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GEOMETRY
Properties of lines
Intersecting Lines and Angles
If two lines intersect at a point, then opposite angles are called vertical angles and they have the same
measure.
Perpendicular Lines
An angle that measures 90o is a right angle. If two lines intersect at right angels, the lines are perpendicular to
om
each other.
Parallel Lines
r.c
If two lines in the same plane do not intersect, they are parallel to each other.
Lines AB and CD are parallel and denoted by ABCD.
to
Parallel lines and a transverse:
L1
ex
am
tu
Transverse
L2
sc
w
.s
In the above given figure, the two lines L1 & L2 are parallel to each other and T is the transverse to both the
lines.
Then we will have,
1 = 3
w
w
(Pair of corresponding angles)
2 = 3
(Pair of alternate angles) &
3 + 4 = 180
(Sum of interior angles)
Polygons:
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together is called a polygon.
Types of Polygons
Equiangular (All angles equal)
Equilateral (All sides equal)
Regular
(All sides & angles equal)
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Mid Point Theorem:
A line joining the mid points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel and equal to half of the third side.
If in ABC, D & E are the mid points of AB & AC respectively, then we have
DE || BC and
DE =
1
BC
2
Problem
(1) 3
(2) 4
(3) 8
(4) 6
Similar triangles:
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In AEF, CD is parallel to EF. AD = DF, CD = 4 and DF = 3. What is EF?
r.c
Two figures are said to be similar, if they have the same shape but not the same size.
Properties of similar triangles:
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If two triangles are similar, the following properties hold true.
tu
to
NOTE: Congruent triangles are similar but similar triangles need not be congruent.
(a) The ratio of the medians is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(b) The ratio of the altitudes is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
ex
(c) The ratio of the internal bisectors is equal to the ratio of corresponding sides.
(d) The ratio of inradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(f)
sc
(e) The ratio of the circumradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding sides.
w
.s
(g) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding medians.
(h) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding altitudes.
Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding angle bisectors.
w
w
(i)
Basic Proportionality Theorem:
In a triangle, if a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides in the same ratio.
So if DE is drawn parallel to BC, it would divide sides AB and AC proportionally i.e.
AD AE
=
BD EC
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Pythagoras Theorem:
The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides.
i.e. in a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Angle Bisector Theorem:
If in ABC, CD is the angle bisector of BCA,
the ratio of the lines BD & AD is equal to the ratio of sides
containing the angle.
om
BD BC
=
AD AC
r.c
Quadrilateral (a four side closed figure):
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Properties & Facts:
1.
In a quadrilateral, sum of all four angles is equal to 360.
tu
The area of the quadrilateral = one diagonal x sum of the perpendicular to it from vertices.
2.
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Important Results
sc
ex
If we join the mid-points of the sides of a quadrilateral, we get a parallelogram and the mid-points of the sides
of a parallelogram will give a rectangle. If we again join the mid-points of the sides of a rectangle, we get a
rhombus and the mid points of the sides of a rhombus will give us a square.
Quadrilateral
w
.s
Parallelogram
Rectangle
w
w
Rhombus
Square
Circles
If O is a fixed point in a given plane, the set of points in the plane which are at equal distances from O will
form a circle.
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Properties of a Circle
1.
If two chords of a circle are equal, their corresponding arcs have equal measure.
2.
Measurement of an arc is the angle subtended at the centre. Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the
center.
3.
A line from centre and perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
4.
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
5.
When two circles touch, their centres and their point of contact are collinear.
6.
If the two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal to sum of their radii.
7.
If the two circles touch internally, the distance between the centres is equal to difference of their radii.
8.
Angle at the centre made by an arc is equal to twice the angle made by the arc at any point on the
P
BOC = 2 P, when BAC = P
O
2P
C
If two chords are equal, the arc containing the chords will also be equal.
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9.
r.c
Let O be the centre of the circle.
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remaining part of the circumference.
tu
10. The locus of the line joining the mid-points of all the equal chords of a circle is also a circle of radius,
am
1
4r 2 d 2 where r is the radius of the given circle and d is the length of equal chords.
2
11. There can be one and only one circle that touches three non-collinear points.
ex
12. The angle inscribed in a semicircle is 90o.
PA PB = PC PD
sc
13. If two chords AB and CD intersect externally at P,
A
P
C
w
.s
OR
P
D
w
w
14. If two chords AB and CD intersect internally at P,
PA PB = PC PD
B
A
P
15. If PAB is a secant and PT is a tangent,
PT2 = PA PB
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16. The length of the direct common tangent (PQ)
=
(The dis tan ce between their centres)2 (r1 r2 )2
P
Q
r1
r2
O
17. The length of the transverse common tangent (RS)
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( The dis tan ce between their centres )2 ( r1 + r2 )2
r2
r1
to
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Cyclic Quadrilateral
tu
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle i.e. all the vertex lies on the circumference of the circle, it is said to be
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a cyclic quadrilateral.
