
x

1
The Integral of
x
Remember!!!!

x n1
x dx n 1 c
n

Special Case of

n
x
dx ,when n 1

It should be remembered that

d
1
ln x
dx
x

Therefore, reversing the process gives

1
x dx ln x C

Example 4
Find the following integrals
2
a) dx
x

1
dx
b)
5 3x

Solution
2
a) dx
x
1
1

ln 5 3 x c
dx
b)
3
5 3x
3
dx
c)
2 x 1

3
dx
c)
2 x 1

Example 5
Find the integral of the following functions.

1
a) 1 dx
x
1
dx
b)
3x 1
1
dx
c)
1 x
2
dx
d)
31 2 x

Solution:

1
a) 1 dx
x

1
dx
b)
3x 1
1
dx
c)
1 x

d)

1
2 ln 1 2 x
2
c ln 1 2 x c
dx

3
3 2
31 2 x

Exercises ___________________________________________
Find the following integrals
Answer
4
dx
1.
3x 1

4
1. ln 3 x 1 c
3

5
dx
2.
1 3x
3
dx
3.
x2

5
2. ln 1 3 x c
3

3. 3 ln x 2 c

1.1 c) Determine integration of

Indefinite integrals of

ex

is :

e
x
e
dx

e
c,

ln e
x

Example 1: Find the following integrals

2 x
a) 5e x dx
b) e dx
3

5 e x dx
5e x c

* ln e 1
c) 2e x dx

1.1 c) Determine integration of

Indefinite integrals of

is :
x

a
a dx ln a c , a 1
x

Example 3: Find the following integrals

x

a) 5 x dx
5x

c
ln 5

1
b) dx
2

c)

1
1
dx

dx
x

5
5
x

1

5
c
1
ln
5

f ' ( x)
1.1 d) Determine the integral of the forms
f ( x)

we see that

d
ln ax b a
dx
ax b

In general,

d
ln f x f ' x
dx
f x

Indefinite integrals of

f ' ( x)
is :
f ( x)

f ' x
dx ln f x c
f x

Example 1:
Find the following integrals.
a)

2x
x 2 dx

a) Let f ( x) x 2
f ' ( x) 2 x

2
2x

ln
x
c
dx
x2

f ' x
dx ln f x c
f x

b)

b)

x
x 2 dx

Example 2
Find the following integrals
2x
dx
a) 2
x 6

c)

2 x3 1
dx
b) 4
x 2x

5x
3 x 2 dx

Solution:
2x
dx ln x 2 6 c
a) 2
x 6

f x x 2 6
f ' x 2 x

f x x 4 2 x
2 x3 1
b) x 4 2 x dx

f ' x 4 x 3 2

f x 3 x 2
f ' x 2 x

x
5x

5
dx
dx
c)
2
2

3 x
3 x

Example 3
Find

ex
a) x dx
e 1
b)

4 xe 8

x2

dx

4x
3x
e
2
c)
e3 x 6 x dx
1
dx
d)
x
1 e
x2

Solution:

f x e x 1

x
e
a) x dx
e 1

f ' x e x

ln e x 1 c
b)

4 xe 8

x2

x2

4x

dx

e3 x 2
c) 3 x
dx
e 6x
1 3e 6
dx
3x

3 e 6x
1
ln e3 x 6 x c
3
1
d)
dx
x
1 e

3x

f x e3 x 6 x
f ' x 3e3 x 6

1.1 d) Determine the integral of the forms f ' x e f x

we see that

d ax b
e
aeaxb ln e aeaxb , where ln e 1
dx
d f x
In general,
e
f ' ( x)e f x ln e
dx

Indefinite integrals of f ' ( x )e

f ' ( x)e

f x

f x

is :

f x

e
f x
dx
c e c
ln e

Example 4
Find the following integrals
3x
a) 3e dx
Solution:
a) 3e 3 x dx
let f ( x) 3x
f ' ( x) 3

f ' x e

f x

dx e

b)

