PROTOCOLS
FOR THE
MANAGEMENT OF
OBSTETRIC
PATIENTS
AT
LOWER UMFOLOZI
DISTRICT WAR MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL
EMPANGENI
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 1 of 42
TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgements
.
..
.
.
Introduction
.
..
.
.
Aims of the booklet
.
..
.
.
Definitions
.
..
.
.
Five big causes of Maternal Death ..
.
.
Communicable Disease
..
.
.
Summary of key recommendations ..
.
.
Protocols
...........
..
.
.
Causes of Maternal Deaths is South Africa
.
.
1. Non pregnancy related sepsis
.
.
Intrapartum Management of HIV+ patients
.
2. Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy ..
.
3. Obstetric Haemorrhage .
..
.
4. Pregnancy Related Sepsis
..
.
5. Medical Disorders in Pregnancy (mainly Cardiac disease)
5.1 Antenatal Care of a Cardiac Mother
.
5.2 Intrapartum Care of Cardiac Mother
.
5.3 Post Partum Care of Cardiac Immediate and Intermediate
5.4 Diabetes in Pregnancy
..
.
5.5 Antenatal Care of Diabetic Patient
.
5.6 Intrapartum Care ..
.
.
5.7 Post Delivery Care ..
.
.
Labour Ward
Prolonged second stage of labour
.
.
Eclampsia
...........
..
.
.
Abruptio Placentae
...........
..
.
Placenta Praevia
...........
..
.
Preterm Labour
...........
..
.
Induction of Labour
...........
..
.
Pre-induction Cervical Ripening
..
.
Communicable Disease
Malaria
.
..
.
.
Sexually transmitted and Urinary tract infection
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
.
.
Genital Ulcer Disease
..
.
.
Genital Warts
..
.
.
Syphyllis .
..
.
.
Urinary Tract Infections ..
.
.
Indications for intubation and ventilation in eclampsia
.
Management and treating high spinal
.
.
Management of failed Intubation .
.
.
Advanced Life Support for Healthcare Providers
.
Overview of Resuscitation in the delivery room .
.
Birth
.
..
.
.
.
Referrals ...........
..
.
.
.
Gynaecological Referral
..
.
.
Referral Centre
...........
..
.
.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 2 of 42
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.6
..8 - 9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
18
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.27
..28-29
.30
.30
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
..39-40
.41
.42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As a first booklet to be published for the purpose of providing a guide to the
management of an Obstetric Patient and Lower Umfolozi District War Memorial
Hospital and Area 3, we hope this will improve the maternal and neonatal
outcome of
our efforts.
Many thanks Dr Kambaran, HOD, departmental Consultants for their
contribution, Dr Bwambale (Anaesthesia) Dr Kapongo and the Paediatric
Department.
Finally, thank you to the publishers, for their support.
Dr Thabo Matsaseng
March 2007
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 3 of 42
INTRODUCTION
The well being of mothers have long been acknowledged to be a building block of
public health. Therefore the level of maternal deaths should be an issue of
concern for all working in the field of woman health.
Unfortunately the saving mothers report (2002-2004) indicates that South
Africas maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has increased.
Either due to better reporting or an increase in absolute numbers of maternal
deaths.
The saving mothers report (2002-2004) highlighted the important facts that nonpregnancy related infections, aids is still the leading cause of death.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remains a common direct cause of a
maternal death especially in the woman under the age of 24yrs and teenagers. If
we emphasize the importance of family planning / contraceptive services, and
termination of pregnancies (TOPS) services accessibility and availability we might
reduce the deaths in this category.
Perennial problems noted from the previous tri-annual report (1999-2001) have
not changed, especially a delay in seeking help viz. The first delay in recognizing
the problem at home, second delay in decision making about health care facility,
the third delay is transporting the mother to a health facility and the fourth
delay in receiving good quality care on arrival at a health facility.
It would appear that safe pregnancy goes beyond the provision of good basic
maternity. It requires extensive community involvement (community health
workers, outreach personnel, volunteers, religious groups, educational
institutions and the media) to provide woman with the relevant information, offer
choices of care, identify those at risk and refer appropriately for professional
care. Furthermore efforts to reduce poverty, to improve infrastructure and
overall socio-economic should be acknowledged and be encouraged where they
lack. Finally, the national committee for the confidential enquiry into maternal
deaths (NCCEMD) has produced yet another report not to sensitize but to
encourage and motivate us (health care workers and the community) to
implement the key recommendations that will reduce maternal deaths and
improve the health of our nation. As an active strategy to ensure that the
recommendations are properly implemented, their implementation will be
incorporated in the managers or people in key positions (key performance areasKPA).
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 4 of 42
AIMS OF THE BOOKLET
[ To highlight the big five causes of maternal deaths as reported by NCCEMD in
the 2002-2004 report.
[ Outline protocols to be followed in dealing with the above mentioned causes
of maternal deaths.
