ERCOT
October 8, 2007
Don Martin
HVDC STUDIES
AND APPLICATIONS
CLASSIC HVDC STATION COMPONENTS
AC yard
11th
harmonic
filter
Converter
DC yard
Valve hall
Pole line
13th
harmonic
filter
DC filter
Highpass
filter
Electrode
lines
Highpass
filter
13th
harmonic
filter
Pole line
11th
harmonic
filter
AC bus
CLASSIC HVDC REACTIVE POWER BALANCE
HVDC Classic Steady-State Model
POWER FLOW MODELING
Pcon = +1.0 PU (-1.0 PU)
Qcon = -0.5 PU (-0.5 PU)
Qcap= +0.5 PU
HVDC LIGHT STATION CHARACTERISTICS
HVDC Light Steady-State Model
POWER FLOW MODELING
Pcon = +1.0 PU (-1.0 PU)
Qmax = +0.35 PU
Qmin = -0.50 PU
Qcap +0.15 PU
HVDC SIMPLIFIED STEADY-STATE MODELS
Investigate Typical Planning Study Requirements:
Thermal loading
Reactive power requirements
Power transfer limits and changes in the
system power flow
Voltage profiles
System losses
ABB HVDC Classic Calculations
U vN =
U di 0 N
3
I vN =
2
I dN
3
Optimized design
Typical estimate, Nominal conditions
=15 degree
dxN= 0.065
drN= 0.003
UT=0.3/250 pu (0.12%) of UdN /6-pulse bridge; i.e., negligible
Equations per 6-pulse bridge
Once the above definition of dx is taken into account, and UT is neglected, the equations
are essentially the same as those in the PSS/E Manual.
HVDC DETAILED CLASSIC STEADY-STATE MODELS
Also Provide HVDC System Operating Parameters:
DC Voltages
Converter P & Q
DC Currents
, , (firing, extinction, and overlap angles)
Converter Transformer Taps
DC System Losses
HVDC DETAILED CLASSIC STEADY-STATE MODELS
A loadflow model of HVDC is necessary in
order to be able to initialize its dynamic model.
It is also useful for providing the approximate
steady-state response of HVDC to changes in
terminal voltage during loadflow studies.
HVDC Classic Configurations
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as one dc
line in PSS/E
VSCHD= 2*500 = 1000 kV
RDC= 2*0.01 = 0.02 /km
Monopolar operation with ground return
(one pole out or cable)
Monopolar operation with metallic return
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as two dc lines
in PSS/E
500 kVdc
1000 kVdc
Rdc=0.01
/ km
HVDC Classic Configurations
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as one dc
line in PSS/E
Monopolar operation with ground
return
(one pole out or cable)
VSCHD= 500 kV
RDC= 0.01 /km
Monopolar operation with metallic
return
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as two dc
lines in PSS/E
Rdc=0.01
500 kVdc
/ km
HVDC Classic Configurations
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as one dc
line in PSS/E
Monopolar operation with ground
return
(one pole out or cable)
Monopolar operation with metallic
return
VSCHD= 500 kV
RDC= 2*0.01 = 0.02 /km
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as two dc
lines in PSS/E
Rdc=0.01
/ km
500 kVdc
Rdc=0.01
/ km
HVDC Classic Configurations
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as one dc
line in PSS/E
Monopolar operation with ground
return
(one pole out or cable)
Monopolar operation with metallic
return
Bipolar HVDC line, modeled as two
dc lines in PSS/E
Two entries
VSCHD= 500 kV
RDC= 0.01 /km
Rdc=0.01
/ km
500 kVdc
500 kVdc
Rdc=0.01
/ km
HVDC DYNAMIC MODELS
Udc
IO1
IOi
+
CC
+
COR
DI
DCR
IO
+
CR
+
DIO
DCR
DF
DF
FPD
FPD
frequency (FLJO-2)
control
modulation (FLJOGG)
control
IO1
COR
IO
CR
DGAM
GR
Udc or Uac
HVDC Classic Control
VDCOL function
VDCOL characteristics
Main characteristics With/Without VDCOL
avoid power instability during and after disturbances in the a.c. network
define a fast and controlled restart after clearance of a.c. and d.c. faults
avoid stresses on the thyristors at continuous commutation failure
suppress the probability of consecutive commutation failures at recovery
Firing Angle Limits and VDCOL
Firing angle limits alpha min for
rectifier operation, minimum
commutation margin for inverter
operation
Minimum firing voltage for rectifier
operation for disturbances
Voltage dependent current order
limiter for controlling dynamic
reactive power demand during
start-up and disturbance recovery
VDCOL time constants fast for
decreasing voltage, slower for
increasing voltage
VDCOL up time constant speed
dependent on system strength
HVDC DETAILED DYNAMIC MODELS
HVDC CONTROLLABILTY CAN BE USED TO
ENHANCE SYSTEM DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE:
Frequency Control
Modulation for System Stabilization
System Oscillation Damping
Reactive Power Control
AC Voltage Control
Fast Remedial Action Responses
Conventional HVDC 3 ph rectifier ac fault
Vac Rectifier
(rectified)
Io, Id Rectifier
Alpha Rectifier
Vd Inverter
Vac Inv
(rectified)
Io, Id Inverter
Gamma Inverter
Conventional HVDC 1 ph rectifier ac fault
Vac Rectifier
(rectified)
Io, Id Rectifier
Alpha Rectifier
Vd Inverter
Vac Inv
(rectified)
Io, Id Inverter
Gamma Inverter
