6.
002
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Amplifiers -Small Signal Model
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Review
MOSFET amp
VS
RL
vO
vI
iDS
Saturation discipline operate
MOSFET only in saturation region
Large signal analysis
1. Find vO vs vI under saturation discipline.
2. Valid vI , vO ranges under saturation discipline.
Reading: Small signal model -- Chapter 8
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Large Signal Review
1
vO vs vI
K
(vI 1)2 RL
2
valid for vI VT
and
vO vI VT
K 2
(same as iDS vO )
2
vO = VS
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Large Signal Review
2
Valid operating ranges
VS
vO
5V
corresponding
interesting
region for vO
vO > vI VT
vO = vI VT
vO < vI VT
1V
vI
VT
1V
2V
interesting region
for vI . Saturation
discipline satisfied.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
But
5V
VS
vO
vO = vI VT
vO 1V
vI
VT
1V
Demo
vI
2V
Amplifies alright,
but distorts
vI
vO
t
Amp is nonlinear /
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Small Signal Model
vO
~ 5V VS
Focus on this line segment
(VI , VO )
~ 1V
vI
VT
1V
~ 2V
2
K (vI VT )
vO = VS
RL
2
Amp all right, but nonlinear!
Hmmm So what about our linear amplifier ???
Insight:
But, observe vI vs vO about some
point (VI , VO) looks quite linear !
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Trick
vO
vo
VO
vi
(VI ,VO )
looks
linear
VI
vI
Operate amp at VI , VO
DC bias (good choice: midpoint
of input operating range)
Superimpose small signal on top of VI
Response to small signal seems to be
approximately linear
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Trick
vO
vo
VO
vi
(VI ,VO )
looks
linear
VI
vI
Operate amp at VI , VO
DC bias (good choice: midpoint
of input operating range)
Superimpose small signal on top of VI
Response to small signal seems to be
approximately linear
Lets look at this in more detail
I graphically
II mathematically
III from a circuit viewpoint
next
week
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
I Graphically
We use a DC bias VI to boost interesting input
signal above VT, and in fact, well above VT .
VS
RL
interesting
input signal
vI +
VI +
vO
Offset voltage or bias
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Graphically
VS
RL
interesting
input signal
vO
vI +
VI +
VS
vO
operating
point
VO
VI , VO
vO = vI VT
vI
VT
Good choice for operating point:
midpoint of input operating range
VI
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Small Signal Model
aka incremental model
aka linearized model
Notation
Input:
vI = VI + vi
total
DC small
variable bias signal (like vI)
bias voltage aka operating point voltage
Output: vO = VO + vo
Graphically,
vI
vO
vi
vo
VI
VO
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
II Mathematically
( watch my fingers)
RL K
2
vO = VS
(vI VT ) VO = VS RL K (VI VT )2
2
2
substituting vI = VI + vi
vi << VI
RL K
vO = VS
2
( [VI + vi ] vT )2
RL K
2
( [VI VT ] + vi )2
= VS
RL K
[VI VT ]2 + 2 [VI vT ]vi + vi 2
= VS
2
RL K
VO + vo = VS
(VI VT )2 RL K (VI VT ) vi
2
From ,
vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi
gm
related to
VI
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Mathematically
vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi
gm
related to
VI
vo = g m RL vi
For a given DC operating point voltage VI,
VI VT is constant. So,
vo = A vi
constant w.r.t. vi
In other words, our circuit behaves like a linear amplifier
for small signals
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
Another way
RL K
vO = VS
(vI VT )2
2
R K
2
L
v V
VS
I
T
2
d
vo =
dv
I
vi
v =V
I
I
slope at VI
vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi
g m = K (VI VT )
A = g m RL
amp gain
Also, see Figure 8.9 in the course notes
for a graphical interpretation of this result
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
More next lecture
Demo
iDS
load line
input signal response
operating point
VI
VO
vO
How to choose the bias point:
1. Gain component g m VI
2. vi gets big distortion.
So bias carefully
3. Input valid operating range.
Bias at midpoint of input operating
range for maximum swing.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 10
