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Differentiable Manifolds Problems

This document contains the problem set and solutions for a math course on differentiable manifolds. It includes 4 exercises: 1) Define a topology on the set S = R-{0} U {A,B} and show the resulting space is locally Euclidean and second countable but not Hausdorff. 2) Show that two differentiable structures on the real line R are distinct but there exists a diffeomorphism between them. 3) Prove that the inclusion map from a manifold M to the product M x N is smooth. 4) Determine the points where three given functions can serve as a local coordinate system on R3.

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202 views5 pages

Differentiable Manifolds Problems

This document contains the problem set and solutions for a math course on differentiable manifolds. It includes 4 exercises: 1) Define a topology on the set S = R-{0} U {A,B} and show the resulting space is locally Euclidean and second countable but not Hausdorff. 2) Show that two differentiable structures on the real line R are distinct but there exists a diffeomorphism between them. 3) Prove that the inclusion map from a manifold M to the product M x N is smooth. 4) Determine the points where three given functions can serve as a local coordinate system on R3.

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adolfo_vargas2
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Problem Set #4

Math 453 Differentiable Manifolds


Assignment: Chapter 5 #1
Chapter 6 #1, 2, 4
Clayton J. Lungstrum
February 13, 2013

Exercise 5.1
Let A and B be two points not on the real line R. Consider the set S = (R{0}){A, B}.
For any two positive real numbers c, d, define
IA (c, d) = (c, 0) {A} (0, d)
and similarly for IB (c, d), with B instead of A. Define a topology on S s follows: on
(R {0}), use the subspace topology inherited from R, with open intervals as a basis. A basis
of neighborhoods at A is the set {IA (c, d) : c, d > 0}; similarly, a basis of neighborhoods at
B is {IB (c, d) : c, d > 0}.
(a) Prove that the map h : IA (c, d) (c, d) defined by
(
x : x 6= A
h(x) =
0 : x=A
is a homeomorphism.
(b) Show that S is locally Euclidean and second countable, but not Hausdorff.
Solution.
(a) The map is clearly continuous from a standard proof; likewise, it is bijective. Thus,
the only thing to prove is that the inverse function is continuous, or equivalently, that
h is an open map. This is clear, however, since f is injective. Let U be an open subset
of S. If A
/ S, then f (U ) = U , which is open. If A U , then U contains an interval
around A with some other open sets, in particular U = V (c, 0) {A} (0, d). Then
f (U ) = f (V ) f ((c, 0)) f (A) f ((0, d)) = f (V ) (c, d), which is open.
(b) Since h is a homeomorphism to an open interval, it is easily seen to be locally Euclidean,
and is second countable as we can take open intervals with rational endpoints as a basis
(and this works for sets including A). However, it is not Hausdorff, because we must
consider B. The open sets containing A are of the for (a, 0) {A} (0, b) and for
B we have (c, 0) {B} (0, d) for a, b, c, d > 0. Thus we have (0, c) (0, d) 6= ,
and therefore A cannot be separated from B. Equivalently, one can argue limn 1/n
converges to A and B, therefore the space is not Hausdorff since the limit is not unique.

Q.E.D.

Exercise 6.1
Let R be the real line with the differentiable structure given by the maximal atlas of the
chart (R, = 1 : R R), and let R0 be the real line with the differentiable structure given
by the maximal atlas of the chart (R, : R R) where (x) = x1/3 .
(a) Show that these two differentiable structure are distinct.
(b) Show that there is a diffeomorphism between R and R0 .
Solution.
(a) Suppose the differential structure on the manifolds is the same so that the charts are
compatible. Then 1 should be C , however, we know this is not the case since
1 (x) = x1/3 is not C at x = 0.
(b) Define F : R R0 by F (x) = x3 . Then F 1 (x) = x, that is, it is just the
identity function, which is clearly C . As it is the identity, the inverse function is the
identity also, therefore this C function is, in fact, a diffeomorphism.

Q.E.D.

Exercise 6.2
Let M and N be manifolds and let q0 be a point in N . Prove that the inclusion map
iq0 : M M N , iq0 (p) = (p, q0 ), is C .
Solution.
This is immediate from Exercise 6.18. Since iq0 = (1M , q0 ) : M M N , the identity
map is C and a constant map is C .
Q.E.D.

Exercise 6.4
Find all points in R3 in a neighborhood of which the functions x, x2 + y 2 + z 2 1, z can
serve as a local coordinate system.
Solution.
Define F (x, y, z) = (x, x2 + y 2 + z 2 1, z). We know this will be precisely when the
Jacobian determinant is nonzero:

1 0 0
det 2x 2y 2z 6= 0.
0 0 1
Calculating the determinant, we get 2y, thus it is precisely when 2y 6= 0, or y 6= 0. Thus, F
can serve as a coordinate system at any point p not on the xz-plane.
Q.E.D.

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