TAFILA TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Cutting Tools Lab

Report Sheet
Experiment No: (1 (
Experiment Name: single point tools

Lab Time : 5:00 - 8:00 Sunday

Instructor name:
Dr. Rasheed Emirah
Eng. Amir Al-Amirah

Student Name:
Mohanad Bassam Alrfou

OBJECTIVES:
Introduction to Features of single point cutting tool.
Concept of rake and clearance angle and its importance
Interrelation between different Systems of Nomenclature.

Introduction:
Tool geometry is basically referred to some specific angles or slope of the salient faces and edges of
the tools at their cutting point.
Both material and geometry of the cutting tools play very important roles on their performances in
achieving effectiveness, efficiency and overall economy of machining.
Cutting tools may be classified according to the number of major cutting edges (points) involved as
follows:

Single point cutting tools : Examples: turning tools, shaping,

planning and slotting tools and boring tools
Double or Two point cutting tools : Example : drills
Multipoint (more than two) cutting tool: Example: Milling cutters,
Broaching tools, Hobs, Gear shaping cutters etc.

Theory:
The geometry of a single point cutting tool is determined by the following
features:
Face or rake surface, which is the surface of cutting tool along which
the chips move
Flank surface that face the workpiece. There are two flank surfaces,
namely principal and auxiliary flank surfaces.
Cutting edge that remove material from the workpiece. There are two
cutting edges. The principal cutting edge performs the function of major
material removal and is formed by the intersection line of rake face with
the principal flank surface. The auxiliary cutting edge, often called as end
cutting edge, is formed by intersection of rake face with the auxiliary
flank surface.

Corner or cutting point, which is meeting point of the principal and

auxiliary cutting edges. Often a nose radius is provided to avoid a sharp
corner.

The previous mentioned features are shown in the figure 1.

Figure 1 Features of a single point tool.

CONCEPT OF RAKE AND CLEARANCE ANGLES OF CUTTING TOOLS.
Tool geometry is basically referred to some specific angles or slope of the
salient faces and edges of the tools at their cutting point. Rake angle and
clearance angle are the most significant for all the cutting tools. The rake
angle and clearance angles are illustrated with figures below
Rake angle (): Angle of inclination of rake surface from reference plane
Clearance angle (): Angle of inclination of clearance or flank surface
from the finished surface
The rake angle has the following function:
It allows the chip to flow in convenient direction
It reduces the cutting force required to shear the metal and
consequently helps to increase the tool life and reduce the power
consumption. It provides keenness to the cutting edge.
It improves surface finish

Rake angle may be positive, or negative or even zero as shown in Figure 2

Figure 2: Different types of rake angle on tool

. RAKE ANGLE- TYPES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.
Positive rake :
Positive rake or increased rake angle reduces compression, the
forces , and the friction, yielding a thinner ,less deformed and
cooler chip
But increased rake angle reduces the strength of the tool section
and heat conduction capacity
Some areas of cutting where positive rake may prove more
effective are , when cutting tough, alloyed materials that tend to
work harden, such as certain stainless steel, when cutting soft or
gummy material or when low rigidity of workpiece, tooling ,
machine tool, or fixture allows chatter to occur.
Negative rake:
To provide greater strength at the cutting edge and better heat
conductivity , zero or negative rake angles employed on carbide,
ceramic, polycrystalline diamond, and poly crystalline cubic boron
nitride cutting tools.
These materials tend to be brittle but their ability to hold their
superior hardness at high temperature results in their selection for
high speed and continuous machining operation.
Negative rakes increases tool forces but it is necessary to provide
added support to the cutting edge. This is particularly important in
making intermittent cuts and in absorbing the impact during the
initial engagement of the tool and work.
Negative rakes are recommended on tool which does not possess
good toughness ( low transverse rupture strength)

