ANALISA STRUKTUR 1

 To understand the basic concept of moment distribution

to solve the problem involving statically indeterminate
beams and frames

Last Updated: 04/02/2025 © I-Station Solutions Sdn Bhd 1

 Objective

 To understand the basic concept of moment distribution

to solve the problem involving statically indeterminate
beams and frames

Last Updated: 04/02/2025 © I-Station Solutions Sdn Bhd 2

 General Principles and Definitions

 Moment distribution is a method of successive

approximations that may be carried out to any desired
degree of accuracy
 The method begins by assuming each joint of a structure

is fixed
 By unlocking and locking each joint in succession, the

internal moments at the joints are “distributed” & balanced

until the joints have rotated to their final or nearly final
positions

• 3
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 General Principles and Definitions

 Member stiffness factor

4 EI
K
L

 Joint stiffness factor

• The total stiffness factor of joint A is

K T  K 4000  5000  1000 10000

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 General Principles and Definitions

 Distribution Factor (DF)

• That fraction of the total resisting moment supplied by the
member is called the distribution factor (DF)

Mi K i
DFi  
M   Ki
K
DF 
K

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 General Principles and Definitions

 Member relative stiffness factor

• Quite often a continuous beam or a frame will be made from
the same material
• E will therefore be constant

I
KR 
L

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 General Principles and Definitions
 Carry-over (CO) factor

 4 EI   2 EI 
M AB   A ; M BA   A
 L   L 
• Solving for A and equating these eqn,

M BA 0.5M AB

• The moment M at the pin induces a moment of M’ = 0.5M at the wall

• In the case of a beam with the far end fixed, the CO factor is +0.5
• The plus sign indicates both moments act in the same direction

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 Moment Distribution for Beams

 Carry-over (CO) factor

4 E (120)(106 )
• Consider the beam K BA  4 E (40)(106 ) mm 4 /m
with constant E 3
4 E (240)(106 )
K BC  4 E (60)(106 ) mm 4 /m
4
4 E (40)
DFBA  0.4
4 E (40)  4 E (60)
4 E (60)
DFBC  0.6
4 E (40)  4 E (60)

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 Moment Distribution for Beams

4 E (40)
DFAB  0
  4 E (40)
4 E (60)
DFCB  0
  4 E (60)
• Note that the above results could also have been
obtained if the relative stiffness factor is used
wL2
( FEM ) BC   8000 N • m
12
wL2
( FEM )CB  8000 N • m
12

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 Moment Distribution for Beams

• We begin by assuming joint B is fixed or locked

• The fixed end moment at B then holds span BC in this
fixed or locked position
• To correct this, we will apply an equal but opposite
moment of 8000 N•m to the joint and allow the joint to
rotate freely

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 Moment Distribution for Beams
• As a result, portions of this moment are distributed in spans BC and
BA in accordance with the DFs of these spans at the joint
• Moment in BA is 0.4(8000) = 3200 N•m
• Moment in BC is 0.6(8000) = 4800 N•m
• These moment must be carried over since moments are developed
at the far ends of the span
• Using the carry-over factor of +0.5, the results are shown
• The steps are usually presented in tabular form
• CO indicates a line where moments are distributed then carried over
• In this particular case only one cycle of moment distribution is
necessary
• The wall supports at A and C “absorb” the moments and no further
joints have to be balanced to satisfy joint equilibrium
• Using the carry-over factor of +0.5, the results are shown

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 Moment Distribution for Beams

 The steps are usually presented in tabular form

 Dist, CO indicates a line where moments are distributed then carried
over
 In this particular case only one cycle of moment distribution is
necessary
 The wall supports at A and C “absorb” the moments and no further
joints have to be balanced to satisfy joint equilibrium

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 Moment Distribution for Beams

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 Moment Distribution for Beams
Example 12.2
Determine the internal moment at each support of the beam.
The moment of inertia of each span is indicated.

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 Moment Distribution for Beams
Example 12.2 (Solution)
The moment does not get distributed in the overhanging
span AB
So the distribution factor (DF)BA =0
Span BC is based on 4EI/L since the pin rocker is not at the
far end of the beam
4 E (300)(106 )
K BC  300(106 ) E
4
4 E (240)(106 )
K CD  320(106 ) E
3

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 Moment Distribution for Beams
Example 12.2 (Solution)

The overhanging span requires the internal moment to the

left of B to be +4000 N•m.
Balancing at joint B requires an internal moment of –4000

N•m to the right of B.

