Appendix A: Numerical Constants

A.1

Fundamental Constants
c
o
o
o
e
m
mp
h
k
No
R

A.2

velocity of light
permittivity of free space
permeability of free space
characteristic impedance of free space
charge of an electron, (-e.v./Joule)
mass of an electron
mass of a proton
Planck constant
Boltzmann constant
Avogadros constant
Universal gas constant

2.998 108 m/s

8.854 10-12 F/m
4 10-7 H/m
376.7
-1.6008 10-19 C
9.1066 10-31 kg
1.6725 10-27 kg
6.624 10-34 Js
1.3805 10-23 J/K
6.022 1023 molec/mole
8. 31 J/moleK

Electrical Conductivity , S/m

Silver
Copper
Gold
Aluminum
Tungsten
Brass
Nickel
Iron (pure)
Steel
Lead

6.14 107
5.80 107
4.10 107
3.54 107
1.81 107
1.57 107
1.28 107
1.0 107
0.5 1.0 107
0.48 107

Monel
Mercury
Sea Water
Distilled Water
Bakelite
Glass
Mica
Petroleum
Fused Quartz

- A421 -

0.24 107
0.1 107
35
2 10-4
10-8 10-10
10-12
10-11 10-15
10-14
<2 10-17

A.3

Relative Dielectric Constant /o at 1 MHz

Vacuum
Styrofoam (25% filler)
Firwood
Paper
Petroleum
Paraffin
Teflon
Vaseline
Rubber
Polystyrene
Sandy soil
Plexiglas
Fused quartz

A.4

1.00
1.03
1.8 2.0
2.0 3.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.16
2.3 4.0
2.55
2.6
2.6 3.5
3.78

Vycor glass
Low-loss glass
Ice
Pyrex glass
Muscovite (mica)
Mica
Magnesium silicate
Porcelain
Aluminum oxide
Diamond
Ethyl alcohol
Distilled water
Titanium dioxide

Relative Permeability /o
Vacuum
Biological tissue
Cold steel
Iron (99.91%)
Purified iron (99.95%)
mu metal (FeNiCrCu)
Supermalloy (FeNiMoMn)

- A422 -

1
1
2,000
5,000
180,000
100,000
800,000

3.8
4.1
4.15
5.1
5.4
5.6 6.0
5.7 6.4
5.7
8.8
16.5
24.5
81.1
100

Appendix B: Complex Numbers and Sinusoidal Representation

Most linear systems that store energy exhibit frequency dependence and therefore are more
easily characterized by their response to sinusoids rather than to arbitrary waveforms. The
resulting system equations contain many instances of Acos(t + ), where A, , and are the
amplitude, frequency, and phase of the sinsusoid, respectively. Acos(t + ) can be replaced by
A using complex notation, indicated here by the underbar and reviewed below; it utilizes the
arbitrary definition:
j (1)

0.5

(B.1)

This arbitrary non-physical definition is exploited by De Moivres theorem (B.4), which

utilizes a unique property of e = 2.71828:
e = 1 + + 2 2! + 3 3! + ...

(B.2)

Therefore:
e j = 1+ j 2 2! j3 3!+ 4 4! + j5 5! ...

= 1 2
2! + 4 4! ... + j j3 3!+ j5 5!...

e j = cos + jsin

(B.3)

(B.4)

This is a special instance of a general complex number A:

A = A r + jAi

(B.5)

where the real part is Ar Re{A} and the imaginary part is Ai Im{A}.
It is now easy to use (B.4) and (B.5) to show that76:

Acos(t + ) = R e Ae (

} = R {Ae

j t +)

j jt

} = R e{Ae j t} = Ar cost Ai sint

(B.6)

where:
A = Ae j = Acos + jAsin = A r + jAi

(B.7)

The physics community differs and commonly defines Acos(t + ) = Re{Ae-j(t + ) } and Ai -Asin, where the
rotational direction of is reversed in Figure B.1. Because phase is reversed in this alternative notation, the
impedance of an inductor L becomes -jL, and that of a capacitor becomes j/C. In this notation j is commonly
replaced by -i.
76

- B423 -

A r Acos,

Ai Asin

(B.8)

The definition of A given in (B.8) has the useful geometric interpretation shown in Figure
B.1(a), where the magnitude of the phasor A is simply the given amplitude A of the sinusoid,
and the angle is its phase.
(a)

(b)

Im{A}

A = Ar + jAi = Ae

Asin

(c)

Im{A,B}
A + B

j
-1 0
-j

1 Acos

Re{A}

Im{A,B}

Re{A,B}

AB = AB e j( A +B )
A
B
C A
B
0

Re{A,B}

Figure B.1 Representation of phasors in the complex plane.