5x
e
dx

b)

5x
e
dx

let f ( x) 5x
f ' ( x) 5
f x

3x
3x
3
e
dx

e
c

f ' x e f x dx e f x c

Example 5
Find the following integrals
a)

3x

1e

x3 x 2

dx

2 ex
c) 5 x dx
e

Solution:
a)

3x

1 e

x3 x 2

dx

1
b) 7 x dx
e

1
b) 7 x dx e 7 x dx
e
e 7 x

c
7
1
7x c
7e

2 ex
c) 5 x dx
e

1.1 d) Determine the integral of the forms f ' x f x

If f x is a function of x and

d
f x f ' x
dx

n1
d f x
n

f
'

dx n 1

Reversing the process,

n 1

f
x
n
f ' x f x dx
c

n 1

Example 6
Find the following integrals.
2
3
3
x
x
5 dx
a)

b) 2 x x

ln x
c)
dx
x

dx

Solution:
a)

1
2

2
3
2
3

3
x
x
5 dx
3
x
x

5
dx

let f ( x) x 3 5
f ' ( x) 3 x 2

n 1

f
x
n
f ' x f x dx
c

n 1

3x x
2

1
2

1
1
3
x 5 2
dx
c
1

1
2

2 3
x 5
3

3
2


b)

2 x x

ln x
dx
c)
x

3 dx
4

n 1

f
x
n
f ' x f x dx
c

n 1

Example 7
Find the following integrals
a) 2 x x 3 dx
2

b)

c) x 2 x 3 1 dx

Solution:
a) 2 xx 3 dx
2

3
c
3
3

2x
dx
2
x 4

b)

2x
dx
2
x 4

3
1
2
3
x x 1 dx 3 3x x 1 dx

c)

1 x 1

c
3 4
3

4
1 3
x 1 c
12

1.1 d) Determine the integral of the forms

we see that

then,

a ax b

d x
a a x ln a
dx

x
x
a
ln
a
dx

a
c

x
a
x
a
dx ln a c

In general,

Indefinite integrals of

mx n

ax b

is :
mx n

a
dx
c
m ln a

Example 8
Find the following integrals

a) 52 x 3 dx
52 x3

c
2 ln 5

b) 423 x dx

c) e x ln 3 dx

Example 9
Find the following integrals
x2
7
dx
a)

x
3
b) ln 3 dx

c) e 6 x 2 x dx

Solution:
a)

x2
7
dx

7 x 2

c
ln 7

x
b) 3 ln 3 dx

c)

6x

2 x dx

7 x.7 2
7x

c
c
ln 7
49 ln 7

Exercises
Find the following integrals.
3 x 2
dx
1.
2
3 3x 4 x

2.
3.

2
x
x
1 dx

x2
dx
3
x 1

2 e4 x
4.
dx
x
e
5.

x 1

2 x dx

Answer:
1
1. ln 3 3 x 2 4 x c
2
3
1 2
2. x 1 2 c
3
1
2 3
3. x 1 2 c
3
3x
e
4. 2e x
c
3
2 x1 2 x
5.

c
ln 2 ln 2

LECTURE 3 OF 9

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1.2 a) Find the following integrals:

i)

cos ax dx

ii)

sin ax dx

iii)

2
sec
ax dx

vi)

2
2
sin
ax
dx
and
cos
ax dx

1.2 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
i) Integral of

sin ax, cos ax and sec ax

d
sin ax a cos ax
dx

sin ax
cos ax dx a c

d
cos ax a sin ax
dx

cos ax
sin ax dx a c

d
2
tan ax a sec ax
dx

tan ax
sec ax dx a c
2

Example 10
Find the following integrals.
a)

sin 4 x dx

3x
2
cos
4 dx
x
c) 2 sec 2 dx
2

b)

2x
d) sec 2 dx
3
4

e) sin 9 x dx
5

f)