[ To ensure that the key recommendations are implemented by all health
facilities dealing with womans health.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 5 of 42
DEFINITIONS
According to the international classification of diseases, injuries and causes of
death 10th revisions, maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while
pregnant, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related
to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or
incidental causes
DIRECT :
Death resulting from obstetric complications of the pregnancy
state (pregnancy, labour and puerperium) from
interventions,
omissions, incorrect treatment or
from a chain of events
resulting
from any of the above.
Indirect :
Deaths resulting from previous existing disease, disease
that
developed during pregnancy and which were not due to direct
obstetric causes, but which were aggravated by the physiological
changes of pregnancy.
Co-incidental: Deaths from unrelated causes which happen to occur in
pregnancy or the Puerperium.
Unknown:
Deaths during pregnancy or the puerperium where an underlying
cause was not identified.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 6 of 42
BIG FIVE (5) CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS PROTOCOLS 1.
Non Pregnancy related sepsis/Infections (e.g.) HIV / aids
2.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
3.
Obstetric hemorrhage
4.
Pregnancy related sepsis, includes septic miscarriages and puerperial
sepsis
5.
Pre-existing medical illness/disease eg:
Cardiac disease
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PROTOCOLS
1.
Tuberculosis
2.
Malaria
3.
Urinary tract infection and sexually transmitted infections
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 7 of 42
SUMMARY OF KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
(SAVING MOTHERS REPORT 2002-2004)
1.
Protocols on the management of important conditions
Causing maternal deaths must be available and utilized appropriately in
all institutions where woman deliver. All midwives and doctors must be
trained on the use of these protocols:
The following are key conditions of which relevant protocols must be
available:
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
2.
Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy
Obstetric hemorrhage
Septic Abortion
Puerperial sepsis
Communicable diseases: STI, TB and Malaria
Resuscitation: Maternal and Neonatal
Non Communicable diseases:
Diabetes, mellitus and cardiac
disease in pregnancy.
All Pregnant women should be offered information on, screening and
appropriate management of non-communicable diseases.
[
[
[
[
[
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Urinary Tract Infections
Non-communicable diseases
3.
Criteria for referral and referral routes must be established and utilized
properly and utilized properly in all provinces.
4.
Emergency transport facilities must be available for all pregnant and
postpartum women and their babies with complications (at any site)
5.
Staffing and equipment norms must be established for each level of care
and for every health institution concerned with the care of pregnant
women.
6.
Blood for transfusion must be available at every institution where
caesarian sections are performed.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 8 of 42
7.
Contraceptive use must be promoted through education and service
provision and the number of mortalities from unsafe abortions must
be reduced.
8.
Correct use of the partogram should become the norm in each institution
conducting births. A quality assurance programme should be
implemented, using an appropriate tool.
9.
Skills in anaesthesia should be improved at all levels of care, particularly
level 1 hospital.
10.
Women, families and communities at large must be empowered, involved
and participate actively in activities, projects and programmes aiming at
improving maternal and neonatal health as well as reproductive health in
general.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 9 of 42
PROTOCOLS
[
CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS
LABOUR WARD PROTOCOLS
MALARIA IN PREGNANCY
TUBERCULOSIS IN PREGNANCY
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
SYPHLLIS
UTI
INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION
MANAGEMENT OF HIGH SPINAL
MANAGEMENT OF DIFFICULT NTUBATION
RESUSCITATION OF THE MOTHER
RESUSCITATION OF THE NEWBORN
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 10 of 42
PROTOCOLS
BIG 5 CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS IN SOUTH
AFRICA
1. NON PREGNANCY RELATED SEPSIS, (mainly
HIV/AIDS)
2. HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
3. OBSTETRIC HAEMORRGAGE
4. PREGNANCY RELATED SEPSIS
5. MEDICAL DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY (mainly
DISEASE)
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 11 of 42
CARDIAC
1. NON PREGNANCY RELATED SEPSIS, HIV/AIDS
Common cause of deaths amongst these patients is chest infections and other
opportunistic infections. e.g. TB
All pregnant mothers must be offered mandatory counseling and testing for HIV,
and they should opt out.
HIV
NEGATIVE
POST TEST
COUNSELLING
HIV
POSITIVE
CD4 Count. (Results back within 2
weeks)
CXR if symptomatic
Inform about opportunistic infections
Avoid invasive procedures
CD4 < 200
ARV Programme
Nutritional support
Counsel for TOP if <
12 weeks
CD4 > 200
PMTCT Single dose
Nevirapine 200mg at
onset of labour
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 12 of 42
INTRAPARTUM MANAGEMENT OF HIV POSITIVE PATIENT
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
Avoid repeated vaginal examinations
Vaginal lavage before and after an internal exam
Avoid unnecessary episiotomy
Avoid fetal scalp blood testing
Avoid rupture of membranes
If augmentation required can be effected with intact membranes
All patients with prolonged rupture of membranes or going for emergency
caesarean section must receive therapeutic IV antibiotics for 5 days
If assisted delivery necessary Forceps are recommended (Discuss with the
consultant)
POST DELIVERY
Multivitamins and Vit A (200,000 IU orally stat)
CD4 count every 6 months, if not on the programme
Discuss feeding options.