When = 0 we have Re{Aejt} = Acost, and when = /2 we have -Asint. Advances in time
alter the phasor A in the same sense as advances in ; the phasor rotates counterclockwise. The
utility of this diagram is partly that the signal of interest, Re{Aejt}, is simply the projection of
the phasor Aejt on the real axis. It also makes clear that:

A = A 2r + Ai2

0.5

(B.9)

= tan 1(Ai A r )

(B.10)

It is also easy to see, for example, that ej = -1, and that A = jA corresponds to -Asint.
Examples of equivalent representations in the time and complex domains are:

Acost
A

Asint jA

Acos(t + ) Ae j
Asin(t + ) jAe j = Ae (

j 2)

Complex numbers behave as vectors in some respects, where addition and multiplication are
also illustrated in Figure B.1(b) and (c), respectively:

- B424 -

A + B = B + A = A r + Br + j(Ai + Bi )

(B.11)

AB = BA = (A r Br Ai Bi ) + j(A r Bi + Ai Br ) = AB e (

j A +B )

(B.12)

A* = A r jAi = A e jA

(B.13)

We can easily solve for the real and imaginary parts of A:

A r = A + A* 2,

Ai = A A* 2

(B.14)

Ratios of complex numbers can also be readily computed:

A B = ( A B ) e j ( A B ) = AB* BB* = AB* B

(B.15)

Even an nth root of A = Aej can be simply found:

1n

= A1 n e j n

(B.16)

where n legitimate roots exist and are:

1n

= A (1 n ) e( j n ) e( j2 m n )

(B.17)

for m = 0, 1, , n 1.

- B425 -

- B426 -

Appendix C: Mathematical Identities

A = xA x + y A y + zA z
A iB = A x Bx + A y B y + A z Bz = a b A B cos
x
y
z

A B = det A x
Bx

Ay

Az

By

Bz

= x ( A y Bz A z B y ) + y ( A z Bx A x Bz ) + z ( A x B y A y Bx )
= a b A B sin

Ai( B C ) = Bi( C A ) =
Ci( A B )

A ( B C ) = ( AiC ) B ( AiB )

C
( A B )i( C D ) = ( AiC ) ( Bi
D ) ( AiD ) ( BiC )

= 0

i( A ) = 0

( A ) = ( iA ) 2
A

A ( A ) = ( Ai ) A 1 ( Ai
A )

2
( ) =
+

i( A ) = Ai +
iA

( A
) = A
+ A

2
= i

( AiB ) = ( Ai ) B + ( Bi ) A + A ( B ) + B (
A )

i( A
B ) = Bi( A ) Ai( B )

( A B ) = A ( iB ) B ( iA ) + ( Bi ) A (
Ai ) B

- C427 -

Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,z):

= x + y + z

x
y
z

A x A y A z
iA =
+
+
x
y
z
A y
A
A A y A x
A
A = x z

+ y x z + z

z
x x
y

z
y
2
2
2

2 = + +

x 2 y2 z 2

Cylindrical coordinates (r,,z):

= + 1 + z

r
r y
z

( rA r ) 1 A A
z
iA = 1
+
+
r r
r
z
r
r
z

rA
1 A z A
(
)
A
A
A

1
1
r
z
r
+

A = r

+ z
= det r z
z
r
r r
r
z
r
A r rA A z

( )

2
2
2 = 1 r + 1 +

r r r
r 2 2 z 2

Spherical coordinates (r,,):

= r + 1 + 1

r
r
r sin

A
r 2
A r
( sin A )
1
iA =
+ 1
+ 1
r
r sin

r sin
r2
1 A r 1 ( rA )
( r sin A ) A
1 ( rA ) A r

A = r 1

+
+
r sin

r r

r sin r r
r
r
r sin
1 det r

=
2
r sin
A r rA r sin A

sin +
1
2
2 = 1 r 2 + 1

r
r 2 r
r 2 sin 2 2
r 2 sin

- C428 -

Gauss Divergence Theorem:

V iG dv = A Gin da
Stokes Theorem:

A ( G )in da = C Gid
Fourier Transforms for pulse signals h(t):
H( f ) =
h( t ) =

h(t)e

j2 ft

H(f )e

dt

+ j2 ft

df

- C429 -

- C430 -

Appendix D: Basic Equations for Electromagnetics and Applications

p = ( Ne2 mo )

Fundamentals
f = q ( E + v o H ) [ N ]

0.5

eff = (1 j )

E = B t

skin depth = (2/)0.5 [m]

c E ds = dt A
B da

E1// E 2 // = 0

H = J + D t

H1// H 2 // = J s n
B1 B2 = 0

c H ds = A J da + dt A D da

( D1 D2 ) = s

A D da = V dv
B = 0 A B da = 0

D =

0 = if =

J = t

Electromagnetic Quasistatics

E = electric field (Vm-1)

H = magnetic field (Am-1)

2 = 0
KCL : i Ii (t) = 0 at node

D = electric displacement (Cm-2)

KVL : i Vi (t) = 0 around loop

B = magnetic flux density (T)

Tesla (T) = Weber m-2 = 10,000 gauss

= charge density (Cm-3)

J = current density (Am-2)

= conductivity (Siemens m-1)

J s = surface current density (Am-1)

s = surface charge density (Cm-2)

o = 8.85 10-12 Fm-1

o = 4 10-7 Hm-1

c = (oo)-0.5 3 108 ms-1

e = -1.60 10-19 C
o 377 ohms = (o/o)

( 2 2

C = Q/V = A/d [F]

L = /I

i(t) = C dv(t)/dt

v(t) = L di(t)/dt = d/dt

Cparallel = C1 + C2
Cseries = (C1-1 + C2-1)-1
we = Cv2(t)/2; wm = Li2(t)/2
Lsolenoid = N2A/W
= RC, = L/R
= B da (per turn)
A

f = q ( E + v o H ) [ N ]

0.5

t 2 ) E = 0 [Wave Eqn.]

f z = dw T dz

Ey(z,t) = E+(z-ct) + E-(z+ct) = Re{Ey(z)ejt}

F = I o H [ Nm

Hx(z,t) = o-1[E+(z-ct)-E-(z+ct)] [or(t-kz) or (t-z/c)]

E e = v o H inside wire

A ( E H ) da + ( d dt ) V ( E 2 + H
= V E J dv (Poynting Theorem)
2

-1

P = T = WTdVolume/dt [W]

2 dv

Max f/A = B2/2o, D2/2o [Nm-2]

vi =

dw T
+ f dz
dt
dt

Media and Boundaries

D = o E + P

Electromagnetic Waves

D = f , =

( 2 2

t 2 ) E = 0 [Wave Eqn.]

o E = f + p

( 2 + k 2 ) E = 0, E = E o e jk ir

P = p , J = E

k = ()0.5 = /c = 2/

B = H = o ( H + M )

kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = ko2 = 2

= o 1 p 2

vp = /k, vg = (k/)-1

- D431 -

1
2

r = i

sin t sin i = k i k t = n i n t

v(t) = L di(t)/dt = d/dt

Cparallel = C1 + C2

c = sin 1 ( n t n i )

Cseries = (C1-1 + C2-1)-1

> c E t = Ei
Te+x jk z z

we = Cv2(t)/2; wm = Li2(t)/2

k = k ' jk ''

Lsolenoid = N2A/W

= RC, = L/R

= B da (per turn)

= T 1
T TE = 2 (1 + [ o cos t t cos i ])

T TM = 2 (1 + [ t cos t i cos i ])

B = tan

( t
i )

0.5

Zseries = R + jL + 1/jC

for TM

Pd J S
2 [ Wm
2

-2

Ypar = G + jC + 1/jL

Q = owT/Pdiss = o/

E = A t , B = A

( ( r ) e
A(r) = ( J ( r ) e

(r) =

jk r
'r

V'

V'

o = (LC)-0.5

)
4 r ' r ) dv '

v 2 ( t ) R = kT

4 o r ' r dv '

jk
r 'r

E ff = ( jo kId 4r ) e jkr sin

Limits to Computation Speed

+ o o = o

dv(z)/dz = -Ldi(z)/dt

A + o o A = o J

di(z)/dz = -Cdv(z)/dt
d2v/dz2 = LC d2v/dt2
v(z,t) = f+(t z/c) + f-(t + z/c)