5
cos
4
x
dx
2
cos 2 x

Solution:
1

cos 4 x c
sin
4
x
dx
a)
4
3x
b) 2 cos dx
4
x
c) 2 sec 2 dx
2

Solution:
2 2x
sec
dx
d)
3

4
1
4

e) sin 9 x dx cos 9 x c
5
9
5

f)

5
cos
4
x
dx
cos 2 2 x

Example 11
Find the following integrals.
a) sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos x dx
sin( x 2 x) dx
sin 3x dx

cos 3x

c
3

b) cos 5 x cos 2 x sin 5 x sin 2 x dx

ii) Integral of

sin ax and cos ax

Apply Double Angle formula

1
sin x 1 cos 2 x
2
2

cos2 x sin2 x cos 2x

1
cos x 1 cos 2 x
2
2

Example 12 : Find

a) sin 2 x dx

b) sin 2 4 x dx

c) cos2 3x dx

Solution :

a) sin 2 x dx

b) sin 2 2 x dx

1
1
2 1 cos 2 x dx 2 1 cos 2 x dx
1
1

x sin 2 x c
2
2

x sin 2 x

c
2
4

Solution :

c) cos2 3x dx

x sin 6 x

c
2
12

Example 13 : Find

a) 4 sin 2 3x dx

b) 4 x 2 2 cos2 3x dx

Solution :

1
sin 3x 1 cos 6 x
2
2

1
a) 4 sin 3x dx 4 1 cos 6 x dx 2 1 cos 6 x dx
2
2

2 x sin 6 x c
6

sin 6 x
2x
c
3

Solution :

1
cos 3x 1 cos 6 x
2
2

b) 4 x 2 2 cos2 3x dx

Example 14 : Find

a) cos2 x sin 2 x dx

b) cos2 3x sin 2 3x dx

c) 4 sin 2 2 x cos2 2 x dx
Solution______________________________________________

cos2 x sin2 x cos 2x

a) cos2 x sin2 x dx
Apply Double Angle
formula

Example 14 : Find the integral

a) cos2 x sin 2 x dx

b) cos2 3x sin 2 3x dx

c) 4 sin 2 2 x cos2 2 x dx
Solution______________________________________________

cos2 3x sin2 3x cos 6x

b) cos2 3x sin2 3x dx

Apply Double Angle

formula

Example 14 : Find the integral

a) cos2 x sin 2 x dx

b) cos2 3x sin 2 3x dx

c) 4 sin 2 2 x cos2 2 x dx
Solution______________________________________________

c) 4 sin 2 2 x cos2 2 x dx 4 cos2 2 x sin 2 2 x dx

4 cos 4 x dx
4 sin 4 x

c sin 4 x c
4

Exercises
Find the following integrals

1. cos x dx
2

2.

sec

2 x cos 3 x dx

9
sec
3 x dx
3.

5x
sin
4.
dx
4

1
2x

3 sin dx
5.
3

cos ec 2 x

Answer:

1. sin x c
2

tan 2 x 1
2.
sin 3 x c
2
3

3. 3 tan 3x c
4 5x
4. cos
c
5 4
1
9
2x
5. cos 2 x cos c
2
2
3

LECTURE 4 OF 9

f g x g ' x dx f u du
u g x

Techniques of Integration

1) Substitution

2) Integration by Parts

3) Partial Fractions

1.3 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Integration by Substitution
Integration by substitution is used to compute indefinite integrals
of the form
f g x g ' x dx ...............(1)
To compute (1) we make a change of variable, or substitution.
We let
u g x ...................(2 )
Then,

du
g 'x
dx

or

du g ' x dx ....................3

Making these substitution (2) and (3) in (1),

we obtain the integral

f g x g ' x dx f u du

Example 1
Find

2x

3x2 2 dx
5

Solution_____________________________________________
Let
u x3 2 x

then

du
3x 2 2
dx

du 3x 2 2dx

Using this substitution, we have

6
u
x3 2 x 3x 2 2 dx u 5 du
c
6

1 3
x 2 x c
6

Example 2
1
dx
Find
3x 4

Solution____________________________________________

Using this substitution, we have

1
dx
3x 4

Example 3
3x
Find e dx
Solution_____________________________________________
Let

u 3x

Hence,

then,

du
3
dx

1 u
e du

3
1 u
e c
3
1
e3 x c
3

3x
e
dx

du
dx
3

Example 4
x2
Find xe dx
Solution _____________________________________________

Example 5
x 1
dx
Find 2
x 2x 5
Solution _____________________________________________

