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When A Real Number A Is Multiplied by Itself in N Times, The Result Is The A To The Power of N. in General

This document discusses indices and logarithms. It covers positive, negative, fractional and zero indices, and the laws of indices. It also covers logarithms, defining them as the exponent such that the base raised to that power is equal to the value. The laws of logarithms are presented. Finally, it discusses solving equations involving indices and logarithms, including changing the base of logarithms. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

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Shafiqah Samsuri
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116 views9 pages

When A Real Number A Is Multiplied by Itself in N Times, The Result Is The A To The Power of N. in General

This document discusses indices and logarithms. It covers positive, negative, fractional and zero indices, and the laws of indices. It also covers logarithms, defining them as the exponent such that the base raised to that power is equal to the value. The laws of logarithms are presented. Finally, it discusses solving equations involving indices and logarithms, including changing the base of logarithms. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

Uploaded by

Shafiqah Samsuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

CHAPTER 5: INDICES

5.1 Indices and Law of Indices

Positive index

When a real number a is multiplied by itself in n times, the result is the a to


the power of n.
In general,
an = a a a a

Zero index

The zero index of any number is equal to zero.


a0 = 1, where a 0

Negative index
a-n is a reciprocal of an
1
an = n
a

Fractional index
1

an

is a nth root of a.
1

a n =n a , where a
0

m
n

is a nth root of am.


m
n

a =( n a) = am , where a 0

Law of indices
am an = am + n
am an = am n
(am)n = amn

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5.2 Logarithms and Law of Logarithms

Logarithms
N = ax loga N = x
where a > 0 and a 1.
Example 1
Find the value of each of the following:
1. log2 64
2. log3 1
3. log5 5
log 1 4
4.
2
5. log8 0.25
Example 2
Solve the following equations.
1. log3 5x = 2
2. logx + 1 81 = 2
3. logx 5x 6 = 2

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Law of logarithms
loga xy = loga x + loga y
x
log a
=log a xlog a y
y

()

loga xm = m loga x
Example 3
Express the following in term of loga x and loga y.
1. loga 3x
x
log a
2.
5
3. loga y5
4. loga xy3
2
x
5. log a y
6.

log a

y
a x3
2

Example 4
Find the value of the following.
1. log2 7 + log2 12 log2 21
2. 3 log10 5 + 2 log10 2 log10 5
3. 2 log10 3 - log10 3 + log10 3

1
3

4. log3 3p + log3 3q log3 pq


Example 5
Given that log7 4 = 0.712 and log7 5 = 0.827, evaluate the following.
1. log7 20
2. log7 1
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1
4

log7 0.8
log7 28
log7 140
log7 100
log7 0.25

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8. log7

35
64

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5.3 Change of Base of Logarithms


log a b=

log c b
log c a

log a b=

1
, when c=b
log b a

Example 6
Find the value of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

log25 100
log3 0.4
log4 8
log125 5
log81 27
log16 64

Example 7
Given that logp 3 = h and logp 5 = k, express the following in terms of h and/or k.
1. logp

5
3

2. log15 75
Example 8
Given that log3 x = b, express logx 9x in terms of b.
Example 9
Given that log2 3 = 1.585 and log2 5 = 2.322, evaluate the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.

log8 15
log5 0.6
log15 30
log16 45

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5.4 Equation Involving Indices and Logarithms

Equation involving indices

If the base are the same,


When ax = ay, then x = y

If the index are the same,


When ax = bx, then a = b

If the base and index are not the same,


ax = b
log ax = log b
log b
x=
log a

Example 10
Solve each of the following.
1. 16x = 8
2. 9x. 3x 1 = 81
1
n+1
5 =
3.
125 n1
4.
5.

81n+2=
8

x1

1
3 27n1
n

4
2 x+3

6. 27(813x) = 1
Example 11
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
2x . 42 y =8
3x 1
=
9 y 27
Example 12
Solve each of the following.
Page 7 of 9

1. 3x 1 + 3x = 12
2. 2x + 2x + 3 = 72
3. 4x + 1 + 22x = 20

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Example 13
Solve each of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.

3x + 1 = 7
2(3x) = 5
2x.3x = 9x 4
5x 1.3x + 2 = 10

Equation involving logarithms

If the base are the same,


If loga m = loga n, then m = n

Convert to index form,


If loga m = n, then m = an

Example 14
Solve the following equation.
1.
2.
3.
4.

log3 2 + log3 (x + 5) = log3 (3x 1)


log2 8x 3 = log2 (2x 1)
3logx 2 + 2logx 4 logx 256 = -1
logy 81 3 = logy 3
x
2 log 2 xlog 2 1 4=0
5.
2

( )

Example 15
Solve the following equation.
1. log3 [log2 (2x 1)] = 2
2. log16 [log2 (5x 4)] = log9 3
3. log9 (x 2) = log3 2
3
4. log 4 x= 2 log 2 3
5. log4 x = 25logx 4
6. log2 5x + log4 16x = 6

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