Forces, Motors, and Generators

f = q ( E + v o H ) [ N ]

f z = dw T dz

F = I o H [ Nm

= g+(z ct) + g(z ct)

i(t,z) = Yo[f+(t z/c) f-(t + z/c)]

c = (LC)-0.5 = 1

-1

E e = v o H inside wire

P = T = WTdVolume/dt [W]
Max f/A = B2/2o, D2/2o [Nm-2]
dw T
+ f dz
vi =
dt
dt

f = ma = d(mv)/dt

x = xo + vot + at2/2

P = fv [W] = T

wk = mv2/2
T = I d/dt

2
I = i mi ri

Zo = Yo-1 = (L/C)0.5

L = f-/f+ = (RL Zo)/(RL + Zo)

v(z,t) = g+(z ct) + g-(z +ct)

VTh = 2f+(t), RTh = Zo

Power Transmission

(d2/dz2 + 2LC)V(z) = 0

V(z) = V+e-jkz + V-e+jkz

I(z) = Yo[V+e-jkz V-e+jkz]

k = 2/ = /c = ()0.5
Z(z) = V(z) I(z) = Zo Zn (z)

Zn (z) = [1 + (z) ] [1 (z) ] = R n + jX n

Circuits
KCL : i Ii (t) = 0 at node

(z) = ( V V + ) e 2 jkz = [ Zn (z) 1] [ Zn (z) +1]

KVL : i Vi (t) = 0 around loop

Z(z) = Zo ( ZL jZo tan kz ) ( Zo jZL tan kz )

C = Q/V = A/d [F]

L = /I

i(t) = C dv(t)/dt

VSWR = V max V min = R max

Wireless Communications and Radar

G(,) = Pr/(PR/4r2)

PR = Pr ( , , r ) r 2 sin d d

- D432 -

Acoustics

Prec = Pr(,)Ae(,)

P = Po + p, U = U o + u

Ae
(, ) = G(, ) 2
4

(U

= 0 here )

p = o u t

R r = PR i 2
(t)

E ff ( 0 ) = ( je

r ) A E t (x, y)e

jkr

jk x x + jk y y

u = (1 Po ) p t

dxdy

Prec = PR ( G 4r 2 ) s 4

( 2 k 2 2 t 2 ) p = 0

E = i a i E i e jkri
= (element factor)(array f)

k 2 = 2 cs = 2 o Po

Ebit ~4 10-20 [J]

cs = v p = vg = ( Po o )

Z12 = Z21 if reciprocity

(d2/dz2 + 2LC)V(z) = 0

V(z) = V+e-jkz + V-e+jkz

I(z) = Yo[V+e-jkz V-e+jkz]

k = 2/ = /c = ()0.5

s = p/u = ocs = (oPo)0.5 gases

s = (oK)0.5 solids, liquids

p, u continuous at boundaries

p = p+e-jkz + p-e+jkz

uz = s-1(p+e-jkz p-e+jkz)

A up da + ( d dt )V ( o

Z(z) = V(z) I(z) = Zo Zn (z)

0.5

or ( K o )

0.5

u 2 + p2 2Po dV

Zn (z)
= [1 + (z) ] [1 (z) ] = R n + jX n

(z) = ( V V + ) e 2 jkz = [ Zn (z) 1] [ Zn (z) +1]

Mathematical Identities

Z(z) = Zo ( ZL jZo tan kz ) ( Zo jZL tan kz )

sin2 + cos2 =1

VSWR = V max V min = R max

cos + cos = 2 cos ( + ) 2 cos ( ) 2

r = i

H(f ) =

sin t sin i = k i k t = n i n t

e x = 1 + x + x 2
2! + x 3 3! + ...

c = sin 1 ( n t n i )

sin = ( e j e j ) 2 j

> c E t = Ei Te+x jk z z

cos = ( e j + e j ) 2

k = k '
jk ''

h(t)e jt dt

Vector Algebra
= x x + y y + z z

= T
1

A B = A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz

At o ,
w e = w m

(
)
= ( H 4 ) dv

( A ) = 0

( A ) = ( A ) 2
A

Q n = n w Tn Pn = n 2 n

sn = jn - n

2 0.5

f mnp = ( c 2 ) [ m a ] + [ n b] + [ p d ]
2

2 = 2 x 2 + 2
y2 + 2 z 2

w e = V
E 4 dv
wm

Gauss and Stokes Theorems

( G ) dv = G
da
V

A ( G ) da = c G
ds
Optical Communications

Complex Numbers and Phasors

E = hf, photons or phonons

v(t) = R e {Ve jt } where V = V e j

hf/c = momentum [kg ms-1]

e jt = cos t + jsin t

dn 2 dt = An

2 + B ( n 2 n1 )