Let

u x2 2x 5

Then

du
2x 2
dx

du
x 1 dx
2

Using this substitution, we have

x 1
1 1
x 2 2 x 5 dx 2 u du
1
ln u c
2
1
ln x 2 2 x 5 c
2

Example 6
e3 x
dx
Find 3 x
e 1
Solution:_____________________________________________

Let

u e3 x 1

then,

du 3e dx
3x

du
e3 x 1
3

By substitution, we obtain
1 1
e3 x
e3 x 1 dx 3 u du
1
ln u c
3
1
ln e 3 x 1 c
3

Example 7
1
t

e
Find 2 dt
t

Solution : ____________________________________________

Example 8
3

2 ln x
Find
dx

Solution __________________________________

Let u 2 ln x
du 1

dx x

dx
du
x

By substitution, we have

2 ln x 3
x

dx

Example 9
Find 3 x 5 x 1 dx
Solution__________________________

Using substitution, we obtain

3x 5

x 1 dx

3u 1 5 u du

Example 10
Find

x
dx
x2

Solution _____________________________________________

Let u x 2

du dx

and

x u2

By substitution,

x
u2
dx
du
x2
u
1

12
u 2u 2 du

3
2

1
2u

4u 2 c
3
2 12
u u 6 c
3
2

x 2 x 2 6 c
3
2

x 2 x 4 c
3

Example 11

x x 5
dx
Find
2
x 3
Solution :____________________________________________

Hence,

u 3u 3 5
x x 5
du
2
x 32 dx
u

Exercises
By using substitution method, find the following integral
Answer:
4
2
3
5
3

1. 3x x 1 dx

x 1
1.
c
5
4x
dx
2.
2
1
3 2 x 2
2.
c
2
3 2 x
1 6x2
1
c
3.
3
3
.
c
x 2 x
3
x 2 x
4.

2e 1 e
x

x 3

dx

1 e
4.

x 4

LECTURE 5 OF 9

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1.3 b) find the indefinite integral using

INTEGRATION BY
PARTS

udv uv vdu

Suppose u and v are differentiable functions of x. Then by a

product rule,
d (uv)
dv
du
u
v
..........(1)
dx
dx
dx

Integrate both sides of equation (1) with respect to x, we obtain

d (uv )
du
dv
dx dx u dx v dx dx

d (uv)
dv
du
dx

u
dx

v
dx
dx
dx dx

We simplify the above equation as :

uv udv vdu
Rewrite the equation,

udv uv vdu
This formula is called Integration By Parts.

Techniques of Integration
(By Parts Technique)

u dv uv v du
We need to make a judicious choice of u and dv to make
the right-hand side of the integration by parts rule becomes
the one you know how to integrate
Try this. LoPet

Lo
P
e
t

Logarithm
Polynomial
Exponential
trigonometric

Example 1
Evaluate

x 1dx

Solution ______________________________________________
There are two choices we can make for u and dv

First choices, we let u x 1 and

Then

du 1
( x 1) 1 2
dx 2

and

dv x dx

x2
v
2

and integration by parts yields

v du
u dv uv
2
2
x

x
x 1
( x 1) 1 2 dx
4

x x 1dx
We note that the problem is getting more complicated.
Therefore, this choice of u and dv
is not suitable.

