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LAWOFNATIONS:CHAP.XVI.:OFTHEPROTECTIONSOUGHTBYANATION,ANDITS
VOLUNTARYSUBMISSIONTOAFOREIGNPOWER.
192.Protection.
WHENanationisnotcapableofpreservingherselffrominsultandoppression,shemayprocure
theprotectionofamorepowerfulstate.Ifsheobtainsthisbyonlyengagingtoperform
certainarticles,astopayatributeinreturnforthesafetyobtained,tofurnishher
protectorwithtroops,andtoembarkinallhiswarsasajointconcern,butstillreserving
toherselftherightofadministeringherowngovernmentatpleasure,itisasimple
treatyofprotection,thatdoesnotallderogatefromhersovereignty,anddiffersnot
fromtheordinarytreatiesofalliance,otherwisethanasitcreatesadifferenceinthe
dignityofthecontractingparties.
193.Voluntarysubmissionofonenationtoanother.
Butthismatterissometimescarriedstillfartherand,althoughanationisunderanobligationto
preservewiththeutmostcarethelibertyandindependenceitinheritsfromnature,yetwhenit
hasnotsufficientstrengthofitself,andfeelsitselfunabletoresistitsenemies,itmaylawfully
subjectitselftoamorepowerfulnationoncertainconditionsagreedtobybothparties:andthe
compactortreatyofsubmissionwillthenceforwardbethemeasureandruleoftherightsofeach.
For,sincethepeoplewhoenterintosubjectionresignarightwhichnaturallybelongstothem,
andtransferittotheothernation,theyareperfectlyatlibertytoannexwhatconditionsthey
pleasetothistransferandtheotherparty,byacceptingtheirsubmissiononthisfooting,
engagestoobservereligiouslyalltheclausesofthetreaty.
194.Severalkindsofsubmission.
Thissubmissionmaybevariedtoinfinity,accordingtothewillofthecontractingparties:itmay
eitherleavetheinferiornationapartofthesovereignty,restrainingitonlyincertainrespects,or
itmaytotallyabolishit,sothatthesuperiornationshallbecomethesovereignoftheother,or,
finally,thelessernationmaybeincorporatedwiththegreater,inorderthenceforwardtoform
withitbutoneandthesamestate:andthenthecitizensoftheformerwillhavethesame
privilegesasthosewithwhomtheyareunited.TheRomanhistoryfurnishesexamplesofeachof
thesethreekindsofsubmission,1.ThealliesoftheRomanpeople,suchastheinhabitantsof
Latiumwereforalongtime,who,inseveralrespects,dependedonRome,but,inallothers,were
governedaccordingtotheirownlaws,andbytheirownmagistrates2.Thecountriesreduced
toRomanprovinces,asCapua,whoseinhabitantssubmittedabsolutelytotheRomans13.
ThenationstowhichRomegrantedthefreedomofthecity.Inaftertimestheemperorsgranted
thatprivilegetoallthenationssubjecttotheempire,andthustransformedalltheirsubjectsinto
citizens.
195.Rightofthecitizenswhenthenationsubmitstoaforeignpower.
Inthecaseofarealsubjectiontoaforeignpower,thecitizenswhodonotapprovethischange
arenotobligedtosubmittoit:theyoughttobeallowedtoselltheireffectsandretire
elsewhere.For,myhavingenteredintoasocietydoesnotobligemetofollowitsfate,whenit
dissolvesitselfinordertosubmittoaforeigndominion.Isubmittedtothesocietyasitthenwas,
toliveinthatsocietyasthememberofasovereignstate,andnotinanotherIamboundto
obeyit,whileitremainsapoliticalsociety:but,whenitdivestsitselfofthequalityinorderto
receiveitslawsfromanotherstate,itbreaksthebondofunionbetweenitsmembers,and
releasesthemfromtheirobligations.
196.Thesecompactsannulledbythefailureofprotection.
