CIVL 111 Construction Materials
Prof. Zongjin Li
Department of Civil Engineering
5.5.1 Fatigue strength of concrete
For
concrete, there are two types of
fatigue strength
Static fatigue and cyclic fatigue
Static fatigue reflects the influence of
slow loading rate
5.5. Static fatigue
It has been observed from strength tests that the
loading carrying capability is a function of loading
rate.
Load carrying capacity decreases with loading rate
decreases
The load carrying capacity reaches a constant value
when loading rate low enough
This value coincides with unstable creep threshold
(75-80% of short term strength)
Static fatigue (2)
5.5 Cyclic fatigue
Material Strength is Reduced with the Number of
Loading Cycles - Concept of the S-N Curve
Normalized
Strength
1.0
Fatigue Threshold
Number of Cycles
5.5 Cyclic fatigue
Stress range, , is the difference between the
max. and the min. values
Mean stress, m, is the average of the max. and
min. values
Stress amplitude, a, is half of the stress range
Completely reversed stressing mean stress equal
to zero with constant amplitude
Normalized amplitude-mean diagram
Cyclic fatigue
Goodman Law (Empirical equation)
a m
+
=1
ar u
Modified form
a = ar 1
u
1
= ( max min )
2
Cyclic fatigue
Fatigue strength of plain concrete in tension,
compression, or flexure
Cyclic fatigue
Beam with its own weight
Simple support
Beam with live load
10
5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of
elasticity
A set-up for compression test
11
5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of
elasticity
Load
cell
Strain gauge
Extensometer
Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT)
12
5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of
elasticity
Typical load versus axial displacement and load versus
circumferential Displacement curves for three classes for concrete
13
5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of
elasticity
Stress strain relationship
14
5.5.2 Tension Test (1)
Uniaxial
tension test:
More difficult to obtain a complete stressdeformation curve.
Conventional methods:
Load-sharing system
Notched specimen method
15
5.5.2 Tension Test (2)
Tension Test with a Load Shearing System
16
5.5.2.2 Tension Test (3)
Uniaxial Tension Test with Notched Specimen
17
Load cell
Machine wedge grip
Loading fixture
Aluminum
loading plate
LVDT{1
LVDT{3
LVDT{2
LVDT{4
Aluminum
loading plate
Loading fixture
Machine wedge grip
Machine actuator
18
Uniaxial tension test
0.08
0.06
LVDT-1
0.04
0.02
LVDT-2
I
0.00
II
LVDT-4
III
I: Stroke control
II: LVDT 2, 4 or 1 control
III: LVDT 1 control
LVDT-3
-0.02
0
2000
4000
6000
Time (second)
8000
19
Steel fiber
(0.5% in volume)
Polypropylene fiber
(0.5% in volume)
Plain concrete
0
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
Displacement (mm)
0.08
0.10
20
5.5.2 Direct measurement of modulus of
elasticity
The Youngs modulus can be measured directly from the
stress-strain curve
Load
30S
P
30S
P0
T
Loading/Time Diagram
Loading process for measuring the
modulus of concrete
21
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
a.
b.
c.
Parallel model (or Isostrain
model)
Series model (Isonstress model)
Square-in-square model
22
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
a.
Parallel model (or Isostrain model)
cement paste
aggregate
Cement paste
loaded in
parallel with
aggregate
Concentrate
aggregate in central
part of cylinder
23
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
Assumptions
Strain is same in matrix and in aggregate
Sum of Pm and Pa equals total load
Pc = Pm + Pa
24
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
From Pc = Pa + Pm
Get
Since
(rule of mixture)
25
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
b.
Series model (Isostress model)
Cement paste loaded
in tranverse direction
with aggregate
26
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
Assumptions:
Force in matrix and aggregate is same
Pc = Pm = Pa
Deformation change of the concrete equals
the sum of the deformation changes in matrix
and in aggregate
lc = lm + la
27
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
From
l c = l a + l m
get
la la lm lm
lc
=
+
lc
lc la
lc lm
c = aVa + mVm
Since c = c and
Ec
c =a =m
V
V
1
= a + m
Ec
Ea
Em
28
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
c.
Square-in-square model
In this kind of model, the representative volume in concrete is
Idealized as a square.
Cement
Aggregate
29
5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of
elasticity
Va
1 1 Va
=
+
Ec
Ep
Ea Va + E p (1 Va )
30
5.5.3 Dimension stability
Shrinkage and creep
Dimensional stability
The capability of concrete to keep its
size and shape in original form in a
long term
Drying shrinkage
Creep
31
5.5.3 Shrinkages
a.
b.
c.
Plastic shrinkage
Autogenous shrinkage self desiccation; mainly for
low W/C ratio and high SF concrete
Drying shrinkage or shrinkage (Normal W/C ratio
concrete)
-- Excessive water migration.
Humidity < 90%
Shrinkage
Submerge in water
Swell
32
Drying shrinkage
Distribution of Disjoining Pressure
Water vapor +air
Adsorbed water layer
33
Shrinkage measurement
34
5.5.3 Effects of shrinkage (1)
a.