Spherical Trigonometry

4 r

- D433 -

sin dd = 4

- D434 -

Appendix E:
Expressions

Frequently Used Trigonometric and Calculus

sin = a/c

cos = b/c

tan = a/b

a
b

a2 + b2 = c2

sin2 + cos2 = 1

ej = cos + jsin

(d/d)sin = cos

(d/d)cos = -sin

(d/dx)ef(x) = [df(x)/dx] ef(x)

ax = (eln a)x
(d/dx)xn = nxn-1

(d/dx)AB = A(dB/dx) + B(dA/dx)

(d/dx)f1[f2()] = [df1/df2][df2()/d]d/dx

(d/dx)sin[f()] = cos[f()][df()/d]d/dx

sin d = -cos

cos d = sin

eax dx = eax/a

xn dx = xn+1/(n+1)

- E435 -

- E436 -

Index
acceptor atoms, 245, 391

acoustic antenna gain, 415

acoustic array microphones, 416

acoustic boundary conditions, 403

acoustic Brewster's angle, 406

acoustic constitutive relation, 399

acoustic critical angle, 404

acoustic differential equations, 399

acoustic evanescent wave, 405

acoustic group velocity, 400

acoustic impedance, 401

acoustic intensity, 402

acoustic kinetic energy density, 402

acoustic monopole, 413

acoustic near field, 414

acoustic phase velocity, 400

acoustic potential energy density, 402

acoustic power conservation, 402

acoustic radiation resistance, 414

acoustic resonant frequencies, 409

acoustic Snell's law, 404

acoustic velocity in solids, 401

acoustic wave equation, 400

adiabatic processes, 399

Ampere, 14

Amperes Law, 40

angle of incidence, 264

angle of reflection, 264

angle of transmission, 264

angular frequency, 30

anisotropic media, 290

anode, 127, 389

antenna beamwidth, 314, 360

antenna directivity, 314

antenna effective area, 319, 360

antenna feed, 344

antenna gain, 313, 360

antenna reactance, 316

antenna temperature, 357

aperture antennas, 338

array factor, 328

astrophysical masers, 384

atmosphere, 355

avalanche photodiodes, 391

back voltage, 154

band gap, 390

band-pass filters, 221

band-stop filters, 221

beam-splitter, 394

Bessel functions, 376

biaxial, 291

Biot-Savart law, 310

birefringence, 293

bit, 181

bit of information, 359

Boltzmann constant, 245

Boltzmann distribution, 245, 391

boundary conditions, 50, 197, 254

boundary value problem, 197, 254

boxcar modulation, 378

branch currents, 90

branches, 88

breakdown field, 162

breakdown voltage, 162

Brewster-angle windows, 276

Brewster's angle, 276

bridge circuit, 91

brightness temperature, 356

bulk modulus, 401

capacitance, 68

capacitance per meter, 187, 191

capacitors, 68

cathode, 127, 389

cathode-ray tube, 127

cavity resonators, 287

characteristic admittance, 200, 229

characteristic impedance, 229, 231

characteristic impedance of free space, 29

characteristic impedance Zo, 186

charge relaxation, 105

co-axial cable, 195

coercivity, 49

commutator, 164

complex frequency, 93

- i437

complex notation, 32

complex Poynting vector, 58

conductance per meter, 192

conduction, 42

conduction band, 43, 244, 390

conductivity, 25

conservation of charge, 14, 25, 40

conservation of energy, 12

conservation of mass, 12, 14, 399

conservation of momentum, 14

conservation of power, 13

constitutive relations, 41

corner reflectors, 367

Coulomb, 14

coupling, 71

critical angle, 265

critical magnetic field, 43

critical temperature, 43

critically coupled resonator, 100, 223

critically matched, 99

Curie temperature, 179

curl, 23

cut-off frequency, 279, 283, 298

cyclotron frequency, 130

cylindrical capacitor, 71

del operator, 23

demagnetize, 49

diamagnetic, 47

diamagnetic material, 140

dielectric constant, 68

dielectric constants /o, 46

dielectric slab waveguides, 372

diffraction, 338

dipole moment, 309, 383

dispersion relation, 194, 271, 295

dispersive media, 294

dispersive transmission lines, 251

distortionless line, 250

distributed circuit, 229

divergence, 23

dominant charge carriers, 43

dominant mode, 284

donor atoms, 245, 391

dot product, 23

duality, 274

dynode, 389

effective length, 312

electric charge, 14

electric dipole, 309

electric dipole moment, 45