-2000 N•m is added to BC in order to satisfy this condition.

The distribution & CO operations proceed in the usual

manner.
Since the internal moments are known, the moment

diagram for the beam can be constructed.

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 Moment Distribution for Beams
Example 12.2 (Solution)

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 In the previous e.g. of moment distribution, we have

considered each beam span to be constrained by a fixed
support at its far end when distributing & carrying over the
moments
 In some cases, it is possible to modify the stiffness factor

of a particular beam span & thereby simplify the process

of moment distribution

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 Member pin supported at far end

• As shown, the applied moment M rotates end A by an amt 
• To determine , the shear in the conjugate beam at A’ must
be determined

1 M  2 
 M B ' 0 V ' A ( L) 
  L L  0
2  EI   3 
ML 3EI
V ' A    M 
3EI L

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 Member pin supported at far end

• The stiffness factor in the beam is
3EI
K
L
• The CO factor is zero, since the pin at B does not support a
moment
• By comparison, if the far end was fixed supported, the
stiffness factor would have to be modified by ¾ to model the
case of having the far end pin supported

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 Symmetric beam & loading

• The bending-moment diagram for the beam will also be symmetric
• To develop the appropriate stiffness-factor modification consider the
beam
• Due to symmetry, the internal
moments at B & C are equal
• Assuming this value to
be M, the conjugate
beam for span BC is shown

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 Symmetric beam & loading

 M   L
 M C ' 0 - VB ' ( L)    L  0
 EI   2 
ML 2 EI
VB '    M 
2 EI L
2 EI
K 
L

• Moments for only half the beam can be distributed provided

the stiffness factor for the center span is computed as above

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 Symmetric beam with asymmetric loading

• Consider the beam as shown
• The conjugate beam for its center span BC is shown
• Due to its asymmetric loading, the internal moment at B is equal but
opposite to that at C

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

 Symmetric beam with asymmetric loading

• Assuming this value to be M, the slope  at each end is
determined as follows:
 M C ' 0
 1  M  L  5L  1  M  L  L 
- VB ' ( L)                 0
 2   EI   2   6  2  EI   2   6 
ML 6 EI
VB '    M 
6 EI L
6 EI
K
L

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications

Example 12.4
Determine the internal moments at the supports of the beam
shown below. The moment of inertia of the two spans is
shown in the figure.

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications
Example 12.4 (Solution)

The beam is roller supported at its far end C.

The stiffness of span BC will be computed on the basis of K
= 3EI/L
6
We have: K  4 EI 4 E (120 )(10 ) 6
AB  160(10 )E
L 3

3EI 3E (240)(106 )
K BC   180(106 ) E
L 4

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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications
Example 12.4 (Solution)
160E
DF AB  0
  160E
160E
DFBA  0.4706
160E  180E
180E
DFBC  0.5294
160E  180E
180E
DFCB  1
180E
wL2  6000(4) 2
( FEM ) BC    12000 N • m
8 8
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 Stiffness-Factor Modifications
Example 12.4 (Solution)

The forgoing data are entered into table as shown.

The moment distribution is carried out.
By comparison, the method considerably simplifies the
distribution.
The beam’s end shears & moment diagrams are shown.

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway

 Application of the moment-distribution method for frames

having no sidesway follows the same procedure as that
given for beams.

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway

Example 12.5
Determine the internal moments at the joints of the frame as
shown. There is a pin at E and D and a fixed support at A. EI
is constant.

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway

Example 12.5 (Solution)

By inspection, the pin at E will prevent the frame from
sidesway.
The stiffness factors of CD and CE can be computed using K
= 3EI/L since far ends are pinned.
The 60-kN load does not contribute a FEM since it is applied
at joint B. 4 EI 4 EI 3EI 3EI
K AB  ; K BC  ; K CD  ; K CE 
5 6 5 4
DF AB 0

4 EI / 5
DFBA  0.545
4 EI / 5  4 EI / 6
DFBC 1  0.545 0.455
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 Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway

Example 12.5 (Solution)

4 EI / 6
DFCB  0.330
4 EI / 6  3EI / 5  3EI / 4
3EI / 5
DFCD  0.298
4 EI / 6  3EI / 5  3EI / 4
DFCE 1  0.330  0.298 0.372

DFDC 1; DFEC 1

 wL2
( FEM ) BC   135 kN • m
12

wL2
( FEM )CB  135 kN • m
12

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway

Example 12.5 (Solution)

The data are shown in table.
The distribution of moments successively goes to joints B & C.
The final moments are shown on the last line.
Using these data, the moment diagram for the frame is constructed as
shown.