Breastfeeding should be exclusive for 6 months Contraception must be
emphasized and effected.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 13 of 42
2. HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
Proper assessment of all pregnant mothers in the antenatal care, e.g. blood
pressure, urine test, and weight measurements.
Patient @ clinic level: 140/90-105
Exclude s/s of imminent eclampsia
Aldomet 1g loading dose, then
500mg Q6hrly PO
Refer the patient to district
hospital for MO assessment or to
be seen by a visiting MO at the
clinic.
BP = 160/110 or any proteinuric
BP
MUST BE REFERRED TO LEVEL 2
HOSPITAL, LUDWMH.
BP =160/110, Refer the same day
and call an ambulance
Aldomet loading dose, if BP still
high after 1hr insert drip and pre
load with 300ml R/Lactate, then
give Adalat 10mg po orally, while
waiting for an ambulance.
Single reading of DBP 11OmmHg, or
BP 140/90 on 2 occasions 6hrs apart,
Proteinuria
Significant weight gain
DBP = Diastolic blood pressure
Symptoms and signs
Exclude signs
and symptoms
of imminent
Eclampsia
Headache
Blurring of vision
Epigastric pain
Hyperreflexia
Clonus
Epigastric
Mild: District Hospital
Severe: Regional /Tertiary Hospital
DBP > 110mmHg or
Low platelets and abnormal LFT
Fetal compromise
Renal impairment
Bed rest
Aldomet 1g loading dose then,
500mg Q6hrly PO
FBC (Hb, PLT)
U&E, Urates
24hr urine protein
Fetal assessment: USS (liquor
volume, weight, GA) & Doppler
If no maternal or fetal
complications manage as
outpatient.
Deliver at term (37 completed
weeks).
Bed rest
Drip, preload with 300ml R/Lactate
Aldomet 1g loading dose, then
maintenance
If BP still high after 30mins give
Adalat 10mg PO stat or consider
Labetalol infusion: 200mg in 200 ml
N/S @ 20ml/hr titrate against BP.
MgSO4 prophylaxis per protocol
FBC (Hb, PLT), U&E, LFT, Urates
NST, USS (liquor volume, weight,
GA) & Doppler
Consider Delivery!!!
Discuss with Consultant at all
times.
If for C/S the patients must be
discussed with Anaesthetist at all
times.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 14 of 42
3. OBSTETRIC HAEMORRHAGE
Commonest cause of deaths amongst this group is postpartum haemorrhage. Best
management is prevention.
Identify patients at risk
Abruptio placentae
Placenta praevia
Previous PPH
Prolonged labour
Big baby
Multiple
pregnancies
Pre delivery preparation:
Ensure that the haemoglobin is at least 10g/dl,
Insert a drip
If Hb is < 8 g/dl - Transfuse
Resuscitation equipment must be readily available
Active management of third stage:
Ensure the bladder is empty
Rub the uterus to effect contractions
Syntometrine 1amp IM at delivery of anterior shoulder (if not
contraindicated)
Oxytocin infusion 40u in 1L R/Lactate @ 30d/min.
Rectal Misoprostol 600mcg stat.
Repair any genital tears and Exclude ruptured uterus in a multipara
Monitor vitals: Colour, BP, P, Pad checks hourly.
Intake and output monitoring
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY:
SEVERE BLEEDING OR SHOCKED PATIENT
Call for help of senior personnel: earlier than late
Two IV line 16G / 18 G Needle, CVP monitor
Foleys catheter to monitor urine output
Oxygen by mask 40%
Fluids: Crystalloids and Voluven
Blood products: FDPs
Packed cells, at least 4u
FBC (Hb, PLT), U&E, ABG, INR, PT/PTT
ONCE RESUSCITATED TREAT THE CAUSE
RPOC
: EVACUATION
TEARS : REPAIR IN OT
DECISION FOR LAPAROTOMY HYSTERECTOMY MUST BE TAKEN EARLY
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 15 of 42
4. PREGNANCY RELATED SEPSIS
Most common is puerperal sepsis and septic miscarriages.
Thorough patient evaluation is the key:
History of interference should be emphasized in case of a miscarriage
Blood pressure, pulse, colour, respiratory rate, nasal flare, temperature,
and urine output.
Respiratory system:? ARDS
Abdominal:? Peritonitis? Bowel sounds
Speculum: The condition of the cervix? Necrosis/Gangrene
Neurological: GCS, any confusion?