A second choice is
u=x

and

du
1
dx

and

Substitution in formula yields

x x 1dx

dv x 1 dx
2
v ( x 1) 3 2
3

u dv uv v du

2
2
32
x( x 1) ( x 1) 3 2 dx
3
3

2
2 2
3 2
x( x 1) . ( x 1) 5 2 C
3
3 5

2
4
x( x 1) 3 2 ( x 1) 5 2 C
3
15

Example 2
Find

2x
xe
dx

LoPet

Alternative :
Integration by parts also can be solved by using
Differentiate

Integrate

(+) x

e2 x

(-)

1 2x
e
2

(+) 0

1 2x
e
4

1 2x 1 2x
xe dx 2 xe 4 e c
2x

Example 3
Find

LoPet

ln x dx

Solution _____________________________________________
Let

u = ln x

and

dv dx

du 1

dx x

Using integration by parts,

1
ln x dx x ln x x x dx
x ln x x c

vx

Example 4

Find

x ln x dx

Solution ______________________________________________
Let u = ln x

Using integration by parts,

x ln xdx

and

dv xdx

Example 5
Evaluate

x 2 e x dx

Solution _____________________________________________
Let

u=x2

and

du
2x
dx

dv e x dx

v ex

Using integration by parts,

x 2 e x dx

x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
x 2e x 2 xex dx

One more time

integrate by part

Let

u=x

and

dv e x dx

du
1
dx

v ex

x
x
xe x dx xe e dx

Hence,

x 2 e x dx x 2e x 2 xex dx

x 2 e x 2 xe x e x dx
x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x

e x ( x 2 2 x 2) c

Example 6
Find

2
x
sin 2 x dx

Solution ____________________________________________

ux
du dx
2
x
sin 2 xdx -

x2

dv cos 2 x dx
sin 2 x
v
2
cos 2 x
sin 2 x
x sin 2 x

-
dx

2
2
2

Exercises
Find the following integrals by using integration by parts method
ln x
a) 3 dx
x

b) xe

1 2 x

dx

c) x cos 3 xdx

d) t 3 e 3t dt

A
N
S
W
E
R
S

a) -

ln x
1

c
2
2
2x
4x

xe1 2 x 1 1 2 x
b)
e
c
2
4

1
1
c) x sin 3 x cos 3 x c
3
9
1
1
2
2 3t
d) - t 3 e 3t t 2 e 3t te 3t
e c
3
3
9
27

LECTURE 6 OF 9

HCLIM _ KMJ

Partial Fractions
f ( x)
g ( x)

Power: f (x) < g(x)

Check the factors

of the denominator

Function

x 1x 2
2
2
x x 1
x2
2
xx x 1

Partial Fractions
A
B

x 1 x 2

A
B
C

2
x x 1 x 1
A
Bx C
2
x
x x 1
NOTE :

The constants A, B and so on can be determined by substituting the

suitable values for x or by comparing the coefficients.

Integration of Rational Functions

by using Partial Fractions
f ( x)
Rational functions : Any functions of the form
g ( x)
where f(x) and g(x) are polynomials.

How to find

f ( x)
dx using partial fractions?
g ( x)

NOTE :
Do Not forget to Factorize denominator of the partial fraction

Example 1
5
dx
Find
x(1 x)

Solution _____________________________________________
5
Express
in partial fractions
x1 x
5
A
B

x1 x x 1 x

5 A1 x Bx

When x = 1,

B=5

When x = 0,

A=5

5
5
5
x(1 x) dx ( x 1 x )dx

1
1
5 dx 5
dx
x
1 x
5 ln x 5 ln 1 x c
x
5 ln
c
1 x

Example 2
2x 1
dx
Use the method of partial fraction to find 2
x 2x 3

Solution _______________________________________________

2x 1
3
5
x 2 2 x 3 dx 4x 1 dx 4x 3 dx

Example 3
x 1
dx
Find 2
4x 4x 1

Solution _____________________________________________
x 1
x 1

2
4 x 4 x 1 2 x 12 x 1

1
when x ,
2
when x 0,

3
2
1
A
2

x 1
1
3

2 x 12 22 x 1 22 x 12

x 1
4 x 2 4 x 1 dx

Example 4
5 x 2 4 x 12
( x 2) x 2 4 dx

Find

Solution ______________________________________________
5 x 2 4 x 12
A
Bx c

2
2
( x 2) x 4 x 2 ( x 4)

