SI Unit system
Basic Electrical Quantities and Associated
Units: Charge, Current, Voltage, and Power
Current Direction and Voltage Polarity
Basic Circuit elements
Independent Voltage and Current Sources
Dependent Sources
Ohms Law
System of Units
Through out this course a standard system of
units SI which is: Metric system will be
adopted
International System of Units (SI) adopted in
1960 by the General Conference on Weights and
Measures.
It consist of Six basic units:
Meter (m), Kilogram (kG), Second (s), Ampere
(A), degree Kelvin (0K), Candela (cd)
SI base units
Standard SI prefixes
Units of some electric circuits quantities
Quantity
Unit (SI)
Length
(m) Meter
inch 1 [in] = 0.0254001 [m
Weight
kg
lb
1 [lb] = 0.453593 [kg]
Charge (C ) French scientist, Charles
Augustin de Coulomb
Force
(N ) English scientist, Sir Isaac
Newton
1 [N] = 1 [kgm/s2]
Energy
(J) British physicist, James P.
Joule
1 [J] = 1 [Nm]
Current (A) French scientist, Andre Marie
Ampere
1 [A] = 1 [C/s]
Voltage (V) Italian scientist, Alesandro
Volta
1 [V] = 1 [J/C]
Power
(W) Scottish engineer, James
Watt
1 [W] = 1 [J/s]
Charge and Current
Charge: the nature of charge is based on the
concept of atomic theory.
Normally for constant charge we use Q &
q for time-varying charge (e=-1.602x10-19C)
Current: is defined as the rate of change of
I, i(t)
charge w.r.t time.
Q, q(t)
Conventional current direction:
is in the direction of positive charges flow
through a given conductor.
Current reference direction :
i1
7A
a
(a)
b
(b)
Current flowing into a general element
q dq
i = lim
=
dt
t o t
So, the total charge entering the element since t0 up to
time t is given by
qTotal =
q (t )
q ( t0 )
dq = q(t ) q(t0 ) = i ( )d
t0
in Coulomb
=> q (t ) = i ( )d + q (t0 )
t0
Example 1. Given q(t), find i(t).
0,
t<0
2 t C, 0 t 2s
4 C, 2s t 4s
q ( t ) = 2(6 t ) C, 4s t 8s
4 C, 8s t 10s
2( t 12) C, 10s t 12s
0,
t > 12s
0,
t<0
2 A, 0 t 2s
0, 2s t 4s
i( t ) = 2 A, 4s t 8s
0, 8s t 10s
2 A, 10s t 12s
t > 12s
0,
Example 2. Given q(0)=0 and i(t), find q(t)
0,
t<0
2 A, 0 t 2s
0, 2s t 4s
i( t ) = 2 A, 4s t 8s
0, 8s t 10s
2 A, 10s t 12s
t > 12s
0,
0,
t<0
2 t C, 0 t 2s
4 C, 2s t 4s
q ( t ) = 2(6 t ) C, 4s t 8s
4 C, 8s t 10s
2( t 12) C, 10s t 12s
0,
t > 12s
Example 3
A
Given
i(t)
t<0
5A
i( t ) = 4 t
5e A t > 0
Find the net charge passing through point A between
0.25 s and +0.25 s
Answer: q = 2.04 C
-0.25s
0.25s
Solution to Example 3
t2
q( t 2 ) q ( t1 ) = i( t )dt
t1
0
i(t)
q =
0.25
i(t )dt
i (t )dt +
0.25
0.25
5dt +
0.25
= 5t |00.25
Set y=4t
-0.25s
0.25s
5e 4t dt
1
+5
4
0.25
e4t d (4t )
1 y
= 1.25 + 5 e dy
40
= 1.25 + 1.25 (1 e 1 )
= 2.04
Common types of electrical currents
(a) DC
(b) AC sinusoidal (c) Exponential curr
curr
ent decay (d) Damped sinusoidal current
It is essential to determine b
oth direction and quantity of
current
Common types of electrical currents cont..