Investigations:
FBC (Hb, PLT)
U&E
LFT
CXR, ABG
INR, PT/PTT
U - MCS
Management Principle:
Admit to high care area
Discuss with the consultant
Resuscitation: Oxygen, IV line CVP, Foleys.
Start IV antibiotics
Input and output monitoring
Septic shock or
2 organ failure or
Distended peritonitic abdomen or
Mental confusion with abnormal
blood gas
Immunocompromised
may not have overt
abdominal signs.
LAPAROTOMY
HYSTERECTOMY
2 IV lines + CVP
IV Antibiotics
Arrange ICU care
Discuss with the senior
anaesthetist
Stable patient
No peritonitis
No organ failure
IV Antibiotics:
Augmentin 1.2g 8hrly IV
Gentamycin 240mg dly IV
Metronidazole 1g 12hrly PR
Analgesia: Indocid 100mg BD PR
Fluids: MRL 1L 8hrly IV
Monitor: BP, P, T, Urine output
EVACUATION by Senior doctor
Consider Colpopuncture
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 16 of 42
5. EXISTING MEDICAL DISORDER
Most common is cardiac disease in pregnancy.
History
:
Examination :
5.1
Obstetric and medical history, any cardiac illnesses
Blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and colour, chest
examination, listen for murmurs
ANTENATAL CARE OF A CARDIAC MOTHER
All patients should be evaluated at Regional or Tertiary hospital early in
pregnancy
Grade the functional ability by NYHA classification
Correct any anemia Haematenics (repeat Hb at 36 weeks)
Treat any UTI (U MCS)
Ensure the patient is not in cardiac failure (dypsnoea, orthopnoea, tachycardia
etc)
Exclude infective endocarditis (splinter haemorrhages, fever, splenomegaly etc.)
All patients to be assessed by specialist Obstetrician, Physician, Anaesthetist,
and Social worker.
FBC (Hb, PLT), U&E, CXR, ECG, ECHOCARDIOGRAM
No trial of labour in a cardiac, therefore mode of delivery must be determined
antenatally
(Ideally all primigravid mothers must have CT scan of the pelvis assessment)
Sterilization should be encouraged in patients with moderate to severe disease
Anticoagulation in patients with valve replacement or stenotic lesion
Ensure patient has easy access to health facility antenatally and during labour.
If a patient is in cardiac failure:
Stabilize the mother first: Antifailure therapy
Do not monitor the baby until the mother is stable
Antifailure management: Oxygen by mask
Semi fowlers position
Furosemide 40 80mg IV, then maintenance
Treat the precipitating factor
If severe and hypoxic consider ventilation & ICU
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 17 of 42
5.2
INTRAPARTUM CARE OF CARDIAC MOTHER
RESUSCITATION TROLLEY MUST BE READILY AVAILABLE AND FUNCTIONAL
Semi fowlers position
Analgesia preferably epidural if not contraindicated
Avoid repeated vaginal examinations
Delay artificial rupture of membranes
If augmentation is necessary Concentrated oxytocin e.g. 10u in 200ml N/S
titrated to contractions
Continuous fetal monitoring
Second stage of labour should be assisted outlet forceps (Individualize)
Avoid unnecessary episiotomy
Avoid lithotomy position the legs must be placed on the chair on either side
with the knees slightly below the level of the hips.
5.3
POST PARTUM CARE OF CARDIAC IMMEDIATE AND INTERMEDIATE
HIGH CARE MANAGEMENT FOR 24 HOURS
Avoid syntometrine
Give syntocinon 5U IM and 5U IV
Furosemide 40mg IV stat, if patient not on treatment already
Antibiotics
: Ampicillin 1g 8hrly IV
Gentamycin 240mg dly IV
Anticoagulation : The need for anticoagulation should be discussed with
the consultant post delivery.
Contraception and breastfeeding must be discussed.
5.4
DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
Gestational Diabetes (GDM): Patient diagnosed first time in pregnancy and
resolving after.
Established Diabetes: Patient with known disease, either insulin dependant
(type 1) or non insulin dependant (type 2). Therefore medical history is very
important in evaluation of all pregnant women.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 18 of 42
Which patients to be screened:
Previous gestational diabetes
Unexplained IUFD
Increased body mass, > 90kg
Glycosuria
Previous big baby, > 4kg
Fetal congenital abnormalities
Polyhydramnios
Family history of diabetes
Women of Asian origin
Screening (SGTT): Irrespective of the last meal.
Give 75g of glucose diluted in 250ml of water.
Venous blood glucose must be taken an hour later.
If the level is < 7, 8 repeat the test @ 28 weeks.
If the level is > 7, 8 Book for a diagnostic test, FGTT.
Diagnostic test (FGTT): Patient must be starved.
Fasting blood glucose
Give 75g of glucose diluted in 250ml of water
Venous blood glucose must be taken at 1hr, 2hrs, and 3hrs.