5 x 2 4 x 12
3
2x

x 2 ( x 2 4)
( x 2) x 2 4

LECTURE 7 OF 9

Hclim kmj

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
2 TYPES OF INTEGRAL

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

f ( x)dx F ( x) c

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
b

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a)

a

Properties of Definite Integrals

If f and g are integrable on closed interval [a , b] and c is any
constant, then
a)

cdx c(b a)

b)

c)

f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

cf x dx c f x dx

d)

f x dx 0

e)

f)

f x dx f x dx f x dx
If f ( x) 0 for a x b then

for a b c
b

f ( x)dx 0

EXAMPLE 1
3

Evaluate ( x3 1 ) dx
1

Solution _____________________________________
3

( x 1 ) dx 4 x

1
1
3

81 1

3 1
4
4
24

EXAMPLE 2
By using the substitution method,
1

evaluate

2
3
x

x 3 1 dx

Solution ___________________________________________

3 x 2 x3 1dx
1

u du

EXAMPLE 3
3

Evaluate

2
dx
x x 2

Solution _____________________________________________

By using partial fraction,

2
A
B

x( x 1) x x 1

1
1

x x2

By substituting the suitable

values of x, we find that
A = 1, B = -1

2
dx
x x 2

EXAMPLE 4
18 4 x x 2
7
3
Show that

ln
2

2
3
2
(4

3
x
)(1

x
)
0
1

Solution __________________________________________
18 4 x x 2
0 (4 3x)(1 x)2
1

A
B
C
0 4 3x 1 x (1 x )2 dx

By using partial fraction method, we found that

A = 2 , B = 1, C = 3

18 4 x x 2

2
(4 3x)(1 x)
0
1

2
1
3
0 4 3x 1 x (1 x )2 dx
1

2
3
ln 4 3 x ln 1 x

3
1

0
2
3
ln 4 3 ln 1 1

11
3

2
3
ln 4 ln 1 0

3
1

2
3
2
ln 2 ln 2
3
2
7
3

ln 2
3
2

u x
du dx

EXAMPLE 5
Evaluate

0 xe dx

Solution ______________________________

By using by part,
x
xe
dx
0
1

x
e
dx

e x

EXAMPLE 6

Given

f ( x)dx 3,

f ( x)dx 6 and

Find :

a)

b)

0 (2 f ( x) 5 g ( x))dx
5

0 f ( x)dx

g ( x)dx 1

Solution _____________________________________________

a)

b)

0 (2 f ( x) 5 g ( x))dx

0 f ( x)dx

EXERCISES
Answer:

Evaluate :
2

2x
1. 2 dx
1 x 5
1

2.

2 x3
1 x4

dx

3
ln
2
2 1

LECTURE 8 0F 9

1.4 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

hclim

AREA OF A REGION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
AT THE END OF THIS TOPIC, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO :

c) Determine the AREA of a region

Area of a region,
bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis, and
the lines x = a and x = b.
y
y = f(x) y
upper y f (x)

x=a

x=b

ylower y 0

Area radius functiondx

a

NOTE : radius function yupper ylower

Region below the x-axis

y

y=0

x=a

x=b

yupper y 0

ylower y f (x)

y=f(x)
b

Area radius functiondx

a

NOTE : radius function yupper ylower

i. Area between the curve and the x-axis

Formula :
f(x)

f(x)

a
a

1. A

f ( x) 0 dx
a
b

2. A

f ( x) 0dx 0 f(x) dx
a
b
b

Example 1
Find the area of the region between the curve of
y = 8x 2x 2, x = 2, x = 3 and the x-axis.
Solution

y = 8x 2x2

y = 8x 2x 2, x = 2, x = 3
So, the area of the region is

(
8
x

2
x
)