Whenanationhasplaceditselfundertheprotectionofanotherthatismorepowerful,orhas
evenenteredintosubjectiontoitwithaviewtoreceivingitsprotection,ifthelatterdoesnot
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effectuallyprotecttheotherincaseofneed,itismanifest,that,byfailinginitsengagements,it
losesalltherightsithadacquiredbytheconvention,andthattheother,beingdisengagedfrom
theobligationithadcontracted,reentersintothepossessionofallitsrights,andrecoversits
independence,oritsliberty.Itistobeobservedthatthistakesplaceevenincaseswherethe
protectordoesnotfailinhisengagementsthroughthewantofgoodfaith,butmerelythrough
inability.For,theweakernationhavingsubmittedonlyforthesakeofobtainingprotection,if
theotherprovesunabletofulfilthatessentialcondition,thecompactisdissolvedtheweaker
resumesitsrights,andmay,ifitthinksproper,haverecoursetoamoreeffectualprotection.2
Thus,thedukesofAustria,whohadacquiredarightofprotection,andinsomesortasovereignty
overthecityofLucerne,beingunwillingorunabletoprotectiteffectually,thatcityconcludedan
alliancewiththethreefirstcantonsandthedukeshavingcarriedtheircomplainttotheemperor,
theinhabitantsofLucernereplied,"thattheyhadusedthenaturalrightcommontoallmen,
bywhicheveryoneispermittedtoendeavourtoprocurehisownsafetywhenheis
abandonedbythosewhoareobligedtogranthimassistance."
197.Orbytheinfidelityofthepartyprotected.
Thelawisthesamewithrespecttoboththecontractingparties:ifthepartyprotecteddonot
fulfiltheirengagementswithfidelity,theprotectorisdischargedfromhishemayafterwards
refusehisprotection,anddeclarethetreatybroken,incasethesituationofhisaffairsrenders
suchastepadvisable.
198.Andbytheencroachmentsoftheprotector.
Invirtueofthesameprinciplewhichdischargesoneofthecontractingpartieswhentheother
failsinhisengagements,ifthemorepowerfulnationshouldassumeagreaterauthorityoverthe
weakeronethanthetreatyofprotectionorsubmissionallows,thelattermayconsiderthetreaty
asbroken,andprovideforitssafetyaccordingtoitsowndiscretion.Ifitwereotherwise,the
inferiornationwouldlosebyaconventionwhichithadonlyformedwithaviewtoitssafetyand
ifitwerestillboundbyitsengagementswhenitsprotectorabusesthemandopenlyviolateshis
own,thetreatywould,totheweakerparty,proveadownrightdeception.However,assome
peoplemaintain,that,inthiscase,theinferiornationhasonlytherightofresistanceandof
imploringforeignaid,andparticularlyastheweakcannottaketoomanyprecautionsagainst
thepowerful,whoareskilfulincolouringovertheirenterprises,thesafestwayistoinsertin
thiskindoftreatyaclausedeclaringitnullandvoidwheneverthesuperiorpowershallarrogate
toitselfanyrightsnotexpresslygrantedbythetreaty.
199.Howtherightofthenationprotectedislostbyitssilence.
Butifthenationthatisprotected,orthathasplaceditselfinsubjectiononcertainconditions,
doesnotresisttheencroachmentsofthatpowerfromwhichithassoughtsupportifitmakes
nooppositiontothemifitpreservesaprofoundsilence,whenitmightandoughttospeak
itspatientacquiescencebecomesinlengthoftimeatacitconsentthatlegitimatestherightsof
theusurper.Therewouldbenostabiliityintheaffairsofmen,andespeciallyinthoseofnations,
iflongpossession,accompaniedbythesilenceofthepersonsconcerned,didnotproducea
degreeofright.Butitmustbeobserved,thatsilence,inordertoshowtacitconsent,oughttobe
voluntary.Iftheinferiornationprovesthatviolenceandfearpreventeditsgivingtestimoniesof
itsopposition,nothingcanbeconcludedfromitssilence,whichthereforegivesnorighttothe
usurper.
Book2CHAP.VIII.LawofNations:RULESWITHRESPECTTOFOREIGNERS
104.Protectionduetoforeigners.
Thesovereignoughtnottograntanentranceintohisstateforthepurposeofdrawing
foreignersintoasnareassoonasheadmitsthem,heengagestoprotectthemashis
ownsubjects,andtoaffordthemperfectsecurity,asfarasdependsonhim.Accordingly,
weseethateverysovereignwhohasgivenanasylumtoaforeigner,considershimselfnoless
offendedbyaninjurydonetothelatter,thanhewouldbebyanactofviolencecommittedonhis
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ownsubject.Hospitalitywasingreathonouramongtheancients,andevenamongbarbarous
nations,suchastheGermans.Thosesavagenationswhotreatedstrangersill,thatScythiantribe
whosacrificedthemtoDiana,1wereuniversallyheldinabhorrenceandGrotiusjustlysays2that
theirextremeferocityexcludedthemfromthegreatsocietyofmankind.Allothernationshada
righttounitetheirforcesinordertochastisethem.
105.Theirduties.
