Power Electronics
Chapter 3
DC to DC Converters
(Choppers)
Power Electronics
Outline
3.1 Basic DC to DC converters
3.1.1 Buck converter (Step-down converter)
3.1.2 Boost converter (Step-up converter)
3.1.3 Buck-Boost converter (Step-down/step-up converter) and
Cuk converter
3.1.4 Sepic converter and Zeta converter
3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and connection of
multiple DC/DC converters
3.2.1 A current-reversible chopper
3.2.2 Bridge chopper (H-bridge DC/DC converter)
3.2.3 Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converters
Power Electronics
3.1 Basic DC to DC converters
IntroductionBuck converter
SPDT switch changes dc
component
Switch output voltage
waveform
Duty cycle D:
0D1
complement D:
D = 1 - D
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Dc component of switch output voltage
Fourier analysis: Dc component = average value
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Insertion of low-pass filter to remove switching
harmonics and pass only dc component
Power Electronics
Basic operation principle of buck converter
Buck converter with
ideal switch
Realization using
power MOSFET
and diode
Power Electronics
Thought process in analyzing basic
DC/DC converters
Basic operation principle (qualitative analysis)
How does current flows during different switching states
How is energy transferred during different switching states
Verification of small ripple approximation
Derivation of inductor voltage waveform during different
switching states
Quantitative analysis according to inductor volt-second
balance or capacitor charge balance
Power Electronics
Actual output voltage waveform of
buck converter
Buck converter
containing practical
low-pass filter
Actual output voltage
waveform
v(t) = V + vripple(t)
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The small ripple approximation
v(t) = V + vripple(t)
In a well-designed converter, the output voltage ripple is
small. Hence, the waveforms can be easily determined by
ignoring the ripple:
Power Electronics
Buck converter analysis:
inductor current waveform
10
Power Electronics
Inductor voltage and current
subinterval 1: switch in position 1
11
Power Electronics
Inductor voltage and current
subinterval 2: switch in position 2
12
Power Electronics
Inductor voltage and current waveforms
13
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Determination of inductor
current ripple magnitude
14
Power Electronics
Inductor current waveform
during start-up transient
15
Power Electronics
The principle of inductor volt-second
balance: Derivation
16
Power Electronics
Inductor volt-second balance:
Buck converter example
17
Power Electronics
The principle of capacitor charge
balance: Derivation
18
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Boost converter example
19
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Boost converter analysis
20
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Subinterval 1: switch in position 1
21
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Subinterval 2: switch in position 2
22
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Inductor voltage and capacitor current
waveforms
23
Power Electronics
Inductor volt-second balance
24
Power Electronics
Conversion ratio M(D) of
the boost converter
25
Power Electronics
Determination of inductor current
dc component
26
Power Electronics
Continuous-Conduction-Mode (CCM) and
Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode (DCM) of buck
L
io
iG
EM
VD uo
iG
ton
O
io
toff
iG
t
i1
I10
iG O
io
i2
I20
t1
O
uo
O
uo
toff
ton
Tt
i1
t
x
i2
t1
I20
t2
t
E
O
O
CCM mode
EM
DCM mode
27
Power Electronics
Continuous-Conduction-Mode (CCM) and
Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode (DCM) of boost
L
VD
EM
uo
a)
uo
O
i
i1
i2
ton
O
io
i1
I20
I10
uo
I20
I10
toff
i2
ton
b)
CCM mode
t1 tx
t2
toff
c)
DCM mode
28
Power Electronics
3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and
connection of multiple DC/DC converters
A current reversible chopper
V1
VD2
io
V2
VD1
uo
EM
Can be considered as a
combination of a Buck and a
Boost
Can realize two-quadrant ( I & II)
operation of DC motor:
forward motoring,
forward braking
29
Power Electronics
Bridge chopper (H-bridge chopper)
V1
VD2
V2
VD1
V3
uo
L
io
VD4
M
EM
V4
VD3
Can be considered as the combination of two
current-reversible choppers.
Can realize 4-quadrant operation of DC motor.
30
Power Electronics
Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converter
L
V1
i1
L1
V2
i2
L2
i3
L3
V3
E
VD3 VD2 VD1
u3
u2
u1
io
O
u2
uo O
u3
O
uo
O
i1
O
i2
O
i3
O
io
u1
Current output capability is
increased due to multi-channel
paralleling.
Ripple in the output voltage and
current is reduced due to multichannel paralleling.
Ripple in the input current is
reduced due to multi-phase
paralleling.
31
