CHNG3807
Products and value chains
Andrew Harris
The University of Sydney
Department of Chemical Engineering
The future of energy supply
Andrew Harris1,2
1Laboratory
for Sustainable Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Sydney, AUSTRALIA
2Darwin College, University of Cambridge, CB3 9EU, UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +61 2 9351 2926, Fax: +61 2 9351 2854
[email protected] Energy Information Administration (EIA) (www.eia.doe.gov)
Energy consumption in Australia
Australia is one of the few OECD countries that is a
significant net energy exporter.
Australia is the world's leading coal exporter and its
fourth largest producer.
Proven oil and natural gas reserves have nearly
doubled in recent years.
Despite this it has a growing oil deficit.
As of January 2000, Australia had an electrical
generation capacity of 43 million kilowatts (or
gigawatts). Approximately 84% of this capacity was
thermal (mostly coal) and 14% of it was from
renewables (mostly hydro).
In 2000, Australia contributed 1.5% of the world's
total energy-related carbon emissions whilst using
1.2% of the worlds energy.
This is the highest per capita carbon emission
rate in the developed world (Australia Institute,
2000).
what are some alternatives?
introduce end of pipe solutions
reduce global energy consumption
improve energy efficiency, introduce demand management
sustainable and renewable energy (cleaner, low carbon)
carbon sequestration
hydrogen economy
Renewable energy
The developed world relies heavily on fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural
gas) for its energy.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable, i.e. they draw on finite resources that
will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally
damaging to retrieve.
In contrast, renewable energy resources are constantly replenished.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.
Examples include solar, biomass, wind, hydro and geothermal.
Additional resources
http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html
http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/
http://www.iea.org/
http://www.smartoffice.com/principles.htm
http://www.thecarbontrust.co.uk/carbontrust/climate_change/iocc4_4_1.html
www.wwf.org.au/News_and_information/
Publications/PDF/Report/clean_energy_future_report.pdf
http://www.wwf.org.au/News_and_information/Features/feature10.php
Zero emission process design
Creating processes that have no waste streams.
They make use of synergistic industries clustered
around the plant to achieve this, e.g. ZERI brewery,
mushroom farm, fish farm, piggery and steam
generator.
There are opportunities for zero emission processes
in all industries across Australia and around the
world.
e.g. zero emission coal technology in Australia.
Zero emission coal
Handout
Process design in 5 minutes
Process Flow Diagrams (PFD)
Detailed Equipment Design
Site Layout
Process Economics
Purpose of PFDs
Communicate the principal operational steps in a process
Show all major feeds, products, by-products and wastes
Show all major processing units
Give basic mass and energy balance details
Show utility streams and usages
Features of PFDs
All equipment has a code (e.g. T-101 = tank 101)
Often company standard
Coding letter relates to equipment
Number relates to item in class
First number often plant section First number
often plant section (cf. T-101, T201)
Coding can include:
T = tank, R = reactor, C = column, P = pump, M =
mixer, F = filter, D = dryer, HX = heat exchanger,
Q = furnace, V = vaporizer, G = gas movers
Features of PFDs
Spatial layout important
Flow from left to right
Equipment well spaced
Top section for identifiers and description
Bottom section for M&E Table
Adapt for P&ID
Equipment to follow vertical orientation as much as possible
much as possible
Preparation of PFDs
Do rough sketch first
Select appropriate icons for units, number streams
Layout to reduce cross cross-over lines
Do draft drawing
Get someone else to check and sign off
