SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
EEE F243 / INSTR F243
Lecture 01
Introduction to Signals
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Todays Session
Signals
Size of a Signal
Classification of Signals
Useful Signal Operations
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal
Signal:
Signal is a physical quantity which varies with time, space,
frequency etc.
Examples: Electricity, Voice, Photons, Telephonic conversation, TV
signal etc.
Signal should be a function of an independent variable mainly time.
Though others may be space, frequency etc.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Size of a Signal
Signal Energy:
It takes account of both amplitude and duration.
E f = | f (t ) |2 dt
V2s (A2s)
Signal Power:
Time average of the signal energy is the signal power.
1 T /2
2
Pf = lim
f
(
t
)
dt
T T T / 2
V2 (A2)
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Size of a Signal
Energy Signal: If and only if it has finite energy and zero
average power.
Power Signal:
If and only if its power is finite and energy is
infinite.
Generally all periodic signals are power signals.
A signal may not get classified as an energy or power signal, if it does
not satisfy both the criteria. It is then called as neither energy nor
power signal. Example: Ramp signal f(t) = t
It increases indefinitely as t
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Examples
Find the energies of the following signals:
f(t) = sin t
t
f(t) = t
t
Find the power of the following signal: 8
f(t) = t3
-2
2
-8
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal
Classification
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Continuous Time / Discrete Time Signals:
- Uniquely defined at all times / Defined at discrete intervals of time.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Analog Signals Amplitude can take any value in continuous range.
Digital Signals Amplitude can take only finite number of values.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Periodic Signal: Repeats after finite intervals.
f (t ) = f (t + T )
for all t
Smallest value of T satisfies above equation Period.
Aperiodic Signal: Does not repeat after regular intervals.
f (t ) f (t + T )
for all t
A periodic signal can be generated by its periodic extension.
A periodic signal remains unchanged when time shifted by one
period.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Example of Periodic Signals:
t
T
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Example of Aperiodic Signals:
f1(t)
f1(t)
t
0
t
0
f2(t)
f2(t)
1
t
t
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Causal Signal: A signal which does not start before t =0.
f (t ) = 0
t<0
Non- causal Signal: A signal that does not hold the above condition.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Classification
Deterministic Signal:
A signal whose description is
mathematically or by graphically.
known
completely
either
by
Random Signal:
A signal which can only be predicted by probabilistic description.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal
Operations
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Operations
Shifting: shifting of a signal certain time.
(t + T ) = f (t )
(t ) = f (t T )
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Operations
Scaling: The compression or expansion of a signal by time.
Compression: (t ) = f ( at )
Expansion: (t) = f
a
a >1
f(2t)
f(t/2)
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Signal Operations
Inversion (Reversal): Inverting or folding a signal.
( t ) = f (t )
(t ) = f ( t )
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Combined Operations
One operation for example is:
First way:
f (at b )
(1) Time shift:
f (t b )
(2) Time scaling:
f (at b )
Second way: (1) Time scaling:
(2) Time shift:
f (at )
b
f a t = f (at b )
a
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Examples
Express following signals f2(t) and f3(t) in terms of f(t):
f3(t)
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Examples
For the following signal f(t): find (i) f(-t) (ii) f(t+6) (c) f(t/2)
f(t)
0.5
6
0
t
12
15
24
-1
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