OSullivans criterion is used:
Normal levels: Fasting
:5
1hr : 9
2hrs : 8
3hrs : 7
If 2 or more of the levels are above normal, the patient is diabetic = GDM
5.5
ANTENATAL CARE OF DIABETIC PATIENT
Multidisciplinary approach
Admit to ward
Dietician consults re: diet management
Obstetrician / Physician / Anaesthetist / Social worker
Profiles: Twice a week
Pre and post prandial blood levels: Morning 07h00 & 09h00
Evening 16h00 & 18h00
Assess for maternal complications: Fundoscopy, feet assessment, CXR,
ECG, 24hr urine protein, HbA1C, U MCS.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 19 of 42
Fetal assessment: USS (GA, EFW, AFI, Anomalies, Doppler) every 3 weeks
If no control on diet for GDM Commence insulin therapy
If no fetal or maternal complications deliver @ 38 weeks
For known diabetics, the oral medication must be converted to insulin
therapy
Patients can be managed as outpatient once the blood glucose is controlled
and they know how to use the needles and syringes.
Patients must be counseled on signs of hypoglycemia and how to handle the
situation.
INSULIN THERAPY:
Begin at 0, 6 u / kg / day
Adjust the doses according to profiles.
Combination of short acting (Actrapid / Humilin R) and intermediate
acting (Humilin L / Protophane)
Total dosage: 2/3 morning - 2/3 Protophane
1/3 Actrapid
1/3 evening -
5.6
Protophane
Actrapid
INTRAPARTUM CARE
If patient is for induction the morning dose of insulin must be omitted.
All patients in labour must be on a sliding scale
A drip of 5% dextrose must be inserted
Foleys catheter
Monitor blood glucose 1 hourly
Urine dipstix 1 hourly ketones, glucose
U&E as baseline K+
Input and output monitoring
If blood glucose is > 14mmol change fluids to normal saline
Continuous fetal monitoring
C/section for obstetric indication
Paediatrician to be informed about a diabetic in labour and the baby should
be assessed in nursery.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 20 of 42
5.7
POST DELIVERY CARE
HIGH CARE FOR 12hours
Continue sliding scale
If normal birth: Commence treatment after 6hrs
Adjust according to glucose control
If C/section :
Commence treatment after 48hrs, once the patient is
ambulant and eating
GDM Must have OGTT after 6 weeks to exclude established disease
Contraception and breastfeeding must be discussed.
Established diabetics must be referred to their family physician for long term
care of the disease.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 21 of 42
PROLONGED SECOND STAGE OF
LABOUR
Nullipara>30min,Multipara>20min
Empty the bladder
Senior Medical Officer to be
involved at all times.
Discuss HIV + patients with the
Consultant.
Is there Cephalopelvic
disproportion/malpresentation/fetal
distress?
NO
YES
Ceasarean
Section
Primigravida
Multipara
Reassure the mother
Rupture membranes, if
intact
Oxytocin, if contractions
inadequate.
Discuss with
Consultant
NOT DELIVERED
in 20min.
Head not more than 1/5 palpable
above pelvic brim
Confirm position of presenting part
Discuss with the Consultant
YES
NO
Assist vaginal
Delivery
Ceasarean
Section
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 22 of 42
ECLAMPSIA
Call for help,and inform Consultant
Resuscitation Clear and protect airway
Insert drip and foleys catheter
If fitting give Clonazepam 1mg IV slowly
Prevention of fits MgSO4according to protocols
BP control-Labetalol 200mg in 200ml N/S@20ml/hr,maximum of
160mg/hr.or
Nifedipine 10mgPO
Investigation-FBC (Hb,PLT),U&E,LFT,ABG ect.
Assess the need for ventilation.
MODE OF
DELIVERY
If
GCS>13/15
Less than 3 fit
Controlled BP
Platelets>100
Cervix favourable (Bishop>7
No other obstetric complications
Delivery imminent in the next 6-8 hrs
YES
Vaginal delivery within 6-8
hrs
(Augmentation)
Post delivery is equally
important!!!
Intake/Output
MgSO4 for 24hrs
Optimise BP control.monitor
biochemical profile
NO
Caesarean section
Discuss with Anesthetists
Type of Anesthesia
Experienced
Surgeon/Anesthetists
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 23 of 42
ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Resuscitation
Evacuate the uterus
Live Baby, Confirm on USS
Intrauterine fetal
death
>1,5kg
1,0-1,2kg
Exclude
CPD/Malpresentation
>9cm
dilated
Discuss with
consultant
Continuous resuscitation
And monitoring
Analgesia,Antibiotics
Controlled vaginal delivery
Grief counseling
Expedite delivery
Lithotomy
position
Encourage to
bear down
Caesarean
Section
RESUSCITATION MANDATE:
PREVENTING OF POSTPARTUM
HAEMORRRHAGE
0-2hrs: Crystalloids, R/Lactate at least 2L
Transfuse 2u blood urgently (total 4u
PCD 2u as standard), 2u FDP
2-4hrs: AROM, Mefoxin 2g IVstat
Morphine 10-15 mg IM/IV
4-6hrs: If no progress, Oxyton cautiously
6-8hrs: If not fully dilated or ready to
deliver, discuss with the consultant.
