ME 262
Basic Fluid Mechanics
Major losses, Colebrook-White equation,
Jain equation, Moody diagram, minor losses)
Assist. Prof. Neslihan SEMERC
Marmara University
Department of Environmental Engineering
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Important Definitions
Pressure Pipe Flow: Refers to full water flow in closed conduits of circular cross sections
under a certain pressure gradient.
For a given discharge (Q), pipe flow at any location can be described by
- the pipe cross section
- the pipe elevation,
- the pressure, and
- the flow velocity in the pipe.
Elevation (h) of a particular section in the pipe is usually measured with respect to a
horizontal reference datum such as mean sea level (MSL).
Pressure (P) in the pipe varies from one point to another, but a mean value is normally used
at a given cross section.
Mean velocity (V) is defined as the discharge (Q) divided by the cross-sectional area (A)
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Head Loss From Pipe Friction
Energy loss resulting from friction in a pipeline
is commonly termed the friction head loss (hf)
This is the head loss caused by pipe wall
friction and the viscous dissipation in flowing
water.
It is also called major loss.
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
FRICTION LOSS EQUATION
The most popular pipe flow equation was derived by Henry
Darcy (1803 to 1858), Julius Weiscbach (1806 to 1871), and
the others about the middle of the nineteenth century.
The equation takes the following form and is commonly
known as the Darcy-Weisbach Equation.
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Turbulent flow or laminar flow
Reynolds Number (NR) < 2000 laminar flow
Reynolds Number (NR) 2000 turbulent
flow;
the value of friction factor (f) then becomes less dependent
on the Reynolds Number but more dependent on the
relative roughness (e/D) of the pipe.
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Roughness Heigths, e, for certain
common materials
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Friction factor can be found in three ways:
1. Graphical solution: Moody Diagram
2. Implicit equations : Colebrook-White Equation
3. Explicit equations: : Swamee-Jain Equation
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Moody Diagram
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Determination of Friction Factor by
using Moody Diagram
Example 22.1(Use of Moody Diagram to find friction factor):
A commercial steel pipe, 1.5 m in diameter, carries a 3.5 m3/s
of water at 200C. Determine the friction factor and the flow
regime (i.e. laminar-critical; turbulent-transitional zone;
turbulent-smooth pipe; or turbulent-rough pipe)
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
Use of Moody Diagram
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
10
Implicit and explicit equations for
friction factor
Colebrook-White Equation:
1
= log
e
D
3.7
2.51
NR f
Swamee-Jain Equation :
f=
11/23/2015
0.25
2
e
5.74
log ( D + 0.9 )
3.7 N
R
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
11
Emprical Equations for Friction Head Loss
Hazen-Williams equation:
It was developed for water flow in larger pipes (D5 cm, approximately 2 in.)
within a moderate range of water velocity (V3 m/s, approximately 10 ft/s).
Hazen-Williams equation, originally developed for the British measurement
system, has been writtten in the form
= 1.318 0.63 0.54
= 0.849 0.63 0.54
in British System
in SI System
S= slope of the energy grade line, or the head loss per unit length of the pipe (S=hf/L).
Rh = the hydraulic radius, defined as the water cross sectional area (A) divided by wetted
perimeter (P). For a circular pipe, with A=D2/4 and P=D, the hydraulic radius is
11/23/2015
D2 /4
D
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
13
CHW= Hazen-Williams coefficient. The values of CHW for
commonly used water-carrying conduits
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
14
Emprical Equations for Friction Head Loss
Mannings Equation
Manning equation has been used extensively open channel designs. It is also quite commonly
used for pipe flows. The Manning equation may be expressed in the following form:
1
= 2/3 1/2
n= Mannings coefficient of roughness. In British units, the Manning equation is written as
=
1.486 2/3 1/2
where V is units of ft/s.
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
15
Manning Rougness Coefficient for pipe flows
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
16
MINOR LOSS
Losses caused by fittings, bends, valves etc.
Each type of loss can be quantified using a loss
coefficient (K). Losses are proportional to velocity of
flow and geometry of device.
Hm = K .
V2
2g
K=Minor loss coefficient
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
17
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
18
2.1. Minor Loss at Sudden Contraction
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
19
2.2. Minor Loss at Gradual Contraction
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
20
Head Loss at the entrance of a pipe from
a large reservoir
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
21
2.3. Minor Loss in Sudden Expansions
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
22
2.4. Minor Loss in Gradual Expansions
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
23
Head Loss due to a submerging pipe
discharging into a large reservoir
Kd = 1.0
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
24
Minor Loss in pipe valves
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
25
Minor Loss in Pipe Bends
11/23/2015
Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
26
