Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate
Structures--Back-of-the envelope calculations
Wednesday, August 27, 2014
11:47 PM
Assume that the girders in the frame have points of inflection at approximately 0.1 to 0.2*L
Assume that the axial forces in the girders are zero.
These assumptions create a simple beam between the points of inflection.
Use statics to determine the positive moments.
Use statics on the remaining cantilever between the support and the inflection point to determine the
negative moments
The shear at the end of the girder contributes to the axial forces in the columns.
The negative moment at the end of the girder transfers to the column
O.K. results for extremely regular/symmetric loading.
SIDENOTE
A beam in a frame is neither simply supported nor fixed. To approximate the inflection point, assume it
occurs in between the SS and the fixed conditions
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In reality, the inflection point varies depending on the stiffness of the columns vs the beams (the degree
of fixity)
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Example: Fixed-Fixed Beam
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Let's assume that bema AB is fixed by the columns. We can approximate the bending
Diagram in the beam as follows:
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Approximate Analysis of Frames for Horizontal Loads--The
Portal Method
Monday, November 10, 2014
9:37 PM
Approximate method for determining wind (horizontal) forces in building frames
Presented by Albert Smith in the Journal of the Western Society of Engineers (1915)
Satisfactory for most buildings up to 25 stories in height
ASSUME
1. The columns bend in such a manner that there is a point of inflection at mid-depth
2. The girders bend such that there is a point of inflection at their centerline
3. The shear divides among the columns in the ration of: one part for the exterior columns TO two parts for the
interior columns (another common distribution of shear: V taken by each column is in proportion to the floor
area that the column supports)
EXAMPLE: The frame is subject to horizontal loading as shown. Solve for
the moments and shears in the beams and
the moments, shears, and axial loads on the columns. All units in kips, feet.
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1. COLUMN SHEARS
The total shear on FLOOR 3 is 15 kips
One Part to Exterior column
Two Parts to Interior column
v+2v+2v+v=15
v=2.5 k
Similarly, the total shear on FLOOR 2 is 30+15=45. The shear distribution is show
The total shear on FLOOR 1 is 75. The shear distribution is shown.
2. COLUMN MOMENTS
Let's take for example Column CD. Note that the moment is zero at the mid-depth
SHEAR DIAGRAM
MOMENT DIAGRAM
3. GIRDER MOMENTS AND SHEARS
At any joint, the sum of the moments equals zero.
a) Start at Joint D. Sum of the moments around the joint should be zero. Solve for the moment at LHS of girder
b) Moment at center of girder = 0. Therefore, you should expect that the moment goes from +25 to -25 passing
through zero in the middle.
c) Sum moments to find the shear at the girder.
d) Place joint H into equilibrium to find the moment on the colunmn.
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MOMENT DIAGRAM
1. Solve for the rest of the girders/joints
1. COLUMN AXIAL FORCES
The axial forces are obtained directly from girder shears
HOMEWORK: Work through the example
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Kinematic Indeterminacy--Stiffness Methods
Monday, November 10, 2014
10:33 PM
There are two classes of structural analysis methods
1. Flexibility- Identify redundant force
Write equations of compatibility
Express the displacements in terms of loads by using load-displacement relationships
Solve for redundant reactions
Satisfy equilibrium to solve for the rest of the reactions
2. Stiffness
Satisfy equilibrium first by writing the unknown displacements in terms of loads using the loaddisplacement relationships
Solve for unknown displacements
Satisfy compatibility to solve for unknown loads from the load-displacement relationshipsom
There are three methods of stiffness-based analysis of structures
Slope-Deflection (Mohr, 1892) which results in N linear equations with N unknowns in
displacement (hand calculations)
Moment distribution (Cross, 1930), an iterative method to find moments (Hand calculations)
Direct Stiffness Method (1960)--Matrix Analysis
Today, the direct stiffness method is used in computer analysis of structures and has replaced the slopedeflection method. However, the Moment distribution method still constitutes a strong handcalculation method that can be used for preliminary analysis and for evaluating computer solutions.