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

 To determine sidesway and the internal moments at the joints using

moment distribution, we will use the principle of superposition
 The frame shown is first held from sidesway by applying an artificial

joint support at C
 Moment distribution is applied & by statics, the restraining force R is

determined
 The equal but opposite restraining force is then applied to the frame

The moments in the frame are calculated

• +
• =

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

 Multistory frames
• Multistory frameworks may have several independent joints disp
• Consequently, the moment distribution analysis using the above
techniques will involve more computation
• The structure shown can have 2 independent joint disp since the
sidesway of the first storey is independent of any disp of the second
storey

• = • +
• +

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

 Multistory frames
• These disp are not known initially
• The analysis must proceed on the basis of superposition
• 2 restraining forces R1 and R2 are applied
• The fixed end moments are determined & distributed
• Using the eqn of equilibrium, the numerical values of R’1 and R’2 are
then determined
• The restraint at the floor of the first story is removed & the floor is
given a disp Δ’
• This disp causes fixed end moments (FEMs) in the frame which can
be assigned specific numerical values
• By distributing these moments & using the eqn of equilibrium, the
associated numerical values of R’1 and R’2 can be determined

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

 Multistory frames
• In a similar manner, the floor of the second story is then given a disp
Δ’’ and the values of R’’1 and R’’2 determined
• With reference to the restraining forces we require equal but
opposite application of R1 and R2 to the frame such that:

R2  C ' R'2 C ' R"2

R1 C ' R'1  C ' R"1

• Simultaneous solution of these eqn yields the values of C’ and C”
• These correction factors are then multiplied by the internal joint
moments found from moment distribution
• The resultant moments are found by adding these corrected
moments to those obtained for the frame

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

Example 12.6
Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown. EI
is constant.

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

Example 12.6 (Solution)

First, we consider the frame held from sidesway

16(4) 2 (1)
( FEM ) BC  2
 10.24 kN • m
(5)

16(1) 2 (4)
( FEM )CB  2
2.56 kN • m
(5)

The stiffness factor of each span is computed on the basis of 4EI/L or

using relative stiffness factor I/L

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

Example 12.6 (Solution)

The DFs and the moment distribution are shown in the table.
The eqn of eqm are applied to the free body diagrams of the columns in
order to determine Ax and Dx
From the free body diagram of the entire frame, the joint restraint R has a
magnitude of  F 0; R 1.73 kN  0.81 kN 0.92 kN
x

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

Example 12.6 (Solution)

An equal but opposite value of R = 0.92 kN must be applied to the frame
at C and the internal moments computed.
We assume a force R’ is applied at C, causing the frame to deflect as
shown.
The joints at B and C are temporarily restrained from rotating.
As a result, the FEM at the ends of the columns are determined.

• 4
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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

Example 12.6 (Solution)

Since both B and C happen to be displaced the same amount as Δ’ and
AB and DC have the same E, I and L, the FEM in AB will be the same
as that in DC.
As shown we will arbitrarily assumed this FEM to be

( FEM ) AB ( FEM ) BA ( FEM )CD ( FEM ) DC  100 kN • m

The moment distribution

of the FEM is shown below.

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 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

Example 12.6 (Solution)

From the equilibrium, the horizontal reactions at A and D are calculated.
For the entire frame, we require:

 Fx 0; R' 28  28 56 kN

R’=56 kN creates the moments tabulated earlier
Corresponding moments caused by R = 0.92 kN
can be determined by proportion
0.92
M AB 2.88   80 1.57 kN • m
56.0

M BA 4.79 kN • m; M BC  4.79 kN • m; M CB 3.71 kN • m

M CD  3.71 kN • m; M DC  2.63 kN • m

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 Reference
Hibbeler, R.C (2009) Structural Analysis, Pearson,
Malaysia.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All the pictures and examples are referred from Pearson

Education South Asia Pte Ltd and Hibbeler’s textbook
for the education purposes.

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