electric dipoles, 44

electric energy density, 57

electric field, 15

electric field relaxation, 105

electric motors, 163

electric polarization vector, 45

electric potential, 302

electric pressure, 131, 144, 156

electromagnetic wave intensity, 57

electron, 14

electron volt, 129, 389

electrostatic motor, 159

element factor, 328

energy diagram, 244

energy gap, 244

energy states, 380

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, 380

evanescent acoustic mode, 408

evanescent wave, 267, 280, 298

external Q, 223

Fabry-Perot resonator, 392

far field, 308

Farad, 68

Faradays Law, 52

integral form, 40

Fermi level, 246, 386, 391

ferromagnetic, 48

fiber dispersion, 378

field mapping, 124

flux density, 60

flux tubes, 123

force vector, 127

force/energy equation, 141

Fourier transform, 340

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,

395

Fraunhofer approximation, 340

Fraunhofer region, 343

frequency multiplexer, 392

Fresnel region, 340, 346

Fresnel zone, 347

Fresnel zone plate, 347

- i438

fundamental mode, 287

gamma plane, 204, 208

Gausss divergence theorem, 25, 38

Gausss Law

for B , 40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58,

59, 60, 61, 62, 63

for charge, 18, 20, 40

generator, 167

geosynchronous communications satellite,

362

gradient operator, 301

group velocity, 252, 295, 378

guidance condition, 278, 374

half-power bandwidth, 98

half-wave plate, 294

Hall effect sensors, 182

Helmholtz equation, 305

Helmholtz wave equation, 27

Henry, 134

Hertzian dipole, 306

holes, 42

homogeneous line broadening, 387

Huygens approximation, 346

Huygens approximation, 340

hysteresis curve, 49

impedance match, 258

inductance, 73

inductance per meter, 187, 191

inductors, 72

infrared absorption, 377

inhomogeneous line broadening, 387

inhomogeneous media, 109

internal Q, 222

ionosphere, 355

Johnson noise, 356

Joule, 13

Kelvin magnetization force density, 146

Kelvin magnetization forces, 140

Kelvin polarization force density, 145

Kelvin polarization forces, 138

kinetic energy, 13

Kirchoffs voltage law, 88

Kirchoff's current law, 89

Laplace equation, 302

laser amplification, 383

laser diodes, 385

laser linewidth, 386

laser oscillator, 384

laser pump radiation, 383

lasers, 380

LC resonant frequency, 94

linewidth, 388

link expression, 362

loaded Q, 222, 223

loop currents, 90

Lorentz force equation, 15, 26, 127

Lorentz force law, 155

Lorentz line shape, 387

loss tangent, 268

loudspeaker, 415

lumped elements, 88

Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 394

magnetic coercive force, 49

magnetic diffusion, 106

magnetic domains, 48

magnetic energy density, 57

magnetic flux, 73

magnetic flux linkage, 74

magnetic moment, 164

magnetic pressure, 135, 144, 177

magnetic relaxation, 106

magnetic saturation, 48

magnetic susceptibility, 47

magnetic vector potential, 303

magnetization, 47

magnetization curve, 48

magnetoquasistatics, 85

masers, 380

matched load, 91

matched resonator, 100

Maxwell equations

time-harmonic, 33

Maxwell's equations, 24

mechanical power, 14

MEMS, 154

metals, 42

Michelson interferometer, 394

micro-electromechanical systems, 154

microphone, 414

mirror image charge, 103

mnemonic loads, 235

mode-locked laser, 394

- i439

momentum, 11, 14

motor back-voltage, 166

Newton, 13, 156

Newton's law, 13, 128, 152, 399

nodes, 88

non-linear loads, 235

non-uniform plane wave, 271

normalized impedance, 199

Norton equivalent circuit, 91

N-turn solenoidal inductor, 74

n-type semiconductors, 42, 246

ohm, 66

optical fiber, 370

optical fibers, 375

optical link, 370

optical waveguides, 372

over-coupled resonator, 223

parabolic mirror, 344

parallel RLC resonator, 96

parallel-plate capacitor, 69

parallel-plate TEM line, 186

parallel-plate waveguide, 278

paramagnetic, 47

paramagnetic material, 140

parasitic capacitance, 88, 90