DC: i(t)=constant
We assign a direction of current flow for
the purpose of analysis only.
+: flows along the direction we specified
-: flows opposite to the direction we
specified
i(t) always opposite to the direction of
electron motion.
5A
-1A
Alternating current (AC or ac)
Direction and amplitude change periodically with time.
A fundamental form of AC current is
i(t)=A sin (t + )
Peak value
Phase
Frequency
Voltage / potential difference
Voltage, potential difference
Is defined as the work done to move a
positive unit charge through an element
W =V q
Unit : Volt
equivalent to
1[V] = [1 J /1 C]
So voltage is energy/unit charge
V =dW/dq
DC Voltage polarity
Terminal A is 5 volt negative w.r.t terminal B
Terminal A is 5 volt positive w.r.t terminal B
It is essential to determine the polarity and the
value of the voltage. For AC circuits the polarity
is only valid for a definite given time e.g. at t=0
23V
Example1
v6
(a)
(b)
5V
Examle2
-5V
B
(a)
Double script notation :
B
(b)
vab = vba
(a) vab = 5 [V ], (b) vba = 5 [V ]
Absorption and Delivering of Energy
2A
2A
2A
2A
5V
5V
5V
(a)
(b)
(c)
5V
(d)
Delivering
Absorbing
Absorbing energy : If a positive current enters a
positive voltage terminal of an element then it is
said that this element is absorbing energy as in
(a), (b)
Delivering energy : Else if a positive current leaves
a positive voltage terminal of an element, then
this element is supplying energy (delivering) as
in (c), (d)
Passive sign convention:
In this method the electrical power which
absorbed is calculated
The instantaneous power absorbed by a circuit element is
The current i(t) going into the + terminal of the circuit times
the voltage v(t) across the circuit element.
Power absorbed=p(t)=i(t)v(t)
p(t) is in watt, W.
i(t) is in ampere, A.
V(t) is in volt, V.
Lamp: 100 W, 110V,
Currrent? (0.91A)
i(t)
A
+
V(t)
_ i(t)
B
Circuit
Elements
Power absorbed by an element
Example: compute the power of each element and state
whether it is delivering power or absorbing
a P = (2V )(3 A) = 6W
b P = ( 2V )( 3 A) = 6W
c P = (4V )( 5 A) = 20W
Instantaneous power :
If a charge q is moved across an element whose
voltage terminal is from the positive to the
negative terminal, then the energy absorbed by
the element is given by:
w=v q
The rate of the work done is equal to the
instantaneous power
Example
A generates 20W of power, find
VA
Find power absorbed by B
If element C generates 3W of
power, find Vc
If element D absorbs 27W of
power, find ID
If element E absorbs 2W of
power, find IE
Find the power absorbed by
element F
Answers:
(1) VA = 5 V, (2) PB = 14 W, (3) VC = 1 V, (4) ID =
9 A, (5) IE = 2 A, (6) PF =
20 W.
Electrical Circuit Basic Elements
Generally the circuit elements
can be divided into
Passive elements which absorb
energy such as Resistor R,
Capacitors C, and inductors L
Active elements, which deliver
energy such as: Voltage source
(V) and Current sources (Is)
The passive elements
Resistor R: is the resistance that resists the flow of the current
through a conductor. It is measured in Ohm ( )
Capacitor C: It is an element for storing the electrical energy in
form of static field. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured
in FARAD. (F)
Inductor L: It is an element of storing the electrical energy in
form of magnetic field. The inductance of an inductor is
measured in HENRY. (H)
The Active Elements
They deliver energy to the passive elements of the circuit
Voltage
Sources
Dependent
Voltage Sources
Independent
Voltage Sources
Current
Sources
Independent
Dependent
current Sources
current Sources
Independent voltage source:
It delivers constant voltage value across its terminal
The voltage is constant regardless of the
current through it and completely
independent of the voltages or currents of
the other elements.
