ELE-351
Electrical Energy Conversion
Chapter 5
Synchronous Generators
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Outline
Synchronous generator construction
The rotor circuit
The speed of rotation and the frequency of the electrical power
An equivalent circuit for a synchronous generator
The phasor diagram
Voltage regulation
Power & torque in synchronous generators
Measuring SG parameters
Frequency and voltage control of SG
Effects of load variations (voltage regulation) for isolated
generators.
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Synchronous generator
A prime mover (diesel engine or turbine) is
connected to the shaft (rotor) to supply
mechanical power.
power
A dc current is applied to the rotor or field
winding producing a rotating magnetic field
(Br).
A 3 set off voltages
l
i induced
is
i d d on the
h stator
or armature windings.
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Elementary Synchronous generator
The rotating magnetic field is created by the dc
current applied to the field winding on the spinning
rotor!
Voltage
o tage is
s induced
duced o
on tthe
e 3 windings
d gs p
placed
aced o
on tthe
e
stator by the variation of the magnetic flux.
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The rotor circuit (magnet)
( g )
2 and 4-pole machines have nonsalient
(cylindrical) poles while machines with 4 or
more poles have salient (sticking out)
poles.
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The rotor circuit (magnet)
Photograph of a salient 8 pole synchronous machine rotor
Photographofasalient8polesynchronousmachinerotor
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The rotor circuit (magnet)
DC current is supplied to the
rotor byy means of slipp rings
g
and brushes.
Slip
p Rings:
g are metal rings
g
encircling shaft and are
insulated from it
O
One end
d off rotor
t winding
i di is
i
connected to each of the 2
slip rings
A stationary brush mounted
on the machine casing ride
on each slip ring
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A brushless exciter system
The dc current that appears on the rotor is
obtained from a rectified induced voltage.
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Another brushless exciter system
Notice the small pilot exciter (extra windings,
permanent magnet and rectifiers).
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The speed of rotation of a synchronous
generator
The electrical frequency is synchronized to the
rotor speed.
speed
Recall that the magnetic field created by a 3 4pole machine moves 180
180 while the stator currents
vary 360.
Therefore
Therefore, a 2-pole
2 pole generator must turn at 3600
r/min to produce a 60 Hz voltage while a 4-pole
must turn at 1500 r/min to produce 50 Hz power.
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The induced voltage
The internal generated voltage (no load) is:
E A = K ,
NC
K=
2
where is given in Electrical rad/s
How can this voltage be varied?
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The output voltage of the generator
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The output voltage of the generator
Last figure shows a 2 pole rotor spinning
inside a 3 phase stator
stator, without load
Rotor magnetic field BR develops a voltage EA
is p
positive out of conductors,, at top,
p, and
negative into the conductors at bottom of
figure
When there is no load on generator, the
armature current is zero, EA=V
If the
th generator
t is
i connected
t d to
t a lagging
l
i PF
load, the peak current occurs at an angle
behind the peak voltage as in fig (b)
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13
The output voltage of the generator
Current flowing in stator windings produces its
magnetic field BS
The direction of BS is found by R.H.R. as shown in
fig(c). This BS produces another voltage in stator,
namedd Estat as shown
h
in
i figure
fi
Having these two voltage components in stator
windings,
i di
total
t t l voltage
lt
in
i one phase
h
is
i sum off EA andd
Estat :
V = EA + Estat and Bnet = BR + BS
The angle of Bnet coincide with angle of V shown in
fig (d)
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The output voltage of the generator
To model the effect of armature reaction, note:
Estat lies
li at an angle
l off 90 behind
b hi d plane
l
off
maximum current IA
Estat directly proportional to IA and X is
constant of proportionality
Estat = -j X IA
voltage in one phase V = EA - j X IA
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The output voltage of the generator
Factors that affect the output voltage (V):
Armature reaction: Field created by the stator or
armature currents.
Self-inductance and resistance of the stator
windings.
These can be modeled by an inductive
reactance and resistance in series with the
internal generated voltage
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The output voltage of the generator
Stator self-inductance named LA (its reactance
XA) and stator resistance is RA :
V = EA- jXIA- jXAIA- RAIA
Armature reaction & self
self-inductance
inductance in machine
both represented by reactances, normally they are
combined to a single reactance as :
XS = X + XA
V = EA- jXSIA- RAIA
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Equivalent model of a 3 synchronous
generator
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18
The per-phase equivalent circuit and
phasor diagrams
How does V/ vary with the load type?
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Synchronous Generators
Power and Torque
Not all mechanical power goes to a
synchronous
h
generator becomes
b
electrical
l i l
power
The difference between input & output power
represent the losses.
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Synchronous Generators Power and Torque
The input mechanical power is the shaft power in the
synchronous generator
Pin = app m
The power converted from mechanical to electrical
form
Pconv = ind m
= 3EA IA cos
where is the angle between EA and IA)
The difference between Pin and Pconv in generator
represents mechanical, core, and stray losses of the
machine
hi
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Synchronous Generators Power and Torque
Th
The reall electrical
l t i l output
t t power off synchronous
h
generator
t in
i
line quantities:
Pout=3 VT IL cos
in phase quantities:
Pout= 3 V IA cos
The reactive power output:
Qout=3 VT IL sin
in pphase quantities:
q
Qout= 3 V IA sin
Ignoring the armature resistance RA (XS >> RA), a useful
relation
l ti can be
b derived
d i d to
t approximate
i t the
th output
t t power off
the Generator.
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Synchronous Generators Power and Torque
To derive that useful equation with the stator
resistance ignored, a simplified phasor diagram
is used
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Synchronous Generators Power and Torque
The vertical segment bc is EA sin or XS IA cos
IA cos = EA sin / XS
Substituting this in the equation of Pout
Pout = (3V EA sin) / XS
Since resistances assumed zero, no electrical losses in
the generator and Pconv = Pout
Th
The above
b
equation
ti shows
h
that
th t the
th power produced
d d by
b
a the generator depends on the angle (between V and
EA), the torque
q angle
g
Maximum power that the generator can supply occurs
when = 90.
Pmax = (3V EA ) / XS
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Synchronous Generators Power and Torque
From chapter 4, torque developed in a generator
can be expressed as:
ind= k BR BS
ind= k BR Bnet
Magnitude of torque in this equation is:
ind= k BR Bnet sin
is the angle between the rotor field and the net
magnetic field
Since BR produces voltage EA, and Bnet produces
V, the angle between EA and V is same as angle
b t
between
BR andd Bnet
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Synchronous Generators Power and Torque
Alternative expression for this torque in syn.
Gen is deri
Gen.
derived
ed
Using Pconv= ind m
indd =
3V E A sin
m X S
This equation gives torque in terms of circuit
parameters.
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Measurement of Synchronous Generator
Model Parameters
Main parameters: IF EA relationship, XS and RA.
Open-circuit test EA= VT
EA
Short-circuit test Z S = R + X =
IA
E A V ,oc
=
Since XS >> RA,, X S
IA
IA
VDC
DC voltage test in the armature 2 RA =
I DC
VDC
RA =
2 I DC
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2
A
2
S
27
Measurement of Synchronous Generator
Model Parameters
EA from the open circuit test and IA from the short
circuit
i i test are taken
k at the
h ratedd field
fi ld current If, rated
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The Effect of Load Changes on a
Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
For EA constant, if the load changes, the voltage drop
across XS andd V also
l change
h
How can V be regulated? By varying If
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