Fromasenseofgratitudefortheprotectiongrantedtohim,andtheotheradvantages
heenjoys,theforeigneroughtnottocontenthimselfwithbarelyrespectingthelawsofthe
countryheoughttoassistituponoccasion,andcontributetoitsdefence,asfarasis
consistentwithhisdutyascitizenofanotherstate.Weshallseeelsewherewhathecanand
oughttodo,whenthecountryisengagedinawar.Butthereisnothingtohinderhimfrom
defendingitagainstpiratesorrobbers,againsttheravagesofaninundation,orthe
devastationsoffire.Canhepretendtoliveundertheprotectionofastate,toparticipateina
varietyofadvantagesthatitaffords,andyetmakenoexertionforitsdefence,butremainan
unconcernedspectatorofthedangerstowhichthecitizensareexposed?
106.Towhatburdenstheyaresubject.
Hecannot,indeed,besubjecttothoseburdensthathaveonlyarelationtothequalityofcitizens
butheoughttobearhisshareofalltheothers.Beingexemptedfromservinginthemilitia,and
frompayingthosetaxesdestinedforthesupportoftherightsofthenation,hewillpaytheduties
imposeduponprovisions,merchandise,&c.,and,inaword,everythingthathasonlyarelation
tohisresidenceinthecountry,ortotheaffairswhichbroughthimthither.
107.Foreignerscontinuemembersoftheirownnation.
Thecitizenorthesubjectofastatewhoabsentshimselfforatimewithoutany
intentiontoabandonthesocietyofwhichheisamember,doesnotlosehisprivilegeby
hisabsence:hepreserveshisrights,andremainsboundbythesameobligations.Being
receivedinaforeigncountry,invirtueofthenaturalsociety,thecommunication,andcommerce
whichnationsareobligedtocultivatewitheachother(Prelim.11,12BookII.21),he
oughttobeconsideredthereasamemberofhisownnation,andtreatedassuch.
108.Thestatehasnorightoverthepersonofaforeigner
Thestate,whichoughttorespecttherightsofothernations,andingeneralthoseofallmankind,
cannotarrogatetoherselfanypoweroverthepersonofaforeigner,who,thoughhehasentered
herterritory,hasnotbecomehersubject.Theforeignercannotpretendtoenjoythelibertyof
livinginthecountrywithoutrespectingthelaws:ifheviolatesthem,heispunishableasa
disturberofthepublicpeace,andguiltyofacrimeagainstthesocietyinwhichhelives:butheis
notobligedtosubmit,likethesubjects,toallthecommandsofthesovereign:and,ifsuchthings
arerequiredofhimasheisunwillingtoperform,hemayquitthecountry.Heisfreeatalltimes
toleaveitnorhavewearighttodetainhim,exceptforatime,andforveryparticularreasons,
as,forinstance,anapprehension,inwartime,lestsuchforeigner,acquaintedwiththestateof
thecountryandoffortifiedplaces,shouldcommunicatehisknowledgetotheenemy.(113)From
thevoyagesoftheDutchtotheEastIndies,welearnthatthekingsofCoreaforciblydetain
foreignerswhoareshipwreckedontheircoastandBodinusassuresus,3thatacustomso
contrarytothelawofnationswaspractisedinhistimeinthiopa,andeveninMuscovy.Thisis
atonceaviolationoftherightsofindividuals,andofthoseofthestatetowhichtheybelong.
ThingshavebeengreatlychangedinRussiainasinglereignthatofPetertheGreathas
placedthatvastempireintherankofcivilizednations.
109.noroverhisproperty.
Thepropertyofanindividualdoesnotceasetobelongtohimonaccountofhisbeinginaforeign
countryitstillconstitutesapartoftheaggregatewealthofhisnation(81).Anypower,
therefore,whichthelordoftheterritorymightclaimoverthepropertyofaforeignerwouldbe
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equallyderogatorytotherightsoftheindividualownerandtothoseofthenationofwhichheisa
member.(114)
Book2CHAP.X.LawofNations:HOWANATIONISTOUSEHERRIGHTOFDOMAIN,INORDER
TODISCHARGEHERDUTIESTOWARDSOTHERNATIONS,WITHRESPECTTOTHEINNOCENTUSE
OFTHINGS.
132.Innocentpassage.