1.
In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.
2.
In a cyclic quadrilateral, if any one side is extended, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the interior
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Alternate angle theorem
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opposite angle.
Angles in the alternate segments are equal.
AB & AC.
w
.s
In the given figure, PAT is tangent to the circle and makes angles PAC & BAT respectively with the chords
C
w
w
Then, BAT = ACB & ABC = PAC
P
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Formulae to calculate area of some geometrical figures:
S.No
Name
1.
Rectangle
Figure
Perimeter in
units of
length
Area in
square units
2(a + b)
ab
b
a
a = length
b = breadth
a
Square
a2
4a
1
(diagonal)2
2
a = side
om
2.
Parallelogra
m
b
a
a
d1
d2
a = side of rhombus;
d1,d2 are the two
diagonals
sc
4.
w
.s
w
w
to
h1
h2
Quadrilateral
4a
1
d1d2
2
ah
ex
Rhombus
2(a + b)
tu
a = side
b = side adjacent to a
h = distance between
the opp. parallel sides
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3.
r.c
AC is one of
diagonals and h1,
are the altitudes
AC
from
D,
respectively.
its
h2
on
B
Sum of its
four sides
1
(AC) (h1 +
2
h2)
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b
h
a
a, b, are parallel sides
and h is the distance
between parallel sides
6.
h
b
7.
Triangle
b is the base and h is
the altitude.
a, b, c are three sides
a + b + c = 2s
where s is the
semi perimeter.
b+h+d
b 2 + h2
ex
(i)
3a
sc
w
.s
w
w
1
bh
2
am
d(hypotenuse)
10.
s(s a)(s b)(s c)
to
Right
triangle
9.
or
tu
Equilateral
triangle
1
bh
2
r.c
of .
8.
1
h(a + b)
2
Sum of its four
sides
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Trapezium
a = side
(ii)
3
a
2
h = altitude =
3 2
a
4
Isosceles
triangle
1
ah
2
2a + c
c 4a 2 c 2
4
2a + d
1 2
a
2
c = unequal side
a = equal side
d
a
a
11.
d(hypotenuse)
Isosceles
right triangle
=a 2
a = Each of equal
sides.
The angles are 90o,
45o, 45o.
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12.
Circle
2r
r2
r + 2r
1 2
r
2
(R2 r2)
r = radius of the circle
13.
Semicircle
r = radius of the circle
R
r
to
r.c
R = outer radius
r = inner radius
r
tu
14.
Ring
(shaded
region)
om
22
or 3.1416
7
l + 2r
Sector of a
circle
l
= central angle of
o
ex
the sector
r = radius of the
sector l = length of
w
.s
sc
the arc
w
w
where l =
am
15.
2r
360
r2
360
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Volume of some solid figures
S. No
Nature
of the
Lateral/
curved
Shape of the solid
solid
Total surface
area
Volume
Used
2h (l + b)
l = length
b = breath
h = height
1.
Cuboid
Abbreviations
surface area
2(lb + bh + lh)
lbh
2.
6a
4a
Cube
om
Height
6.
Right
circular
cylinder
tu
base)
ex
2rh
sc
w
.s
1
(Perimeter
2
Right
pyramid
w
w
5.
to
Right
prism
4.
2 (area of one
end) + lateral
surface area
(perimeter of
am
3.
r.c
Right
circular
cone
of the base)
(slant height)
2r(r + h)
Area of the
base + lateral
surface area
r(l + r)
r
r l
a = length of
edge
Area of
base
height
r2h
r = radius of
base
h = height of
the cylinder
1
(Area of
3
base)
height
1 2
r h
3
h = height
r = radius
l = slant height
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S. No
Nature of
Shape of the
the solid
solid
Lateral/
curved
surface area
Total surface
area
Volume
Abbreviations
Used
r = radius
7.
4 3
r
3
4r2
Sphere
r = radius
2r2
Hemisphere
2 3
r
3
3r2
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8.
r
2
4 (R r )
R = outer radius
r = inner radius
4
(R3 r3)
3
tu
to
Spherical
shell
am
Volume of
bucket
sc
ex
w
.s
10.
w
w
9.
r.c
h 2 2
(R + r + Rr)
3
R = larger radius
r = smaller
radius
h = height
