Fast Check for Block Shear
LEWIS B. BURGETT
JDlock shear is a fracture type failure in which fracture may
occur either along the shear plane or along the tension plane
(see Fig. 1). The first plane to reach its fracture strength will
not fail (separate) but is restrained by the stronger plane until
the fracture strength of the second is reached. Just before
fracture along the stronger plane the total strength will be the
sum of the fracture strength along the stronger plane plus the
yield strength of the weaker plane.
Tables are provided in the AISC LRFD Manual which give
values of Cj and C2 for two modes of failure. One mode is
tension fracture, shear yield. The other is shear fracture,
tension yield. The strength of the connection is given by the
equation
^BS = C (^1 + C2)
where t^ is the thickness of the element being considered.
The method described in the LRFD Manual uses the larger
value of RQS calculated for each failure mode as the strength
of the connection. The value thus calculated does not always
agree with the phenomenon described in the first paragraph
above.
A convenient method is offered herein for accurately and
quickly determining which mode of failure to use. R^s is
determined for that mode by using the values of Ci and C2 in
the tables for that particular mode of failure.
This method is limited to the following conditions:
1. There is one row of bolts (same as for Manual tables).
2. Bolt spacing is three inches (same as for Manual tables).
3. Bolt hole dimensions are bolt diameter plus Vi6-in. for
shear fracture and bolt diameter plus Vg-in. for tension
fracture.
4. Vertical edge distance, /^, is equal to or greater than 1.5
times the bolt diameter.
5. No less than two bolts are used.
These conditions are shown in Fig. 2.
Equations for fracture are:
Tension fracture (Eq. J5-2)
RjF = (|)F A,,
= <^KK
h-
dht
Shear fracture (Eq. J4-1)
= (^0.6Fj^ N(3-d,,)+^-3
+K
where
(|) = resistance factor, 0.75
/^ = specified minimum tensile strength, ksi
t^ = thickness of element (web), in.
/;, = distance from center of hole to edge along tension
plane, in.
4 = distance from center of hole to edge along shear plane,
in.
df,t = diameter of hole (bolt diameter + Vg-in.)
d^, = diameter of hole (hole diameter + yi6-in.)
d = bolt diameter
A^ = number of bolts
Let /^ = 1.5d (lower bound), set Rjp = Rsp and solve for 4.
4 = 2.375-0.46?
For this value of 4 both planes have the same fracture
strength. Since this is a special value of 4 it will be called 4*.
For a value of 4 less than 4* it is obvious that shear fracture
will be the stronger fracture strength and the table in the
Manual for "shear fracture, tension yield" is used for selecting
values for Ci and 2- If the number of bolts is increased shear
fracture strength will increase (shear area increases) and will
continue to be the failure mode to use. If 4 exceeds 4* tension
fracture will be the stronger and the table for "tension fracture,
shear yield" is used for determining Ci and C2.
For different bolt sizes and number of bolts the values of 4*
have been calculated and are tabulated below (Table A). If
4 is less than the value tabulated the "shear fracture, tension
yield" table should be used. For the designer's convenience,
values of 4 = 1-5^ are included in the table.
An examination of Table A indicates that, for most beam
end connection situations, "shear fracture, tension yield" will
govern the strength of the connection. For instance, if three
or more bolts of 1 y2-in. or less in diameter are used "shear
fracture will govern if 4 is less than 3%-in. This is also the
governing case for two bolts if 4 is less than 2%2-in.
Example:
Lewis B. Burgett is Associate Director of Education, AISC,
Lilburn, GA.
FOURTH QUARTER /1992
For the connection shown in Fig. 3, determine R using
Table A.
125
Table A.
l, = 3V2 - 2 = 11/2 > (1.5^= lVi6-in.)
4 = IH < (4* = 423/32-in., for 7/8-in. bolt)
Bolt Size
Use shear fracture, tension yield table.
Ci = 72.9
3/4
^/8
iVs
IV4
13/8
IV2
2V8
23/16
2V4
25/16
23/8
2V4
2V2
29/16
3V2
3V2
3^%2
3^%2
3^5/32
3V4
37/16
3^3/32
429/32
413/16
423/32
4%
4^V32
4%2
43/8
4%2
6%2
eVs
531/32
525/32
55/8
5%2
55/16
55/32
/^,= 1.5d
^5/16
1V8
1^/1.6
IV2
1^Vi6
1%
2V16
2V4
C2 = 149
= 0.4(72.9+149) = 88.76 kips
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
The ninth edition of the ASD Manual does not have tables
similar to those in the LRFD Manual for checking block shear
\)^
M V. t t . AaJ^u.^
-6
\:vv:i*=>NowJ
FL^^oe:
^"biOKA
Vu/^1^^
Figure 1
i/j'
r/4
4 tw'O'*"
(O
AW5-t4
<J=
<0
Figure 2
126
Figure 3
ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
based on the assumption of fracture of one plane plus yielding
on the perpendicular plane. Since the ratio of shear fracture
strength to tension fracture strength is the same for ASD as it
is for LRFD, i.e.