Theintroductionofpropertycannotbesupposedtohavedeprivednationsofthegeneralrightof
traversingtheearthforthepurposesofmutualintercourse,ofcarryingoncommercewitheach
other,andforotherjustreasons.Itisonlyonparticularoccasions,whentheownerofacountry
thinksitwouldbeprejudicialordangeroustoallowapassagethroughit,thatheoughttorefuse
permissiontopass.Heisthereforeboundtograntapassageforlawfulpurposes,wheneverhe
candoitwithoutinconveniencetohimself.Andhecannotlawfullyannexburdensomeconditions
toapermissionwhichheisobligedtogrant,andwhichhecannotrefuseifhewishestodischarge
hisduty,andnotabusehisrightofproperty.ThecountofLupfenhavingimproperlystopped
somemerchandiseinAlsace,andcomplaintsbeingmadeonthesubjecttotheemperor
Sigismund,whowasthenatthecouncilofConstance,thatprinceassembledtheelectors,
princes,anddeputiesoftowns,toexaminetheaffair.TheopinionoftheburgraveofNuremberg
deservestobementioned:"God,"saidhe,"hascreatedheavenforhimselfandhissaints,
andhasgiventheearthtomankind,intendingitfortheadvantageofthepooraswell
asoftherich.Theroadsarefortheiruse,andGodhasnotsubjectedthemtoany
taxes."HecondemnedthecountofLupfentorestorethemerchandise,andtopaycostsand
damages,becausehecouldnotjustifyhisseizurebyanypeculiarright.Theemperorapproved
thisopinion,andpassedsentenceaccordingly.
133.Suretiesmayberequired.
But,ifanyapprehensionofdangerarisefromthegrantoflibertytopassthroughacountry,the
statehasarighttorequiresureties:thepartywhowishestopasscannotrefusethem,apassage
beingonlysofarduetohimasitisattendedwithnoinconvenience.
[1.securepurchaseofestateandnationalitybywayofpledgetostateandpledgeof
assistanceinstateofemergencytoUnitedStatesforgiftofsafeharborbywayof
extensionofhospitality[registrationofbirth]]
AffidavitofNationalityaccept,declare,claimproperandlawfulstatusasdualcitizen
withrespecttonationandstatecitizenshipasacapitalcontributor[human
capital]
(dualcitizenship...14thAmendment,Section1...nocorporationcanclaimfornocorporation
hasbirthcertificateandssn,thusnowayto"provelive"becauseNAME+SSN+dude=nomore
"deadentity"(corporation)andinfact,itistheuseofNAME+SSNtoidentifyonethatkicksall
ofthisintopreventtyranny...allowsforrenegotiationoftheoriginalcontractprovidedthe
beneficiariesandtheirbenefitsarenotaltered.Inotherwords,keeptheusufructinplaceand
youcanamendandalterthecontractanywayyouwish.Justmakesurethestateandfederal
"interests"areprotected...afailsafemechanismbuiltwithintheoperationofthenationto
preventimplosionofthenationsoa"governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople
shallneverperishfromthisEarth.")
[2.reorganizationofestateinacceptanceoftreaty:pledgeofanykindofinterestin
anykindofpropertytoStateofascustodianofestateandreceiveroftitle][pledgeof
anykindofrightandinanykindofpropertytoTRUSTwithTRUSTappointedgeneral
executorandgeneralguardianofestate][remember:estateisjustinterestsin
propertyandNameandNAMEprovidedareintellectualpropertyintowhichyou
pledgeinterestsasacapitalcontributor].
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11USC558
Theestate(Name)shallhavethebenefitofanydefenseavailabletothedebtor(NAME)as
againstanyentityotherthantheestate(Name),includingstatutesoflimitation,statutesof
frauds,usury,andotherpersonaldefenses.Awaiverofanysuchdefensebythedebtor(NAME)
afterthecommencementofthecasedoesnotbindtheestate(Name).
(8USC1101(a)(21)=Nameisapersonorchildandowesapermanentallegiancetostateas
itsexistenceistheresultofoperationoflaw:acitizenandnationalofstate).
(8USC1101(a)(22)=NAMEisapersonorcitizen(infant)andowesUnitedStatespermanent
allegianceasthecitizenonlyexistsasaresultofthe14thAmendment:citizenandUSNational.)
[3.nowassignandpledgeofreversiontoandfortheaccountofUnitedStatesfor
collateralizationofSSNasconsiderationwithDepartmentofTransportationappointed
receiverofreversionuponconditionanyrevenuereceivedbeusedtoreducethepublic
debtwithanyrevenueinremainderbereservedforappropriationbyDepartmentof
TransportationforpurposesestablishedinAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof
2009andnoneotherasagiftofgratitudeforthehospitalityextendedwiththisgiftof
safeharbor.]
31USC3713
a.

1. AclaimoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentshallbepaidfirstwhen
A. apersonindebtedtotheGovernmentisinsolventand
i. thedebtorwithoutenoughpropertytopayalldebtsmakesa
voluntaryassignmentofproperty
ii. propertyofthedebtor,ifabsent,isattachedor
iii. anactofbankruptcyiscommittedor
B. theestateofadeceaseddebtor,inthecustodyoftheexecutororadministrator,is
notenoughtopayalldebtsofthedebtor.
2. Thissubsectiondoesnotapplytoacaseundertitle11.

b. Arepresentativeofapersonoranestate(exceptatrusteeactingundertitle11)payingany
partofadebtofthepersonorestatebeforepayingaclaimoftheGovernmentisliableto
theextentofthepaymentforunpaidclaimsoftheGovernment.
[4.termsandconditionstoinitiatetreatyofprotection]
12USC95a
(2)Anypayment,conveyance,transfer,assignment,ordeliveryofpropertyorinteresttherein,
madetoorfortheaccountoftheUnitedStates,orasotherwisedirected,pursuanttothissection
oranyrule,regulation,instruction,ordirectionissuedhereundershalltotheextentthereofbea
fullacquittanceanddischargeforallpurposesoftheobligationofthepersonmakingthesame
andnopersonshallbeheldliableinanycourtfororinrespecttoanythingdoneoromittedin
goodfaithinconnectionwiththeadministrationof,orinpursuanceofandinrelianceon,this
section,oranyrule,regulation,instruction,ordirectionissuedhereunder.
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[5.Ratificationofactsoftheoneforengagingprotection]
12U.S.Code95b
Theactions,regulations,rules,licenses,ordersandproclamationsheretoforeorhereaftertaken,
promulgated,made,orissuedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStatesortheSecretaryofthe
TreasurysinceMarch4,1933,pursuanttotheauthorityconferredbysection95aofthistitle,are
approvedandconfirmed.
[6.Ratificationbytheoneoftreatyforprotection]
Subsequentusethereofbytheappropriateperson.(BirthCertificates,DriverLicense,
Passports,etc).Oneusedthepropertynotaproblem.Onefailedinonesdutytothecontract
thatwasputintoplacetoprotectthenationanditsassetsproblem.
(Thepeopleneverratifiedthetreaty(Declaration+Constitution)thusareusufructofstate
ownedintellectualpropertyasaforeignerandbelligerenthostilewhothreatensthesecurityof
thehomelandforthepeopleonlythinkoftheirownsurvival,thusarehuman(infant)or
monster.Thepersonusedinpublic(NAME)isanaccountreceivableoftheStateandsincethe
peoplemadenodepositofanyinterest,hasnomatchingaccountpayableofwhichitcanseek
balanceandharmonyandsincetheoneusingitwithheldtheequitableinterestfromdeposit,then
theassoftheoneusingitholdstheequity/suretythatwillbeusedforbalancingtheaccount.)
133.Suretiesmayberequired.
But,ifanyapprehensionofdangerarisefromthegrantoflibertytopassthroughacountry,the
statehasarighttorequiresureties:thepartywhowishestopasscannotrefusethem,apassage
beingonlysofarduetohimasitisattendedwithnoinconvenience.
132.Innocentpassage.
Theintroductionofpropertycannotbesupposedtohavedeprivednationsofthegeneralrightof
traversingtheearthforthepurposesofmutualintercourse,ofcarryingoncommercewitheach
other,andforotherjustreasons.Itisonlyonparticularoccasions,whentheownerofacountry
thinksitwouldbeprejudicialordangeroustoallowapassagethroughit,thatheoughttorefuse
permissiontopass.Heisthereforeboundtograntapassageforlawfulpurposes,wheneverhe
candoitwithoutinconveniencetohimself.Andhecannotlawfullyannexburdensomeconditions
toapermissionwhichheisobligedtogrant,andwhichhecannotrefuseifhewishestodischarge
hisduty,andnotabusehisrightofproperty.ThecountofLupfenhavingimproperlystopped
somemerchandiseinAlsace,andcomplaintsbeingmadeonthesubjecttotheemperor
Sigismund,whowasthenatthecouncilofConstance,thatprinceassembledtheelectors,
princes,anddeputiesoftowns,toexaminetheaffair.TheopinionoftheburgraveofNuremberg
deservestobementioned:"God,"saidhe,"hascreatedheavenforhimselfandhissaints,
andhasgiventheearthtomankind,intendingitfortheadvantageofthepooraswell
asoftherich.Theroadsarefortheiruse,andGodhasnotsubjectedthemtoany
taxes."HecondemnedthecountofLupfentorestorethemerchandise,andtopaycostsand
damages,becausehecouldnotjustifyhisseizurebyanypeculiarright.Theemperorapproved
thisopinion,andpassedsentenceaccordingly.