parasitic inductance, 88, 89

penetration depth, 269

permanent magnet, 49

permeability, 25, 47

permittivity, 25, 44

perturbation techniques, 219

phase front, 260

phase velocity, 252, 295

phase-matching condition, 264

phasor, 32

photodiodes, 390

photoelectric effect, 389

photomultiplier tubes, 389

photon absorption, 381

photon momentum, 148, 176, 215

Photonic forces, 147

photonics, 368

photons, 14

phototube, 389

pinch effect, 135

planar resistor, 67

Plancks constant, 14, 381

plane of incidence, 262

plasma, 296

plasma frequency, 297

p-n junction, 386

Poisson equation, 302

Poisson integral, 306

polarization, 28, 35

polarization charge density, 45

polarization vector, 45

polysilicon, 250

position vector, 27

potential energy, 13

power dissipation density, 56

power radiated, 60

Poynting theorem, 56

complex, 59

Poynting vector, 57

principal axes, 291

projected wavelengths, 261

propagation vector, 260

p-type semiconductors, 42, 246

pulse-position modulation, 371

Pupin coils, 250

external, 99

internal, 99

loaded, 99

Q-switched laser, 385

quadratic equation, 94

quality factor Qn, 213, 218

quantum efficiency, 389

quarter-wave transformer, 212

radar equation, 365

radiation efficiency, 314

radiation pattern, 308

radiation pressure, 148

radiation resistance, 316, 349

radio astronomy, 357

radio frequency interference, 270

radio interference, 358

Rayleigh scattering, 377

Rayleigh-Jeans approximation, 356

RC time constant, 93

reciprocal media, 320

reciprocal network, 320

- i440

rectangular waveguide, 282

reflection coefficient, 199, 201, 231

relaxation time, 105

relays, 171

reluctance motors, 168

remote sensing, 358

residual flux density, 178

residual flux density Br, 49

resistors, 65

resonant frequencies, 287

resonator, 212, 213

resonator bandwidth, 98

RL time constant, 94

RLC resonant frequencies, 94

RLC resonators, 92

rotor, 159

scalar electric potential, 300

scalar Poisson integral, 302

scattering cross-section, 365

semiconductors, 43, 244

series RLC resonator, 94

shielding, 270

short-dipole antenna, 311

sidelobes, 360

skin depth , 270

Smith chart, 208

Snell's law, 264

solar radiation, 149

solar sail, 149

solenoid actuators, 173

spatial frequency, 31

spontaneous emission, 381

spring constant, 156

standing wave, 257

stator, 159, 163

stimulated emission, 381

Stokes' theorem, 39

surface polarization charge sp, 44

surface reflectivity, 275

surface waves, 266

susceptibility, 45

synthetic aperture radar, 367

TE1 mode, 278

telegraphers' equations, 248, 277, 314, 356

TEM circuit model, 247

TEM lines, 184

lossy, 248

TEM phase velocity, 195

TEM propagation constant, 194

TEM resonators, 213

TEM transmission line, 186

TEM wave equation, 194

TEM waves, 184, 186

thermal excitation, 245, 391

thermal noise, 356

Thevenin equivalent circuit, 91, 315

Thevenin equivalent impedance, 315

Thevenin voltage source, 315

three-level laser, 383

toroid, 75

with a gap, 77

toroidal inductor, 76

torque, 159

torque vector, 163

transformers, 80

transistors, 240

transmission coefficient, 199

transmission line wave equation, 200

transverse electric waves (TE waves), 263

transverse magnetic waves (TM waves), 263

two-photon transitions, 380

uniaxial, 291

uniform dipole arrays, 329

uniform plane wave, 28, 260

unit impulse, 232

unit-step function, 232

valence band, 43, 244

vector Poisson equation, 303

velocity of light, 28

voltage standing wave ratio, 204

Volts, 300

VSWR, 204

wave amplitude, 30

wave equation, 27, 228

wave number, 260

wave reflection coefficient, 258

wave vector, 261

waveform distortion, 251

waveguide mode, 278

waveguide wavelength, 278

wavelength, 31

wavenumber, 31

- i441

work function, 389

- i442

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications

Spring 2009

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