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Moment distribution relationships--solving for reactions
Monday, November 10, 2014
1. Apply a moment M
11:25 PM
at point A to produce the rotation
2. Solve for the Reactions
3. Find the relationship between
SOLUTION
1. Remove redundant-----Replace by unknown V-----Apply Castigliano's and solve for V
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2. Apply Equilibrium to solve for the rest of the unknowns
Therefore, when a moment
is applied on a SIMPLE support, 1/2 of it goes to the FIXED support
The CARRY-OVER FACTOR
The 1/2 represents a "carry-over" factor which is the fraction of M
to the fixed support.
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that is "carried-over" from the pin
Moment-Distribution relationships--Solving for angular
rotation in terms of moment: From simple support To
Fixed Support
Tuesday, November 11, 2014
12:04 AM
We need to solve for the angular rotation
at A in terms of the applied moment M
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Moment-Distribution relationships--Solving for angular
rotation in terms of moment: From simple support To
Simple Support
Monday, November 17, 2014
10:26 PM
Apply a moment Mab at point A.
Solve for the reactions
Use Castigliano's theorem to find the relationship between the applied moment and the induced
rotation
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The CARRY-OVER FACTOR
Note that
There is NO moment "carried-over" to the simple support.
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Distribution Factors
Monday, November 10, 2014
10:46 PM
(Hibbeler, chapter 12)
Let's say we are applying an external moment M at joint A. Of this moment
Beam AB carries
Beam AD carries
Beam AC carries
Distribution Factor DF
If a total moment M is applied at joint A, each member contributes in carrying the moment and
The percent contribution of member AB to the total moment is called the Distribution Factor DF of
member AB
The distribution factor of any member i is
Now, let's change the supports to include a simple support.
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Now, of Moment M
Beam AB carries
Beam AD carries
Beam AC carries
and the distribution factor for member AB is
PHYSICAL MEANING OF DISTRIBUTION FACTOR
Let's say DF for AB =0.5
DF for AC=0.4
DF for AD=0.1
That would mean that 50% of the moment will be consumed in creating theta in beam AB
40% in creating theta in beam AC and
10% in creating theta in beam AD
For END BEAMS
Simple Support
100% of the moment will be consumed in creating theta
D.F.=1
Fixed Support
0% of the moment will be consumed in creating theta
D.F.=0
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Example. Solve for moments in beam
Tuesday, November 11, 2014
1:17 AM
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Example. Moment distribution on indeterminate beam
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The main idea behind the method is to fix the support at B and find the Fixed-End Moments
(FEM.)
Then, release the support.
Now the FEM is like an "applied" moment that will be carried by elements AB and BC in proportion
to their stiffness ratios.
Arrive at an equilibrium of the joint iteratively.
Stiffness Factors
Distribution Factors
Fixed-End Moments
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Fixed-End Moments
The fixed-end moments are:
DRAW DIRECTLY ON THE BEAM:
STEPS
Place FEM
Distribute +8000 around joint using DFi
Draw a line below
Carry Over (factor=1/2)
Sum the vertical lines
Sum around the node
STOP if sum around the node =~0
Draw double line and sum to find the
moment at the supports
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Example of Beam with simple supports
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
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21.
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FEM
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
Double
Line
For the sake of completion, let's calculate the shears and draw the shear and moment diagrams.
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Example of Beam with Fixed and Simple end supports
Tuesday, November 18, 2014
9:25 AM
Nothing "leaves"
A fixed Support
Nothing "goes"
To a simple Support
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
FEM
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
LINE
C.O.
DIST
Double
Line
Use statics to solve for Reactions
Plot shear and moment diagrams
NO carry-over TO an OUTSIDE pin
NO carry over FROM a fixed support
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