MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flows
Olivier Desjardins
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fall 2010
Overview
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Class: Tue, Th, 11:00am 12:15pm
Office hours: Walk-in or by appointment
Books:
C. Crowe, M. Sommerfeld, Y. Tsuji: Multiphase Flows with Droplets
and Particles
Multiphase Flow Handbook, C. T. Crowe
W. A. Sirignano: Fluid Dynamics and Transport of Droplets and
Sprays
Atomization and Sprays, A. H. Lefebvre
Coursework
Homework: No homework
Mid term quiz: No midterm
Final exam: No final
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Class Projects
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Choose topic by end of next week
2-page proposal due 09/02/2010 in class
Prepare progress report (seminar and write-up) that
summarizes the topic and which can be used by
other students
10 minutes presentations given on Oct. 12 14
5-page write-up
Final report (seminar and write-up) during the last two
weeks of class
15 minutes presentations given on Nov. 30 Dec. 9
10-page write-up
Presentations graded by your peers
Objectives & Pre-requisites
Investigate a Variety of Complex Multiphase Flows
Focus on global flow properties
Provide theoretical framework
Discuss state of the art modeling strategies
Sometimes theoretical
More often computational models
Pre-reqs
Navier-Stokes, anyone?
In general, mass, momentum, energy conservation
Better not be afraid of pdes
Some familiarity with numerical methods
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Course Topic
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Variety of Multi-Phase Flows
Spray combustion
Bubbles
Splashing water
Ocean, breaking waves
Solid particles
Inkjet printer
wave breaking
truck tire splash
LOX+GH2 cold jet (Mayer et al. 01)
Some Applications
Combustion of liquid fuels
Aircraft engines
Diesel engines
Fluidized bed coal combustion
Interfacial flows
Particle laden flows
Condensation and evaporation in clouds
Bubble columns
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Issues
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Primary breakup
Instabilities
Secondary breakup
Droplets into smaller droplets
Evaporation, condensation
Coalescence or particle interactions
Momentum/energy/mass exchange of
different phases
Diesel injection
Diesel injection
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Example
coaxial atomization
Breakup of a liquid jet
Liquid core into large
drops
Large drops into small
drops
Or direct disintegration
Marmottant & Villermaux 2002
Lasheras et al. 1998
Example
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Formation of large drops
from experiment and
simulation
Marmottant & Villermaux 2004
Herrmann et al. 2006
Multi-Phase Flow: Classification
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Multi-Phase Flow: Classification
Multiphase flows with assumed
phase-interface topology
Particle-laden flows, sprays
Dispersed or dense?
Lagrangian or Eulerian description?
Heat and mass transfer?
Multiphase flows with resolved phase-interface
topology
Gas-liquid flows
Various models
Heat and mass transfer
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Gas turbine engine
Example of gas turbine combustion chamber
Involves a range of multiphase flows
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Gas turbine engine
Example of gas turbine combustion chamber
Involves a range of multiphase flows
Fuel injection,
primary atomization
Secondary atomization
Droplet coalescence
Turbulent spray
dispersion
Spray-wall interactions
Spray evaporation
Spray combustion
Others
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Dispersed two-phase flows
Definition of Number Density
Consider gas-phase density
Define local gas density as
Mean free path: ~ 100 nm
>> 100 nm for statistical average
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Number Density
Number density
Implications
1. Averaging volume has to be much larger than
droplet spacing
2. Evaporating droplets
Not all particles are same size
Particle size distribution
Statistical model
Volume fraction
Look at particle volume per unit volume
Can define interparticle spacing
For a cubic arrangement
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Particle Size Distribution Function
PSDF: Probability Density Function of particle diameter
for ensemble of particles
Discrete Form
Discrete PSDF:
Normalization:
Note:
PSDF sometimes not normalized,
then
PSDF
Particle Size Distribution Function
Mean
Variance
Cumulative Distribution
Function
CDF:
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Particle Size Distribution Function
Continuous Form
Continuous PSDF:
Normalization:
Straightforward
definitions of moments
and CDF
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Characteristic Diameters
Other possible definitions of characteristic
diameters
Example
Median
Ratio of moments
Special form: Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD)
Corresponds to total volume over total surface
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Frequently Used PSDFs
Log normal
0 is variance of log of D
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Frequently Used PSDFs
Rosin-Rammler Distribution
Often used to describe droplet sizes in sprays
Defined by mass density function with empirical
constants and n
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Dispersed Phase Flows
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Volume Fraction
Dispersed phase volume fraction
Continuous phase volume fraction,
aka void fraction
Vo has to be large enough to ensure converged
statistics
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Particle Spacing L
When can particle/particle interactions be neglected?
PPI negligible if L/D > 10
Two particles with distance L
Dispersed phase
PPI negligible if d < 5 10-4
Seems awfully small!
How much is this in particle mass ratio?
Particle Spacing L
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Particle mass ratio
From L/D = 10 follows for water droplets in air
Classification
One-way coupling
Two-way coupling
Gas affects particles through drag, evaporation
Gas affects particles through drag, evaporation
Particles affect gas through drag, evaporation
Four-way coupling
Gas affects particles through drag, evaporation
Particles affect gas through drag, evaporation
Particles affect each other through collisions, coalescence
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Particle Spacing L
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
How large does Vo have to be, if N particles are required
for a statistical ensemble?