ALL CASES FOR OT MUST BE
DISCUSSED
RESUSCITATION MUST BE CONTINUED
AND MONITORED
Give Oxytocin 5u at delivery of
anterior shoulder
Rub the uterus to effect
contractions
Expell all the clots
Maintenance 40u oxytocin
infusion in 1L R/Lactate at 30d
/min
Consider rectal Misoprostol
600mcg explore the genital
tract immediately after
delivery
Repair any tears.
Pad checks hourly for 6-12 hrs
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 24 of 42
PLACENTA PRAEVIA
Life threatening haemorrhage
NO
< 34
WEEKS
YES
> 34
WEEKS
Resuscitation
Immediate delivery
Severe Bleeding
Mild or Moderate Bleeding
Expectant management
Optimize Hb > 10g/dl
Steroids
Treat any infections
Consider tocolysis
PREPARATION FOR CAESEREAN SECTION
Resuscitate well before operation
Haemoglobin must be > 10g/dl
All patients must be typed and screened (T/S)
Discuss all patients with the senior anaesthetist
General anaesthesia is advisable
Consultants must be informed
Experienced surgeon to conduct the operation
Call for help in time if necessary.
EVERY EFFORT MUST BE MADE AT ALL TIMES TO ASSESS
FOR MORDID ADHERENCE BY MEANS OF SIMPLE DOPPLER
COLOUR FLOW, IN THE ANTENATAL PERIOD.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 25 of 42
PRETERM LABOUR
Cervix > 5cm
Allow labour to
proceed.
(Individualize)
Cervix < 5cm
Exclude infection,
abruption, iugr, and
congenital anomalies.
< 26 weeks
or < 900g
26 33
weeks
> 34 weeks
Tocolysis: Adalat
20mg PO,
Then 10mg 6hrly
PO
Steroids:
Betamethasone
12mg 12hrly x 2
doses.
Allow labour to
progress
Inform
paediatricians
If diabetic
mother D/W
Consultant
Delivery after 34 weeks, if
no infection.
NO DIGITAL EXAM
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 26 of 42
INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Exclude contraindications, malpresentation
CTG must be reactive
Consultant approved decision
Favorable cervix (Bishop
>7)
NO
YES
Ripen the cervix
AROM and OXYTOCIN
PRE-INDUCTION CERVICAL RIPENING
Po
P>4
Misoprostol (vaginal)
50 mcg 6hrly x 4
doses
Discuss with the
Consultant
P 1-4
Misoprostol (oral)
200 mcg in 200 ml water,
give
20 ml 2hrly x 3 doses, then
40 ml 2hrly x 2 doses, then
60 ml as last dose
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 27 of 42
MALARIA PROTOCOL
ALWAYS consider malaria infection in patients with:
Anaemia
Fever
Positive travel history
Preventive Measures:
Pregnant women should avoid going to malaria endemic areas but if it is
unavoidable the following measures can be taken.
Non Medical
Avoid the outdoors at dusk
Use insecticides
Wear long sleeved clothing
Sleep under insecticide
treated net (where possible)
Medical
Chloroquine (in non resistant
areas)
OR
Erythromycin 500mg QID a
week before traveling, then
throughout stay and for 4
weeks after the trip.
TREATMENT
Uncomplicated Malaria Infection (Hb 6g/dl, parasitaemia count < 5%):
o Admit to ward
o Quinine 600mg TDS PO or IV if cannot tolerate oral x 7 days
o 4 hrly HGT in first 24hrs
o Co-artemesin can be used as a second line of treatment
Complicated malaria Infection (Hb<6, parasitaemia count > 5%, low GCS,
renal
impairment,
jaundice,
spontaneous
hypoglycemia,
severe
thrombocytopenia < 50 000):
o Admit to ICU
o Consult with the Physicians
o Insert: CVP, peripheral lines and urinary catheter
o Bloods: FBC, LFT, U&E, Glucose & clotting profile
o Correct any electrolyte imbalances
o Do an ECG and maintain on ECG machine for the loading dose
o Give Quinine IVI
Quinine
300mg/ vial to be diluted in
200ml 5% Dextrose
Dose
Loading dose: 1.2g over 4
hrs(=50ml/hr)
After 8hrs:600mg over 4hrs
Then 8 hourly x 1/52
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 28 of 42
o Monitor HGT 1 hourly
o ECG monitor
o Daily NST, if baby viable.
CONSIDERATIONS:
o IUGR
o SGA
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 29 of 42
ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE
An attempt should be made to enquire about discharges on history and to use
speculum to look for any lesion on the cervix.