Shrinkage strain: shrinkage strain, sh , is time
dependent. Approximately 90% of the ultimate
shrinkage occurs during the first year.
sh
l sh
=
lo
For plain concrete members ranges 0.0004 to
0.0007 for standard conditions.
For reinforced concrete members, the shrinkage
strain values is between 0.0002 and 0.0003.
(Reinforcement can reduce shrinkage)
35
5.5.3 Effects of shrinkage (2)
b.
Self balance stress
36
5.5.3 Effects of shrinkage (3)
c.
Shrinkage crack
37
5.5.3 Shrinkage control
a.
b.
c.
d.
Use expansive concrete (shrinkagecompensating concrete)
Use reinforcement
Use fibers
Use shrinkage reducer (admixture)
38
5.5.3.2 Creep
5.3.2.1
5.3.2.2
5.3.2.3
5.3.2.4
Introduction
Influence of creep on structures
Stress Influence on creep
Models to describe the creep strain process
39
5.3.2.1 Introduction (1)
Creep
A time-dependent deformation under a constant load.
Course
The movement and migration of absorbed water
inside gel under load.
Type
Basic creep creep occurred under 100% RH
Drying creep additional creep occurred when
relative humidity (RH) < 100%
40
5.3.2.1 Introduction (2)
t = Stress variation with time
t = Stress variation with time
t
41
5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on structures (1)
a.
Influences:
To reinforced concrete (R.C.) and prestressed concrete
(P.C.)
Long-term deflection of a R.C. beam can be 2-3 times larger
than the initial deflection
Final deflection F
Initial deflection I
F / I = 2 3
42
5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on structures (2)
b.
Stress loss in prestressed concrete which can lead to
increased cracking and larger deflection under
service load.
F
F
Archorage
Archorage
43
5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on structures (3)
c.
In a R.C. column, creep can cause the initial stress
in the steel to double or triple with time because
steel is non-creeping and thus take over the force
reduced in concrete due to creep.
l RC = lC = l S
Reinforcing steel
44
5.3.2.3 Stress influence on creep
Linear creep
Nonlinear creep
Unstable creep
Stress < 50% of strength
Stress > 50% strength
Stress > 75-80% strength
Creep
0.5
0.75
45
Creep test set up
46
Creep measurement
47
5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain
process (1)
a.
Maxwell model
Spring + Dashpot in series
E (t )
(t )
T
(t )
(t )
48
5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain
process (2)
a.
Maxwell model
Equilibrium
Compatibility
E (t ) = (t ) = (t )
(t ) = E (t ) + (t )
Constitutive relationship
Differentiating and combining
Initial condition
t=0
( 0) =
( 0)
E
49
5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain
process (3)
0
0t
(t ) =
+
E
Plot
(t )
t
50
5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain
process (4)
b.
Kelvin Model
Spring + Dashpot in parallel
E (t )
(t )
(t )
51
5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain
process (5)
b.
Kelvin model
Equilibrium
Compatibility
Constitutive relationship
By substitution (3) into (1)
(t ) = E (t ) + (t )
(1)
(t ) = E (t ) = (t )
(2)
E (t ) = E E (t )
.
(t ) = (t )
.
(t) = E(t) +(t)
(t ) +
(3)
(t ) = 0
one special solution
52
5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain
process (6)
Solving with initial condition
(t ) =
( 0) = 0
t =0
1 e
E
E
t
(t )
t
53
Modeling
of creep
Burgers body
E1
1
2
Instantaneous
Response
Steady
State Creep
T ra n s ie n t
R esponse
Transient
Response
S te a d y S ta te
C re ep
In s t a n t a n e o u s
Response
t
54
5.3.3 Other important factors affecting
shrinkage and creep
1 W/C ratio
2 Aggregate stiffness (elastic modulus)
3 Aggregate fraction
4
Theoretical thickness
5
Humidity
6
Age at the loading
55
5.3.3.1 W/C ratio
The
higher the w/c ratio, the higher the
shrinkage and creep.
- water migration is main course of
shrinkage and creep
56
5.3.3.2 Aggregate stiffness (elastic modulus)
The
stiffness the aggregate: The stiffer the
aggregate, the smaller the shrinkage and creep.
Aggregate
Cement paste
57
5.3.3.3 Aggregate fraction
A
higher aggregate fraction leads to a small
shrinkage and creep
- Aggregate has no shrinkage and creep
- Cement paste has shrinkage and creep
58
5.3.3.4 Theoretical thickness
The theoretical thickness is defined as the ratio of
section area to the semi perimeter in contact with the
atmosphere. The higher the theoretical thickness the
smaller the creep and shrinkage.
t TH =
A cross area
P perimeter
A
2A
P
perimeter
59
5.3.3.5 Humidity
The
higher the R.H., the lower the
shrinkage and creep. This is because an
increase in the atmospheric humidity is
expected to slow down the relative rate of
moisture flow from the interior to the
outer surface of concrete.
60
5.3.3.5 Age at loading
The later the load is applied, the smaller the creep
Two reasons:
i) More stiffer when age is older
ii) Less vaporable water remained in concrete
at an older age
61