HOWANATIONISTOUSEHERRIGHTOFDOMAIN,INORDERTODISCHARGEHERDUTIES
TOWARDSOTHERNATIONS,WITHRESPECTTOTHEINNOCENTUSEOFTHINGS:Book2CHAP.
X.LawofNations
109.noroverhisproperty.
Thepropertyofanindividualdoesnotceasetobelongtohimonaccountofhisbeinginaforeign
countryitstillconstitutesapartoftheaggregatewealthofhisnation(81).Anypower,
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therefore,whichthelordoftheterritorymightclaimoverthepropertyofaforeignerwouldbe
equallyderogatorytotherightsoftheindividualownerandtothoseofthenationofwhichheisa
member.(114)
108.Thestatehasnorightoverthepersonofaforeigner
Thestate,whichoughttorespecttherightsofothernations,andingeneralthoseofallmankind,
cannotarrogatetoherselfanypoweroverthepersonofaforeigner,who,thoughhehasentered
herterritory,hasnotbecomehersubject.Theforeignercannotpretendtoenjoythelibertyof
livinginthecountrywithoutrespectingthelaws:ifheviolatesthem,heispunishableasa
disturberofthepublicpeace,andguiltyofacrimeagainstthesocietyinwhichhelives:butheis
notobligedtosubmit,likethesubjects,toallthecommandsofthesovereign:and,ifsuchthings
arerequiredofhimasheisunwillingtoperform,hemayquitthecountry.Heisfreeatalltimes
toleaveitnorhavewearighttodetainhim,exceptforatime,andforveryparticularreasons,
as,forinstance,anapprehension,inwartime,lestsuchforeigner,acquaintedwiththestateof
thecountryandoffortifiedplaces,shouldcommunicatehisknowledgetotheenemy.(113)From
thevoyagesoftheDutchtotheEastIndies,welearnthatthekingsofCoreaforciblydetain
foreignerswhoareshipwreckedontheircoastandBodinusassuresus,3thatacustomso
contrarytothelawofnationswaspractisedinhistimeinthiopa,andeveninMuscovy.Thisis
atonceaviolationoftherightsofindividuals,andofthoseofthestatetowhichtheybelong.
ThingshavebeengreatlychangedinRussiainasinglereignthatofPetertheGreathas
placedthatvastempireintherankofcivilizednations.
107.Foreignerscontinuemembersoftheirownnation.
Thecitizenorthesubjectofastatewhoabsentshimselfforatimewithoutany
intentiontoabandonthesocietyofwhichheisamember,doesnotlosehisprivilegeby
hisabsence:hepreserveshisrights,andremainsboundbythesameobligations.Being
receivedinaforeigncountry,invirtueofthenaturalsociety,thecommunication,andcommerce
whichnationsareobligedtocultivatewitheachother(Prelim.11,12BookII.21),he
oughttobeconsideredthereasamemberofhisownnation,andtreatedassuch.
106.Towhatburdenstheyaresubject.
Hecannot,indeed,besubjecttothoseburdensthathaveonlyarelationtothequalityofcitizens
butheoughttobearhisshareofalltheothers.Beingexemptedfromservinginthemilitia,and
frompayingthosetaxesdestinedforthesupportoftherightsofthenation,hewillpaytheduties
imposeduponprovisions,merchandise,&c.,and,inaword,everythingthathasonlyarelation
tohisresidenceinthecountry,ortotheaffairswhichbroughthimthither.
105.Theirduties.
Fromasenseofgratitudefortheprotectiongrantedtohim,andtheotheradvantages
heenjoys,theforeigneroughtnottocontenthimselfwithbarelyrespectingthelawsofthe
countryheoughttoassistituponoccasion,andcontributetoitsdefence,asfarasis
consistentwithhisdutyascitizenofanotherstate.Weshallseeelsewherewhathecanand
oughttodo,whenthecountryisengagedinawar.Butthereisnothingtohinderhimfrom
defendingitagainstpiratesorrobbers,againsttheravagesofaninundation,orthe
devastationsoffire.Canhepretendtoliveundertheprotectionofastate,toparticipateina
varietyofadvantagesthatitaffords,andyetmakenoexertionforitsdefence,butremainan
unconcernedspectatorofthedangerstowhichthecitizensareexposed?