Vaginal Candidiasis (itchy, cottage cheese discharge): Clomitrazole pessary 500mg
PV stat.
Trichomoniasis (frothy, green, foul smelling): Metronidazole 400mg tds po x 7 days
Clomitrazole pessary 500mg PV stat, in the first trimester.
Gonorrhea/Chlamydia (mucopurelent discharge): Ceftriaxone 250mg IMI stat, then
Erythromycin 500mg qid x 7 days.
If any difficulty in making a specific diagnosis syndromic approach will be
acceptable:
Ceftriaxone 250mg imi stat
Metronidazole 400mg tds po x 7 days (Avoid in the 1st trimester)
Erythromycin 500mg qid po x 7 days
Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline are contraindicated in pregnancy
GENITAL ULCER DISEASE
Exclude herpes genitalia
Do RPR, HIV
Give benzathine penicillin 2.4mu IMI stat, then Erythromycin 500mg qid po x 5
days
If granulomatous in nature punch biopsy to exclude TB.
GENITAL WARTS
Do not treat them in pregnancy
Podophyllin is contra indicated in pregnancy.
Reassure the mother that the warts will be treated after pregnancy if they persist.
Consider ELCS, if the warts are big and obstructive.
Treat all infected warts.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 30 of 42
SYPHYLLIS
It must be screened and treated routinely in the clinic.
RPR
Positive
1:16 or
more
Negative
1:8 or
less
Encourage & Educate on
safe sex
Specific test: TPHA/FTA
TREAT
Positive
Negative
Repeat the test in 3
months.
TREATMENT:
Bicillin (benzyl penicillin) 2.4mu IMI weekly x 3 or
Procaine penicillin daily IMI x 10 doses (in patient). It is mainly for patients with no
response to outpatient regimen and mothers in the late 3rd trimester without
enough time to follow the outpatient regimen.
If allergic to penicillin, Erythromycin can be used, 500mg QID X 14 days.
Always screen for other sexually transmitted infections and offer syndromic
management per protocols.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 31 of 42
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
History is very important as part of screening.
Dipstick urine testing for protein, blood, leucocytes, and nitrites should be routine
at antenatal visits.
Asymptomatic
(History)
Symptomatic
(History u-dipstick)
U MCS &
TREAT
Positive
Negative
Follow up the results
U-MCS should ideally
be repeated after
treatment
TREATMENT:
Nitrofurantoin
Augmentin
U - dipstick
Observe
100mg QID X 7days PO or
375mg TDS X 7days PO
Encourage high oral fluid intake.
RECURRENT UTI:
Ensure that U-MCS results are reviewed and appropriate treatment is instituted.
Consider prophylaxis: Nitrofurantoin 100mg dly PO until delivery and/or
USS kidneys and ureters.
Bilharzias must be excluded in all cases of haematuria.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 32 of 42
INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION AND VENTILATION IN ECLAMPSIA
1. POOR AIRWAY MAINTANANCE
a. OVERSEDATION
b. LARYNGEAL OEDEMA
c. EXTREMELY SWOLLEN & OBSTRUCTIVE TONGUE
2. POOR SATURATION
92 % ROOM AIR
95 % O2 MASK
3. LOW GLASCOW COMA SCALE 8
4. PULMONARY OEDEMA
5. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
6. UNCOTROLLABLE SEIZURES
7. UNCONTROLLABLE HYPERTENSION
8. RESTLESSNESS - INDIVIDUALISE
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 33 of 42
PROTOCOL FOR MANAGEMENT AND TREATING HIGH SPINAL
1. Treat hypotension when BP Sy. <100mm Hg a 25%drop in the pre induction
value.
2. Have a freely flowing i.v line 18G or better 16G
3. Must have O2 and equipment for ventilation (anaesthetic machine) checked and
ready.
4. Drugs for resuscitation eg. ephedrine, phenylephrine, Atropine, Sux, Thiopent.
Should be kept on hand
5. Put a wedge below the right buttock (Vacuolitre) or tilt the table 15 degree to the
left
6. Most of the so called high spinals are actually due to hypotension leading to
hypoperfusion of the brain stem to cause respiratory arrest
SIGNS OF HIGH SPINALS
Difficult in breathing
Difficult in speaking
Weakness and tingling sensations in the upper limbs
Nausea and vomiting
Dizziness
IN EVENT OF HIGH SPINAL
1. Treat hypotension immediately with Vasopressors: ephedrine 5-10mg ivi
bolus. Repeat every 2-3min until BP normalizes, Or use phenylephrine 50100 microgramme, OR Adrenalin 5 microgramme i.v bolus.