0
dx

4 x x
3

2
3

3 3
2

2 3
2 3

2
2
4(3) (3) 4(2) (2)
3
3

22
2

unit
3

Example 2
Find the area of the region between the curve of
y = x2 4x, the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 4
Solution

y = x 2 4x

y = x 2 4x
So, the area of the region is

Example 3
Find the area of the region between the curve of
y = x3 16x and x-axis.
Solution
y
y = x3 16x

Intercept on x-axis :
-4

y = x 3 16x
So, the area of the region is

ii. Area (Between the curve and the y-axis)

Area of a region bounded by
the curve x =f(y), y-axis, and the
lines y = c and y = d.
y

Formula :

xright x f (y)

xleft x 0
d

A radius function dy
d

c
x = f(y)

NOTE : radius function xright xleft

Area of a region bounded by

the curve x = f(y) , y-axis, and the
lines y = c and y = d.

xright x 0

xleft x f (y)

Formula :
d

d
c

radius function dy

c
x = f(y)

NOTE : radius function xright xleft

Region on the left and the right of y-axis

y
x =f(y)

Area

y=e

y=d
y=c

e
d

x 0 dy c 0 xdy
d

Example 4

What is the area between the curve of y = (x 2)2 and

the y-axis from y = 0 to y = 4 ?
Solution
f y y 2

f(x)
f(x)= (x 2)2
4
o

2
f y

x
y 2

Area (( y

2) 0)dy

0
4

2 32

y 2 y
3
0

8
2 32

2
4 24 0 unit
3
3

Example 5
Sketch the graph of the curve x = y(2 y) and find the
area between the curve, the y-axis and the lines y = 1
and y = 2.
Solution
x = y(2 y)

y
2

0
-1

Area of the shaded region

iii. Area (Between two curves)

y2
y1

b
a

y 2 - y1 dx

Example 6

Find the area enclosed by the curve y = (x 3) 2

and the line x + y = 9
Solution

AREA =

(9 x) ( x 3) dx
2

Example 7

Find the area bounded by the curve of x = y2,

and the curve x = 8 y2
x = 8 y2

x = y2

Solution
The points of intersection are,

y 8 y
2

2y 8 0
2

( y 2)( y 2) 0

y 2 or y 2
Thus the limits of the integration is [-2, 2]

The area bounded are,

2

[(8 y

) y ] dy
2

2
2

(8 2 y ) dy
2

8y

2
3

3 2
2

16
16 64

16 16 unit2
3
3 3

Exercises
1. Find the area enclosed by the lines
x = 1, x = 2, y = 3x and the curve y = x2

2. Find the area enclosed by the curves

y = 3x x2 and y = 2x 2
3. The area enclosed by the curve x = y 2 and
the line y = x 2 is rotated about the
y-axis.

13
answer :
unit2
6

1
answer : unit2
2

72
answer : unit 3
5

Epictetus ~~~ The good or ill of a man lies within his own will.

LECTURE 9 0F 9

1.4 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Volume of a Solid of Revolution
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to :

Determine the volume of a solid of revolution

VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

Region R is revolved completely

about the x-axis

Region R is revolved completely

about the y-axis

Definition :
SOLID OF REVOLUTION
If a plane region is rotated about a straight line
(the axis of rotation), the solid formed is called
a solid of revolution.