104.Protectionduetoforeigners.
Thesovereignoughtnottograntanentranceintohisstateforthepurposeofdrawing
foreignersintoasnareassoonasheadmitsthem,heengagestoprotectthemashis
ownsubjects,andtoaffordthemperfectsecurity,asfarasdependsonhim.Accordingly,
weseethateverysovereignwhohasgivenanasylumtoaforeigner,considershimselfnoless
offendedbyaninjurydonetothelatter,thanhewouldbebyanactofviolencecommittedonhis
ownsubject.Hospitalitywasingreathonouramongtheancients,andevenamongbarbarous
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nations,suchastheGermans.Thosesavagenationswhotreatedstrangersill,thatScythiantribe
whosacrificedthemtoDiana,1wereuniversallyheldinabhorrenceandGrotiusjustlysays2that
theirextremeferocityexcludedthemfromthegreatsocietyofmankind.Allothernationshada
righttounitetheirforcesinordertochastisethem.
RULESWITHRESPECTTOFOREIGNERS:Book2CHAP.VIII.LawofNations
199.Howtherightofthenationprotectedislostbyitssilence.
Butifthenationthatisprotected,orthathasplaceditselfinsubjectiononcertainconditions,
doesnotresisttheencroachmentsofthatpowerfromwhichithassoughtsupportifitmakes
nooppositiontothemifitpreservesaprofoundsilence,whenitmightandoughttospeak
itspatientacquiescencebecomesinlengthoftimeatacitconsentthatlegitimatestherightsof
theusurper.Therewouldbenostabiliityintheaffairsofmen,andespeciallyinthoseofnations,
iflongpossession,accompaniedbythesilenceofthepersonsconcerned,didnotproducea
degreeofright.Butitmustbeobserved,thatsilence,inordertoshowtacitconsent,oughttobe
voluntary.Iftheinferiornationprovesthatviolenceandfearpreventeditsgivingtestimoniesof
itsopposition,nothingcanbeconcludedfromitssilence,whichthereforegivesnorighttothe
usurper.
198.Andbytheencroachmentsoftheprotector.
Invirtueofthesameprinciplewhichdischargesoneofthecontractingpartieswhentheother
failsinhisengagements,ifthemorepowerfulnationshouldassumeagreaterauthorityoverthe
weakeronethanthetreatyofprotectionorsubmissionallows,thelattermayconsiderthetreaty
asbroken,andprovideforitssafetyaccordingtoitsowndiscretion.Ifitwereotherwise,the
inferiornationwouldlosebyaconventionwhichithadonlyformedwithaviewtoitssafetyand
ifitwerestillboundbyitsengagementswhenitsprotectorabusesthemandopenlyviolateshis
own,thetreatywould,totheweakerparty,proveadownrightdeception.However,assome
peoplemaintain,that,inthiscase,theinferiornationhasonlytherightofresistanceandof
imploringforeignaid,andparticularlyastheweakcannottaketoomanyprecautionsagainst
thepowerful,whoareskilfulincolouringovertheirenterprises,thesafestwayistoinsertin
thiskindoftreatyaclausedeclaringitnullandvoidwheneverthesuperiorpowershallarrogate
toitselfanyrightsnotexpresslygrantedbythetreaty.
197.Orbytheinfidelityofthepartyprotected.
Thelawisthesamewithrespecttoboththecontractingparties:ifthepartyprotecteddonot
fulfiltheirengagementswithfidelity,theprotectorisdischargedfromhishemayafterwards
refusehisprotection,anddeclarethetreatybroken,incasethesituationofhisaffairsrenders
suchastepadvisable.
196.Thesecompactsannulledbythefailureofprotection.
Whenanationhasplaceditselfundertheprotectionofanotherthatismorepowerful,orhas
evenenteredintosubjectiontoitwithaviewtoreceivingitsprotection,ifthelatterdoesnot
effectuallyprotecttheotherincaseofneed,itismanifest,that,byfailinginitsengagements,it
losesalltherightsithadacquiredbytheconvention,andthattheother,beingdisengagedfrom
theobligationithadcontracted,reentersintothepossessionofallitsrights,andrecoversits
independence,oritsliberty.Itistobeobservedthatthistakesplaceevenincaseswherethe
protectordoesnotfailinhisengagementsthroughthewantofgoodfaith,butmerelythrough
inability.For,theweakernationhavingsubmittedonlyforthesakeofobtainingprotection,if
theotherprovesunabletofulfilthatessentialcondition,thecompactisdissolvedtheweaker
resumesitsrights,andmay,ifitthinksproper,haverecoursetoamoreeffectualprotection.2
Thus,thedukesofAustria,whohadacquiredarightofprotection,andinsomesortasovereignty
overthecityofLucerne,beingunwillingorunabletoprotectiteffectually,thatcityconcludedan
alliancewiththethreefirstcantonsandthedukeshavingcarriedtheircomplainttotheemperor,
theinhabitantsofLucernereplied,"thattheyhadusedthenaturalrightcommontoallmen,
bywhicheveryoneispermittedtoendeavourtoprocurehisownsafetywhenheis
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abandonedbythosewhoareobligedtogranthimassistance."
