Triangles Triangles can be described in terms of their sides or their angles, or both. An acute-angled triangle has all its angles less than 90°. > A right-angled triangle has an angle of 90°. J An obtuse-angled triangle has one angle greater than 90°. f An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length, and the angles opposite the equal sides are equal. > An equilateral triangle has three sides of equal length and three equal angles. >A scalene triangle has three sides of different lengths and all three angles are different. Congruent triangles Congruent triangles are identical. They have corresponding sides of the same length and corresponding angles which are equal. Triangles are congruent if any of the following can be proved: Three corresponding sides are equal (S $ S); ‘Two corresponding sides and the included angle are equal (S A S): Two angles and the corresponding side are equal (A S A); Each triangle has a right angle, and the hypotenuse and a corresponding side are equal in length (R H S). Similar triangles If the angles of two triangles are the same, then their corresponding sides will also be in proportion to each other. When this is the case, the triangles are said to be similar. 2 c 80" 80" (o\, Za) ay [ooCircles ‘The perimeter of —7” a circle is called the circumference Quadrilaterals ‘A quadrilateral is a plane shape consisting of four angles and four sides. There are several types of quadrilateral. The main ones and their properties are described below, ‘Two pairs of parallel sides. All sides are equal. All angles are equal. Diagonals intersect at right angles. ‘Two pairs of parallel sides. Opposite sides are equal. All angles are equal. ‘Two pairs of parallel sides. All sides are equal. Opposite angles are equal. Diagonals intersect at right angles.‘Two pairs of parallel sides. Opposite sides are equal. Opposite angles are equal. One pair of parallel sides. An isosceles trapezium has one pair of parallel sides and the other pair of sides are equal in length. Trapezium Two pairs of equal sides. One pair of equal angles. Diagonals intersect at right angles.Angles formed within parallel lines When two straight lines cross, it is found that the angles opposite each other are the same size. They are known as vertically opposite angles. By using the fact that angles at a point on a straight line add up to 180°, it can be shown why vertically opposite angles must always be equal in size. 180° i Te) Therefore, a is equal to c. S When a line intersects two parallel lines, as in the diagram below, it is found that certain angles are the same size. XS CS The angles a and b are equal and are known as corresponding angles. Corresponding angles can be found by looking for an *F’ formation in a diagram. A line intersecting two parallel lines also produces another pair of equal angles, known as alternate angles. These can be shown to be equal by using the fact that both vertically opposite and corresponding angles are equal. XSPolygons Any two-dimensional closed figure made up of straight lines is called a polygon. If the sides are the same length and the interior angles are equal, the figure is called a regular polygon. The names of the common polygons are: 3sides triangle 4sides quadrilateral Ssides pentagon 6sides hexagon Tsides heptagon Ssides — oetagon 10sides — deeagon I2sides dodecagon ‘Two polygons are said to be similar if a their angles are the same b corresponding sides are in proportion. Polygons A regular polygon is distinctive in that all its sides are of equal length and all its angles are of equal size. Below are some examples of regular polygons. ular quadilteral (Square)The sum of the interior angles of a polygon In the polygons below a straight line is drawn from each vertex to vertex A. D ° c F Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180°, the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is therefore 180(n - 2) degrees. The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon The angles marked a, b,c, d,¢ and fin the diagram below represent the exterior angles of a regular hexagon. For any convex polygon the sum of the exterior angles is 360°. If the polygon is regular and has sides, then each exterior angle =Circle Theorems theorem A a Angles in the same segment Alternate segment theorem The angle that lies between a tangent to the angle subtended by the B i>) c and a chord is equal cS: A same chord in the alternate segment. Angles in the same segment are equal. Angle at the centre theorem A The angle at the centre is twice the 1p angle at the circumference. Angles in a semicircle cy The angle ina semicircle is 90 A degrees. c A | B Chord of a circle The perpendicular from the centre of a bisects the chord [] E Circle to a chord Cyclic quadrilateral A The opposite angles in a cyclic 'B quadrilateral total D o (splits the chord into! Q& eA, 180°. two equal parts). Tangent of a circle Diagram A Diagram B 6 A. The angle between a tangent and radius is 90 degrees. B. Tangents which meet at the same point are equal in length.