Half power
transmitted
during fault
Conventional HVDC 1 ph rectifier remote ac fault
Vac Rectifier
(rectified)
Io, Id Rectifier
Alpha Rectifier
Vd Inverter
Vac Inv
(rectified)
Io, Id Inverter
Gamma Inverter
Conventional HVDC 3 ph inverter ac fault
Vac Rectifier
(rectified)
Io, Id Rectifier
Alpha Rectifier
Vd Inverter
Vac Inv
(rectified)
Io, Id Inverter
Gamma Inverter
Conventional HVDC 3 ph remote inverter ac fault
Vac Rectifier
(rectified)
Io, Id Rectifier
Alpha Rectifier
Vd Inverter
Vac Inv
(rectified)
Io, Id Inverter
Gamma Inverter
Conventional HVDC DC Pole Fault
Vac Rectifier
(rectified)
Deionization time
Io, Id Rectifier
Alpha Rectifier
Vd Inverter
Vac Inv
(rectified)
Io, Id Inverter
Gamma Inverter
Half power on
other pole
Can compensate
transiently
Power Flow Model for HVDC Light
Two Power Flow Generators
Modular concept
HVDC Light modules
Voltages
Currents
580A (2 sub)
1140A (4 sub)
1740A (6 sub)
80 kV
M1 =101 MVA
M2 =199 MVA
M3 =304 MVA
150 kV
M4 =190 MVA
M5 =373 MVA
M6 =570 MVA
300 kV
M7 =380 MVA
M8 =747 MVA
M9 =1140 MVA
Load Flow data for HVDC Light
PCC
Filter bus
ZSOURCE
Generator model
to represent the
converter
The PQ-diagram
(limitations)
Principals of the model - PSS/E
First converter / Second converter
This naming is only to give the converters different references
There is no priority or differences in controls based on this naming
Either converter can operate in inverter or rectifier mode
One of the converters is in dc voltage control and the other is in active power control
Each of the converters can independently be set in ac voltage or reactive power control
mode
DC_HL2
CHVDCL
CHVDCL
Dynamic model
Load flow model
PCC
Filter bus
Filter bus
AC
system
PCC
AC
system
Generator model
to represent the
converter
First converter
Generator model
to represent the
converter
Second converter
Converter control - PSS/E
PCC
Recognizes the following actions:
Udc ref
AC
voltage
control
Inner
current
control
DC
voltage
control
Qref
Pref
Reactive
power
control
AC voltage control or reactive
power control
Active power control or DC
voltage control
Current output limitation
Internal converter voltage
limitations
Udc
Uac ref
Qref
The CHVDCL model represents the
HVDC Light converter control
PCC
Upcc
Uac ref
Phase
current
limit
Converter
voltage
limit
Active
power
control
Pref
UacCtrl
UdcCtrl
QCtrl
PCtrl
Converter control, user interaction
Additionally, the HVDC Light model accommodates the following
actions by the user:
Power ramping, by modifying the power order
Converter blocking
Modulation by an external control, separate auxiliary inputs for
modulation
Porder
Qorder
Uacorder
Passive Net operation (optional)
Black start
Off shore applications (drilling, windfarms, etc.)
HVDC Light Dynamic Performance
VA
VB
VC
HVDC Light Dynamic Performance
Cross Sound - Step Response Test
No Change in
Reactive Power Demand
or AC Voltage
First energized July 22, 2002
Heat-run test August 7, 2002
330 MW VSC Transmission
Troll A Solid 1-phase fault in Kollsnes, 132-kV bus
PCC phase voltages
150
100
kV
50
0
-50
-100
-150
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
Motor phase voltages
100
kV
50
-50
-100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Troll A Solid 3-phase fault in Kollsnes, 132-kV bus
PCC phase voltages
150
100
kV
50
0
-50
-100
-150
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
Motor phase voltages
100
kV
50
-50
-100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
HVDC Model Availability
PSS/E
PSLF
Available
Available
HVDC Conventional
Yes
Yes
HVDC Light - Reduced
Yes
Yes
HVDC Light - Detailed
Yes
No
Note: Detailed and Reduced Model generally require ABB to provide data to properly model the system
HVDC DETAILED DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES
EXAMPLES OF HVDC CONTROLLABILTY USED TO
ENHANCE SYSTEM DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE:
IPP HVDC POLE CAPABILITY
POLE POWER
MW
1600
-60 MW/MIN
1200 MW/MIN
1200
800
400
0
MINUTES
0
NEW ZEALAND HVDC UPGRADE LINK
Voltage Stabilization
Constant Frequency Control
Frequency Stabilization
Spinning Reserve Sharing
NEW ZEALAND HVDC UPGRADE LINK
New Zealand
System
Performance
Enhancement with
HVDC Control
Required
Extensive
Stability Studies
Q- NE HVDC Multiterminal Studies
Radisson
Radisson Frequency Control Study
Power Modulation Control for
Hydro-Quebec System
Power Modulation Control for New
England System
Radisson Dynamic Overvoltage
Study
Nicolet
Montreal
Des Cantons
Comerford
Sandy Pond
New York
Boston
Atlantic
Ocean
HVDC PERFORMANCE
HVDC CONTROL HAS CAPABILITY FOR:
No inadvertent or loop flow
Improve AC system stability
Improve AC system damping
Optimize loss performance
Participate in remedial action schemes
Provide voltage support and control