 Negative rake causes high compression, tool forces and friction ,

resulting in highly deformed , hot chip.
The rake angle for a tool depends on the following factors
1. Type of the material being cut: A harder material like cast iron may
be machined by smaller rake angle than that required by soft
material like mild steel or aluminum.
2. Type of tool material. Tool material like cemented carbide permits
turning at high speed. At high speeds rake angle has little influence
on cutting pressure. Under such condition the rake angle can
minimum or even negative rake angle is provided to increase the
tool strength.
3. Depth of cut: In rough turning, high depth of cut is given to remove
the maximum amount of the material. This means that the tool has
to withstand severe cutting pressure. So the rake angle should be
decreased to increase the lip angle that provides the strength of the
cutting edge.
4. Rigidity of tool holder and machine: an importantly supported tool on
old or worn out machine cannot take up high cutting pressure. So
while machining under above condition, the tool used should have
larger rake angle.
The following are the advantages of increasing this angle,
It increases tool life as, for the same depth of cut; the cutting force is
distributed on a wider surface
It diminishes the chip thickness for the same amount of feed and
permits greater cutting speed.
It dissipates heat quickly for having wider cutting edge.
o The side cutting edge angle of the tool has practically no effect
on the value of cutting force or power consumed for a given
depth of cut and feed.
o Large side cutting edge angles are lightly to cause the tool to
chatter.
End cutting edge angle
The function of end cutting edge angle is to prevent the trailing front
cutting edge of the tool from rubbing against the work. A large end
cutting edge angle unnecessarily weakens the tool. It v

The planes of reference and the coordinates used in ASA system for tool geometry are :

R - X -

Y and Xm Ym Zm
R = Reference plane; plane perpendicular to the velocity vector
X = Machine longitudinal plane; plane perpendicular to R and taken in the direction of assumed
longitudinal feed

= Machine Transverse plane; plane perpendicular to both R and X [This plane is taken in the
direction of assumed cross feed]
The axes Xm, Ym and Zm are in the direction of longitudinal feed, cross feed and cutting velocity (vector)
respectively. aries from 8 to 15 degrees.

Figure 3 Tool angles in ASA system

The shape of the tool is normally specified in a special sequence, often

referred to as tool signature, as shown below:
Back rake angle
Side rake angle
Front or end clearance or relief angle
Side clearance angle or relief angle
End cutting edge angle
Side cutting edge angle
Nose radius

TYPES OF SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL

1. SOLID TYPE TOOL.
2. BRAZED TYPE TOOL.
3. INSERT BIT WITH HOLDER TOOL.
4. THROW AWAY TYPE HOLDER TOOL

SOLID TYPE TOOL:

MAT:
High Carbon Steel.
High Speed Steel.

BRAZED TYPE TOOL:

Shank Is Made Of Ordinary Material And Tip Of Tungsten Carbide Is Brazed With
Shank.

INSERT BIT WITH HOLDER TOOL.

Shank Is Made Of Ordinary And Small
Tool Made Of Different Kind Of Hard
Material Can Be Used For Different
Kinder Of Work

THROW AWAY TYPE HOLDER TOOL.

Shank Is Made of Ordinary and Carbide Tip Made of Different Kind Of Hard Material
Can Be Used for Different kind Of Work.

CUTTING TOOL MATERIAL

1.FERROSE METAL.
High Carbon Steel.
High Speed Steel.
2 NON FERROSE METAL.
Tungsten.
Vanadium.
3 NON METAL.
Ceramic.
Diamond.

TURNING Tools:
1.Offset Facing Tool.
2. Form Tool.
3. Left Hand Cranked
Turning & Facing Tool.
4. Straight Turning Tool.
5. Broad Turning Tool.
6. Grooving Tool.
7. Round Nose Finishing
Tool.
8. Thread cutting tool.
9. Knife tool.
10. Parting off tool.

Conclusion
There are many types of single point tools, they are used in
many types of machining operations the single point tools can
be determined due to their angles ;the rack ,clearance,.etc.
References
1- https://www.wikipedia.org
2- https://www.scribd.com

3- Fundamentals of Metal Cutting and Machine Tools B. L. Juneja