Symbol :
Independent current source
It provides constant current value irregardless of
the voltage across it
The current is constant and completely
independent of the voltages and currents of the
other elements,
Symbol :
Dependent current source
It provides current value depending on
voltages or currents in other elements of
the same circuit or other surrounding
circuit.
They are of two types:
a
+
V1
1-Voltage-controlled
current source
a
Ki i1
KG V1
i1
2- current-controlled
current source
Dependent Voltage sources
It provides voltage value depending on voltages
or currents in other elements of the same circuit
or other surrounding circuit.
They are of two types:
a
+
V1
+
-
Kv V1
1-Voltage controlled Voltage source
Example: Find the value of VL
b
2- current-controlled Voltage source
Delivering and absorbing power in the
sources
2A
Delivering
12V
12V
Absorbing
2A
(a) Delivering
(b) Absorbing
Problem
+
+12 V
On the base that Power absorbing=-power delivering
Electrical Circuit: General Definition
Node: It is a point of connection of three or more
of the circuit elements, e.g. Points A, B, M, and D
Branch: It is part of the circuit elements between
two nodes, e.g.AD, AB, BM1,BM2, AD1,AD2
Loop: Any closed path by the circuit elements,e.g
. Loop I1 and Loop I2
Ohm's Law
It has been developed in 1826 by German physicist
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854)
It states that: The voltage across a conducting material is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the material
V=i * R
R
+
i
-
Instantaneous power
Eample: For the shown circuit find the instantenous power
v(t ) = 2sin(100t )
i (t ) = 0.2sin(100t )
Solution:
0.4
p(t ) = v(t )i (t ) = 0.4sin (100t ) =
(1 cos(200t ))
2
2
Instantaneous power
Eample: For the shown circuit find the instantenous power
v(t ) = 2sin(100t )
i (t ) = 0.2sin(100t )
Solution:
0.4
p(t ) = v(t )i (t ) = 0.4sin (100t ) =
(1 cos(200t ))
2
2
Problem1
For the shown circuit if the voltage and current
are as shown:
Find the time when the absorbed power is maximum
Find the maximum power
Find the total energy given to the element
i
+
v
element
_
500t
at t > 0 ; v = 80000t e
at t < 0 ; v = 0; i = 0
volt; i = 1.5 t e
500t
Solution
P = v i = 80000 t e 500 t 1 . 5 t e 500 t = 120000 t 2 e 1000 t
for the maximum power, diffrentiate the above equation w.r.t
time and equate to zero
dP
= 120000 2t e 1000t 120000000 t 2 e 1000t = 0
dt
Which result in t .
s ms it is the time at maximum po er
he maximum po er is i en as
P(2 ms ) = 120000(2 10 3 ) 2 e 2 = 64.96 mW
To find the total energy absorbed
W = Pdt = v idt = 120000t 2 e 1000t dt
W = 120[ t e
2
1000 t
e 1000 t
e 1000 t
2t
2
] = 240 J
6
1000
10
0
Problem 2
For the shown circuit calculate the total power absorbed
by the circuit
Solution
P1 = v1 (t ) i1 (t ) = 3(1 e t ) (3e t )
P2 = v2 (t ) i2 (t ) = (3e t 1) (3e t 1)
Pabsorbed _ 1 A _ source = v1 ( t ) ( 1 A ) = 3(1 e t ) ( 1)
Pabsorbed _ 2V _ source = ( 2V ) i2 (t ) = ( 2) (3e t 1)
Ptotal _ absorbed
= P1 + Pabsorbed _1 A _ source + P2 + Pabsorbed _ 2V _ source
= 3(1 e t ) (3e t ) + 3(1 e t ) (1)
+ (3e t 1) (3e t 1) + (2) (3e t 1)
= 3(1 e t ) (3e t 1)
t
+ (3e 3) (3e 1)
= 3[1 e t + (e t 1)] (3e t 1)
=0
Ptotal _ absorbed = 0