(|)(Q.6F,AJ
^KK
0.3F,A,
-0.6
0.5F,A,
REFERENCES
Manual of Steel ConstructionLoad and Resistance Factor
Design, First Revised Edition, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc., Chicago, 1991.
Manual of Steel ConstructionAllowable Stress Design,
Ninth Edition, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.,
1989.
Table A is applicable to ASD as well as LRFD.
Table B provides values of C^ and C2 for checking for block
shear when using ASD.
FOURTH QUARTER/1992
127
Table B.
ASD
Shear Fracture, Tension Yield
Fy =36
Fu = 58
Ci
Ih
Iv
1V8
IV4
13/8
IV2
1%
13/4
iVs
2V4
2V2
23/4
1V4
43.4
46.1
48.8
51.5
54.2
56.9
59.6
62.3
65.0
70.4
75.8
81.2
86.6
1%
45.5
48.2
50.9
53.6
56.3
59.0
61.7
64.4
67.1
72.5
77.9
83.3
88.7
1V2
47.7
50.4
53.1
55.8
58.5
61.2
63.9
66.6
69.3
74.7
80.1
85.5
90.9
1%
49.9
52.6
55.3
58.0
60.7
63.4
66.1
68.8
71.5
76.9
82.3
87.7
93.1
13/4
52.1
54.8
57.5
60.2
62.9
65.6
68.3
71.0
73.7
79.1
84.5
89.9
95.3
1%
54.2
56.9
59.6
62.3
65.0
67.7
70.4
73.1
75.8
81.2
86.6
92.0
97.4
56.4
59.1
61.8
64.5
67.2
69.9
72.6
75.3
78.0
83.4
88.8
94.2
99.6
2V4
60.8
63.5
66.2
68.9
71.6
74.3
77.0
79.7
82.4
87.8
93.2
98.6
104.0
2V2
65.1
67.8
70.5
73.2
75.9
78.6
81.3
84.0
86.7
92.1
97.5
103.0
108.0
23/4
69.5
72.2
74.9
77.6
80.3
83.0
85.7
88.4
91.1
96.5
102.0
107.0
113.0
73.8
76.5
79.2
81.9
84.6
87.3
90.0
92.7
95.4
101.0
106.0
112.0
117.0
C2
Bolt Diameter
128
32.6
29.4
26.1
71.8
66.3
60.9
111.0
103.0
95.7
150.0
140.0
131.0
189.0
177.0
165.0
228.0
214.0
200.0
268.0
251.0
235.0
307.0
288.0
270.0
10
346.0
325.0
305.0
RBS=iC^ + C2)t
ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Table B.
ASD
Tension Fracture, Shear Yield
Fy =36
Fu = 58
c,
Ih
Iv
1V8
IV4
^%
IV2
1%
13/4
1^8
2V4
2V2
23/4
1V4
47.0
50.6
54.2
57.9
61.5
65.1
68.7
72.4
76.0
83.2
90.5
97.7
105.0
1%
48.8
52.4
56.0
59.7
63.3
66.9
70.6
74.2
77.8
85.0
92.3
99.6
107.0
1V2
50.6
54.2
57.8
61.5
65.1
68.7
72.3
76.0
79.6
86.8
94.1
101.0
109.0
1%
52.4
56.0
59.6
63.3
66.9
70.5
74.1
77.8
81.4
88.6
95.9
103.0
110.0
1%
54.2
57.8
61.4
65.1
68.7
72.3
75.9
79.6
83.2
90.4
97.7
105.0
112.0
1^/8
56.0
59.6
63.2
66.9
70.5
74.1
77.7
81.4
85.0
92.2
99.5
107.0
114.0
57.8
61.4
65.0
68.7
72.3
75.9
79.5
83.2
86.8
94.0
101.0
109.0
116.0
2V4
61.4
65.0
68.6
72.3
75.9
79.5
83.1
86.8
90.4
97.6
105.0
112.0
119.0
2V2
65.0
68.6
72.2
75.9
79.5
83.1
86.7
90.4
94.0
101.0
108.0
116.0
123.0
23/4
68.6
72.2
75.8
79.5
83.1
86.7
90.3
94.0
97.6
105.0
112.0
119.0
127.0
72.2
75.8
79.4
83.1
86.7
90.3
93.9
97.6
101.0
108.0
116.0
123.0
130.0
C2
Bolt Diameter
n
32.3
30.5
28.7
75.6
73.7
71.9
119.0
117.0
115.0
162.0
160.0
158.0
205.0
203.0
202.0
248.0
247.0
245.0
292.0
290.0
288.0
335.0
333.0
331.0
10
378.0
376.0
374.0
FOURTH QUARTER/1992
RBS=(C^ + C2)t
129
Table B.