DERIVE FORMULA
y = f(x)

x=b
x=a
0

x1

f ( xi )
x2

x3

The region under the

curve is subdivided
into n rectangles .

xn

x height
f ( xi ) radius
Axis of
rotation

Vx i f ( xi ) x
2

Volume of one cylindrical disc = ( radius ) 2 x (height)

3

Vx i f ( xi ) x
2

f ( xi ) x
2

Volume of one cylindrical disc

Sum of the volume of all

the cylindrical disc

i 1

f ( x ) x
n

V lim
n

As n , x 0

i 1

V f ( x) dx
2

y f ( x)

y dx

where,
y = radius function

VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

Rotate region R, 360o about .
Case 1 : x-axis ( line y = 0 )

Case 2 : y-axis ( line x = 0 )

Case 1 : Rotate region R, 360o about x-axis (line y = 0)

The volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R about
the x-axis between the graph of the continuous function y = f (x)
and the x-axis from x = a to x = b is

2
Volume (radius function) dx
a
b

V (y 0) dx

y = f(x)

V f ( x) dx
2

a
6

EXAMPLE 1
Find the volume of a solid of revolution generated by
rotating region R bounded by the line y = 2x, x = 3, and
x-axis 360o about the line y = 0.

y = 2x

R
x=3

METHOD 1
(3, 6)

y
6

R
O

h=3

radius = 6
x (y = 0)

1 2
V r h
3
1
2
(6) (3)
3

36 unit

METHOD 2
3

V ( f ( x)) dx
2

y = 2x

R
0

x=3

x (y = 0)

EXAMPLE 2
The curve y x , the line x = 2 , and the xaxis form the sides
of a bounded region R. Find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving R about the x-axis .
y

y x

Solution :
2

V y dx
2

Case 2 : Rotate region R, 360o about y-axis (line x = 0)

The volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about the
y-axis between the graph of the continuous function x = f (y) and
the y-axis from y = c to y = d is

2
Volume (radius function) dy
c
d

V (x 0) dy
2

y
x = f(y)

d
c
x

V f ( y ) dy
2

c
11

EXAMPLE 3
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
bounded by y = x3, y = 8 and x = 0 around the y axis .
y
y
y=8
8
x=0
y = x 3 or x =

12

Solution :

x y x 3 y g ( y) 3 y
3

V g ( y) dy
c

0
8

y dy
2

2/3

dy

3
3
y

0
96
3
5

unit

13

Case 3 : Region R is between two curves, revolve 360o

about line y = 0 ( x axis )
y
y1 = f(x)
y2 = g(x)

R
a

V ( y1 y2 )dx
2

Suppose that y1 = f (x) and y2 = g(x) are non-negative continuous

function such that, f(x) g(x) for a x b and let R be the region
enclosed between the graphs of these functions and the lines x = a
and x = b.

Case 4 : Region R is between two curves, revolve 360o

about line x = 0 ( y axis )
y
x2 = g(y)
d

x1 = f(y)

V (x1 x2 )dy
2

R
c

c
x

Suppose that x1 = f (y) and x2 = g(y) are non-negative continuous

function such that, f(y) g(y) for c y d and let R be the region
enclosed between the graphs of these functions and the lines x = c

and x = d.

EXAMPLE 4
Sketch the graphs of y = 8 - x2 and y = x2 . Find the points of
intersection of the two graphs. Hence, find the volume of the
solid generated when the region bounded by the two graphs is
rotated through 360o about the x-axis.
y

Solution :
8

y = x2

B
x

y = 8 - x2
12

Let the points of intersection of the two graphs be A and B.

x 8 x
2

2x2 8
x 2 2
when x 2, y 4
when x -2, y 4
A(-2,4) and B (2,4)

Volume

8 x x dx
2 2

2 2

EXERCISE
1. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by
revolving the graph of f(x) = 4 x 2 about the x -axis in
the first quadrant.

256
Volume
unit 3
15
2.The region, R which is bounded the curve of y = x2 +1
and y = 4. Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving R
through 360o about the y-axis.

9
3
Volume unit
2

3. Find the volume of solid of revolution formed by revolving the

region bounded by y2 =4 x and y axis
a) About the x-axis.

b) About the y-axis.

a) Volume 8 unit3
2
b) Volume 34 unit3
15