Dispersed phase
For 10 m particles, L/D = 10, and the requirement
to have 1000 particles in ensemble follows
For 0.1 mm particles
Time Scale Estimates
Particle Response Time
Particle equation of motion
Drag force
gives
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
Introducing the Reynolds number as
gives
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
Drag coefficient of a sphere
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Small Reynolds number: Stokes flow
Leads to
With
v is characteristic time to reach equilibrium of
velocities
Time Scale Estimates
Particle Response Time
For water in air and D = 0.1mm
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Large Reynolds number:
Leads to
With
For water in air, D = 1mm, vrel = 10m/s, which
results in Re = 1000
Time Scale Estimates
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Particle Response Time
Velocity or momentum difference can be neglected if the
shortest flow time scale is much larger than particle
response time
Example: LES
For = 1mm, U = 100m/s follows
For this case, relative velocity can be neglected for particles
smaller than D = 1m
Time Scale Estimates
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Stokes Number
Stokes number describes ratio of particle time
scale to flow time scale
Effect illustrated by constant time lag solution
Time Scale Estimates
Constant Time Lag Solution
St = 0 (very small particles): v = u
St -> (very large particles): v = 0
St 1: strong interaction of u and v
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
Effect of Stokes Number
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Thermal Response Time
Heat flux
Define non-dimensional heat transfer coefficient k
Conductive heat transfer
Time Scale Estimates
Droplet energy equation
gives
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Time Scale Estimates
Small Reynolds number: Nu = 2 gives
With Prandtl number defined as
Time scale ratio
Conclusion: Thermal equilibrium typically
slower than velocity
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Collision Time Scale
Other way of characterizing dense dispersed
two-phase flow
DILUTE
DENSE
Collision timescale
How should we define the
relative velocity?
Governing Equations
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
1. Flow equations locally considering ensembles of
particles (Eulerian representation)
2. Flow equation describing flow locally around a
single particle and inside droplets (DNS)
3. Lagrangian particle equations (Lagrangian
tracking)
Particle Equations
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Lagrangian description of single particle or droplet
Position
Momentum
f1 is factor describing departure from Stokes flow
and Stefan flow (blowing effect)
Particle Equations
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy
f2 is factor correcting for evaporation effect on
heat transfer (Stefan flow)
Nu here is the corrected value considering
convection
Particle Equations
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Mass
Hm is driving potential for mass transfer (like T for energy)
km is mass transport coefficient
With Sherwood and Schmidt numbers defined as
Follows
Particle Equations
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Which drop has a higher dm/dt, large or small?
Which has higher dm/dt, one large drop or two
smaller drops with each half the mass of the
large drop?
Small droplets
Thermodynamics of Phase Change
Phase Diagrams: p, v, T Surface
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Thermodynamics of Phase Change
Phase Diagrams: Saturation Curve
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Thermodynamics of Phase Change
Vapor Mole Fraction at the Droplet Surface
Clapeyron equation
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Assumptions are
Equilibrium conditions
Ideal gas for vapor state
vl << vg
Small changes in L compared with reference state
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Levels of Approximation
Isolated droplets or droplet cloud
Constant or time varying droplet temperature
Constant or spatially varying droplet temperature
Quiescent surrounding gas or convective flow
Gas phase in steady state or time varying
Influence of Stefan flow
Phase equilibrium at the droplet surface
Energy and Mass Transfer
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Simplest Model: D2 Law for Evaporating Droplet
Droplet mass change
Assume RHS constant leads to
with
Energy and Mass Transfer
Spherically Symmetric Droplet Heating and
Vaporization
Assume steady gas-phase
One-step global reaction
F + O -> ( +1) P
Reaction rate:
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Gas-Phase Governing Equations
Continuity
Energy
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Gas-Phase Governing Equations
Fuel
Other species
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Boundary Conditions
At r -> : Yi, T = Yi,, T
At r = R:
Continuous temperature: Ts = Tl,s
XF from Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Mass and energy balances from integration of
species transport equations across interface
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Flux Conditions
Fuel
Other species
Energy
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Discussion
Three differential equation requiring six boundary
conditions
Eight boundary conditions
Eigenvalue problem
Two eigenvalues:
Gas-phase problem can be solved if Tl,s is known
in interface condition for temperature
Requires analysis of liquid phase
Energy and Mass Transfer
Gas-Phase Solution
Assuming Le = 1, define coupling function
or
gives
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Interface flux condition
Add
and
gives
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Integration of -equation yields
Second integration assuming Dc = const gives
Energy and Mass Transfer
Mass flux solution
with Spalding transfer number
For fast chemistry
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Similar derivation for
leading to
Fast chemistry
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Evaluate Nu number
Heat flux
Stoichiometric temperature
Definition of Nu number
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Evaluate Nu number
Insert
from interface flux condition and
replace Leff with expression for B gives
Same expression for Sherwood number
Caution: T in the drop temperature equation has
to be the same as in the definition of Nu
Energy and Mass Transfer
Different Levels of Approximation
Constant droplet temperature
D2-model
Infinite conductivity model
Solve droplet temperature equation
Liquid phase equation model
Solve 1D time-dependent equation for droplet
Too expensive
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
Non-Zero Reynolds Number
Ranz-Marshall correlation (1952)
Correction to consider effect of convection
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Energy and Mass Transfer
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
Reviews
W. A. Sirignano: Fluid Dynamics and
Transport of Droplets and Sprays
R. S. Miller, K. Harstad, J. Bellan, Evaluation
of Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium
Evaporation Models for Many-Droplet GasLiquid Flow Simulations, Int. J. Multiphase
Flows, 24, 1025-1055, 1998
Energy and Mass Transfer
Miller et al.
MCEN 6228
Multiphase Flow