ASD
Shear Fracture, Tension Yield
Fy =50
Fu = 65
Ci
Ih
/.
iVs
IV4
1%
IV2
1%
IV4
1^8
1V4
54.4
58.1
61.9
65.6
69.4
73.1
76.9
80.6
84.4
1%
56.8
60.6
64.3
68.1
71.8
75.6
79.3
83.1
86.8
IV2
59.3
63.0
66.8
70.5
74.3
78.0
81.8
85.5
1%
61.7
65.4
69.2
72.9
76.7
80.4
84.2
13/4
64.1
67.9
71.6
75.4
79.1
82.9
1^/8
66.6
70.3
74.1
77.8
81.6
69.0
72.8
76.5
80.3
2V4
73.9
77.6
81.4
2V2
78.8
82.5
23/4
83.6
88.5
2V2
23/4
99.4
107.0
114.0
94.3
102.0
109.0
117.0
89.3
96.8
104.0
112.0
119.0
87.9
91.7
99.2
107.0
114.0
122.0
86.6
90.4
94.1
102.0
109.0
117.0
124.0
85.3
89.1
92.8
96.6
104.0
112.0
119.0
127.0
84.0
87.8
91.5
95.3
99.0
107.0
114.0
122.0
129.0
85.1
88.9
92.6
96.4
100.0
104.0
111.0
119.0
126.0
134.0
86.3
90.0
93.8
97.5
101.0
105.0
109.0
116.0
124.0
131.0
139.0
87.4
91.1
94.9
98.6
102.0
106.0
110.0
114.0
121.0
129.0
136.0
144.0
92.3
96.0
99.8
104.0
107.0
111.0
115.0
119.0
126.0
134.0
141.0
149.0
2V4
91.9
C2
Bolt Diameter
130
36.6
32.9
29.3
80.4
74.3
68.3
124.0
116.0
107.0
168.0
157.0
146.0
212.0
199.0
185.0
256.0
240.0
224.0
300.0
282.0
263.0
344.0
323.0
302.0
10
388.0
364.0
341.0
RBS={C^ + C2)t
ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Table B.
ASD
Tension Fracture, Shear Yield
Fy =50
Fu = 65
Ci
Ih
Iv
iVs
IV4
13/8
IV2
1%
13/4
1^8
2V4
2V2
23/4
1V4
57.5
61.1
65.6
69.7
73.7
77.8
81.9
85.9
90.0
98.1
106.0
114.0
122.0
1%
60.0
64.1
68.1
72.2
76.2
80.3
84.4
88.4
92.5
101.0
109.0
117.0
125.0
1V2
62.5
66.6
70.6
74.7
78.8
82.8
86.9
90.9
95.0
103.0
111.0
119.0
127.0
1%
65.0
69.1
73.1
77.2
81.2
85.3
89.4
93.4
97.5
106.0
114.0
122.0
130.0
13/4
67.5
71.6
75.6
79.7
83.7
87.8
91.9
95.9
100.0
108.0
116.0
124.0
132.0
1^/8
70.0
74.1
78.1
82.2
86.2
90.3
94.4
98.4
102.0
111.0
119.0
127.0
135.0
72.5
76.6
80.6
84.7
88.7
92.8
96.9
101.0
105.0
113.0
121.0
129.0
137.0
2V4
77.5
81.6
85.6
89.7
93.7
97.8
102.0
106.0
110.0
118.0
126.0
134.0
142.0
2V2
82.5
86.6
90.6
94.7
98.7
103.0
107.0
111.0
115.0
123.0
131.0
139.0
147.0
23/4
87.5
91.6
95.6
99.7
104.0
108.0
112.0
116.0
120.0
128.0
136.0
144.0
152.0
92.5
96.6
101.0
105
109.0
113.0
117.0
121.0
125.0
133.0
141.0
149.0
157.0
C2
Bolt Diameter
n
3/4
47.8
45.8
43.8
108.0
106.0
104.0
168.0
166.0
164.0
228.0
226.0
224.0
288.0
286.0
284.0
348.0
346.0
344.0
408.0
406.0
404.0
468.0
466.0
464.0
10
528.0
526.0
524.0
FOURTH QUARTER/1992
RBS = (C^ + C2)t
131