2. Increase i.v fluid rate
3. Give supplementary 02 by face mask. If patient unable to breath then give
IPPV with 100% O2 with face mask (Assistant to give cricoid pressure in case
of a pregnant patient)
4. If there is no improvement then secure airways by intubation. Give small
doses of Thiopentone 3mg/kg OR propofol 1-2mg/Kg followed by
suxamethonium 1mg/Kg
5. Continue vasopressors till BP stabilizes
6. Ensure that patient is adequately sedated/anaesthetized while being
ventilated
DRUG DILUTION
1. Ephedrine:50mg in 1ml ampoule diluted to 10ml with water for injection
=5mg/ml
2. Phenylephrine:10mg ampoule in 200ml of NS=50microgramme/ml
3. Adrenaline:1mg ampoule in 200ml of NS =5microgramme/ml
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 34 of 42
MANAGEMENT OF FAILED INTUBATION
FAILED
INTUBATION
Maintain cricoid pressure, ventilate with
100% oxygen
Fetal distress requiring
immediately delivery
Minimal or no fetal
distress
Ventilation easy
Ventilation difficult
Volatile agent with
100% oxygen
Insert laryngeal mask
airway
Continue ventilation
with cricoid pressure
Ventilation
easy
Deliver the baby
Ventilation still difficult
Cricothyrotomy
Ventilation easy
Maintain Cricoid pressure
Do not turn the patient on
her side
Do not administer additional
doses of succinylchline
Ventilation difficult
Wake the patient
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 35 of 42
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 36 of 42
OVERVIEW OF RESUSCITATION IN THE
DELIVERY ROOM
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 37 of 42
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 38 of 42
REFERRAL: FOR CLINIC AND DISTRICT HOSPITALS
Patients to be referred: FOR ANTENATAL CARE AND DELIVERY
OBSTETRICS:
Pre-eclampsia (proteinuric hypertension) remote from term
Severe pre-eclampsia with organ involvement any GA
PET:
Hellps
Oliguria / Anuria
Pulmonary Oedema
Imminent Eclampsia
Thrombocytopenia without hellps
Ideally all proteinuric hypertension patients at District
Hospital must be discussed with the supporting level 2/3 hospital (LUDWMH) before
they can be kept and managed there.
Previous pre-eclampsia <34 weeks
Chronic hypertension or renal disease
Primigravida >35 and <16
Symptomatic asthma
Previous hysterotomy or classical caesarian section
Previous cervical or vaginal surgery including cerclage
Previous preterm births <34 weeks
Previous perinatal deaths and / or recurrent pregnancy loses
Previous myomectomy
Previous infertility
Autoimmune diseases
Previous venous thromboembolic diseases eg: pulmonary embolus, dvt
Psychiatric illnesses
diabetics mellitus
Cardiac disease in pregnancy
Any medical condition that requires a specialist attention or specialized care
Major degree placenta praevia
Minor degree placenta praevia
- small baby (premature)
Previous scared uterus
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 39 of 42
Any patient who is an anaesthetic risk eg.
- Short neck
- Kyphoscoliosis
- Morbidly obese (wt >105kg)
Abruption placentae with IUFD
Complicated Eclampsia
- Low GCS
- Abn blood results
- Restlessness
- Oliguira / Anuria
- Multiple seizures (x3)
Preterm labour (ptl) < 32 weeks
Premature rupture of membranes (prom) < 32 weeks
Any gestation with suspected AFIS
Pueperial sepsis might require surgical intervention
CASES THAT CAN BE ANTENATAL AT LOCAL CLINIC BUT DELIVERED
AT HOSPITAL
Primigravidas
Previous post partum haemorrhage
Previous LSCS
Parity >5
All other cases can be discussed with the consultant at the referral centre on continuous
bases.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 40 of 42
Gynaecological Referral
Septic miscarriage sick
TOP with co-existing medical disease as eg. cardiac
Abdomino-pelvic masses
Malignancy
Ovarian + Endometruim
Early cervical cancer
Clinically stage iib or more
Must be booked directly at IALCH (Durban)
All colposcopy cases if not offered at the referring centre.
Urogynaecology and pelvic floor cases
- Incontinence
- VVF
- Fistulae
- Pelvic organ prolapse (pop)
- 3rd degree tears
Infertility and recurrent pregnancy losses
THESE ARE GUIDELINES; PROBLEM CASES CAN BE DISCUSSED ON
CONTINIOUS BASES, WITH THE REFERRAL HOSPITAL.
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 41 of 42
REFERRAL CENTRE:
LUDWM HOSPITAL
(035) 9077000
HRC
(035) 9077176
LABOUR WARD
(035) 9077132
GOPD
(035) 9077158
SPECIALIST CLINIC
(035) 9077160 (MONDAY / TUESDAY)
EMERGENCY CALL
(035) 9077011
LOWER UMFOLOZI DISTRICT WAR MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
29 UNION STREET
PRIVATE BAG X20005
EMPANGENI
3880
[email protected]http://healthweb.kznhealth.gov.za/luwmhospital.htm
cfourie/ludwmh/emp/2006
The management of obstetric patients at lower Umfolozi District War Memorial Hospital Empangeni
Page 42 of 42