195.Rightofthecitizenswhenthenationsubmitstoaforeignpower.
Inthecaseofarealsubjectiontoaforeignpower,thecitizenswhodonotapprovethischange
arenotobligedtosubmittoit:theyoughttobeallowedtoselltheireffectsandretire
elsewhere.For,myhavingenteredintoasocietydoesnotobligemetofollowitsfate,whenit
dissolvesitselfinordertosubmittoaforeigndominion.Isubmittedtothesocietyasitthenwas,
toliveinthatsocietyasthememberofasovereignstate,andnotinanotherIamboundto
obeyit,whileitremainsapoliticalsociety:but,whenitdivestsitselfofthequalityinorderto
receiveitslawsfromanotherstate,itbreaksthebondofunionbetweenitsmembers,and
releasesthemfromtheirobligations.
194.Severalkindsofsubmission.
Thissubmissionmaybevariedtoinfinity,accordingtothewillofthecontractingparties:itmay
eitherleavetheinferiornationapartofthesovereignty,restrainingitonlyincertainrespects,or
itmaytotallyabolishit,sothatthesuperiornationshallbecomethesovereignoftheother,or,
finally,thelessernationmaybeincorporatedwiththegreater,inorderthenceforwardtoform
withitbutoneandthesamestate:andthenthecitizensoftheformerwillhavethesame
privilegesasthosewithwhomtheyareunited.TheRomanhistoryfurnishesexamplesofeachof
thesethreekindsofsubmission,1.ThealliesoftheRomanpeople,suchastheinhabitantsof
Latiumwereforalongtime,who,inseveralrespects,dependedonRome,but,inallothers,were
governedaccordingtotheirownlaws,andbytheirownmagistrates2.Thecountriesreduced
toRomanprovinces,asCapua,whoseinhabitantssubmittedabsolutelytotheRomans13.
ThenationstowhichRomegrantedthefreedomofthecity.Inaftertimestheemperorsgranted
thatprivilegetoallthenationssubjecttotheempire,andthustransformedalltheirsubjectsinto
citizens.
193.Voluntarysubmissionofonenationtoanother.
Butthismatterissometimescarriedstillfartherand,althoughanationisunderanobligationto
preservewiththeutmostcarethelibertyandindependenceitinheritsfromnature,yetwhenit
hasnotsufficientstrengthofitself,andfeelsitselfunabletoresistitsenemies,itmaylawfully
subjectitselftoamorepowerfulnationoncertainconditionsagreedtobybothparties:andthe
compactortreatyofsubmissionwillthenceforwardbethemeasureandruleoftherightsofeach.
For,sincethepeoplewhoenterintosubjectionresignarightwhichnaturallybelongstothem,
andtransferittotheothernation,theyareperfectlyatlibertytoannexwhatconditionsthey
pleasetothistransferandtheotherparty,byacceptingtheirsubmissiononthisfooting,
engagestoobservereligiouslyalltheclausesofthetreaty.
192.Protection.
WHENanationisnotcapableofpreservingherselffrominsultandoppression,shemayprocure
theprotectionofamorepowerfulstate.Ifsheobtainsthisbyonlyengagingtoperform
certainarticles,astopayatributeinreturnforthesafetyobtained,tofurnishher
protectorwithtroops,andtoembarkinallhiswarsasajointconcern,butstillreserving
toherselftherightofadministeringherowngovernmentatpleasure,itisasimple
treatyofprotection,thatdoesnotallderogatefromhersovereignty,anddiffersnot
fromtheordinarytreatiesofalliance,otherwisethanasitcreatesadifferenceinthe
dignityofthecontractingparties.
CHAP.XVI.:OFTHEPROTECTIONSOUGHTBYANATION,ANDITSVOLUNTARYSUBMISSIONTO
AFOREIGNPOWER:LAWOFNATIONS

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