Topic 6
Database Systems
Unit 6 :
Database Design
Process
IT1768 Database Systems
Unit 6 :
Database Design Implementation
Topic 6
Objective :
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
Learn activities to be performed in the
database development process
Name the Three-Level Architecture of
database with phases of database design.
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
Database Development
Process
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
The Database Development Process
The database development process includes
the following steps:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Database planning
Data requirement collection and analysis
Database design (modelling)
Database implementation
Data conversion and loading
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
The Database Development Process
1. Database Planning
It is the management activities that allow the stages
of the database application to be realized as
efficiently and effectively as possible. The activities
include:
a) Define mission statement
b) Define mission objectives
c) Specifying the scope and boundaries of the
database application and the major user views.
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
The Database Development Process
2. Data requirement Collection and Analysis
Information is gathered for each user view
as user requirements, including:
a description of data used or generated
details of how data is to be used/generated
any additional requirements for the new/future
application
Information gathered is then analyzed to
identify the user requirements and then
documented in requirement specifications.
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
Database Development Process
3. Database Design
Database design is the process of producing a detailed data
model of a database. This can be activated by first specifying
the schema of a database.
What is a Database Schema?
- A database schema is a description of the structure of the
database. It includes the:
o description of relations (tables)
o relationships between relations
o domains
o business rules.
Number of 3 character length
Example:
1 Department ( DepNo, Dname, Dlocation, Strength ) Text of 12 character length
N
IT1768 Database Systems
Employee ( EmpNo, Ename, Age, Gender, Salary, DepNum )
Topic 6
Business Rules
Business Rules
Restrictions on the businesss activities that must be
reflected in the database and database applications
Examples :
o Each account is designated with one account number.
o One customer can have more than one account numbers
o Account Balance cannot be negative
o A minimum balance of $10 must be maintained at all time
o A student must attend a course
o A course can have zero or many students
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
Database Development Process
3. Database Design
The initial design of a database is a complex process
involving many different approaches. It can deal with
the following topics:
Data modelling
Database Normalization
A relational database can be modelled by Entity
Relationship (ER) Modelling.
IT1768 Database Systems
Topic 6
Approaches in Database Design
Two approaches of database design:
1) Top-Down approach:
Using Entity-Relationship model (ERM). More
appropriate for complex database. It based on
the user requirements and build data model.
2) Bottom-Up approach:
Using Normalization. More appropriate for
simple databases with a relatively small number
of attributes.
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Topic 6
Database Development Process
4. Database Implementation
Based on the data model, physically realise
the database and application design.
- Use Data Definition Language (DDL) to create database
schemas and empty database files.
- Use DDL to create any specified user views.
- Create application programs, including database
transactions.
- Test the system with real data, if necessary, make
enhancement.
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Topic 6
Database Development Process
5. Data Conversion and Loading
Transferring any existing data into the new
database and converting any existing applications
to run on the new database.
Only required when new database system is
replacing an old system.
DBMS normally has utility that loads existing files
into new database.
Legacy database (Conversion, Migration) Modernizing database
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Topic 6
The 3-Level Architecture of
Database
IT1768 Database Systems
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Topic 6
Three-Level Architecture of DBMS1
Users view
External
Level
Conceptual
Level
Internal
Level
Physical
data
organization
IT1768 Database Systems
Reception
Purchasing
View 1
The 3-Level
Architecture
of Database
View 2
etc.
Design
Conceptual Schema
Internal Schema
View n
External to
conceptual
mapping
Conceptual to
internal
mapping
Database
14
Topic 6
The 3-Level Architecture of Database
External
Level
The 3-Level Conceptual
Architecture Level
of Database
Internal
Level
The 3 Level Architecture has the aim of enabling users to access the same
data but with a personalized view of it. The distancing of the internal level
from the external level means that users do not need to know how the data
is physically stored in the database. This level separation also allows the
Database Administrator (DBA) to change the database storage structures
without affecting the users' views
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Topic 6
The Conceptual Database Design
External Level
- The external level reflects the users view of the database. It describes
the part of the database that is relevant to each user.
- This level ensures that users have NO access to any other data in the
Database.
Conceptual Level
- This level describes what data is stored in the database and the
relationships among the data; these include the entities, data types,
relationships, user operations and constraints in a database.
Hence, Logical Database Design (The What in the design)
- The process of constructing a model of the information used
in an enterprise based on a specific data model.
- Its independent of a particular DBMS and other physical
considerations. However, it is dependent on the target data
model.
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Topic 6
The Physical Database Design
Internal Level
- This is the physical representation (implementation) of the database on
the computer. It describes the physical storage structure of the database.
It uses physical data model to describe the complete details of data
storage, access paths for the database, and how the datas are retrieved
or inserted in the database. Data Definition Language (SQL) is used.
Hence, Physical Database Design (The How in the design)
- The process of producing a description of the
implementation of the database on secondary storage; it
describes the base correlations, file organizations and
indexes used to achieve efficient access to the data, and any
associated integrity constraints and security measures.
- It requires the physical database designer to know the
functionality of the target DBMS.
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Topic 6
Three-Level Architecture of Database
External
level
View 1
View 2
Sno FName LName Age
Conceptual level
Salary
Staff_No LName
Staff_No FName LName DOB Salary
Internal level
Note :At each level, we have schema to
describe the data in that level. The 3 schemas
are only descriptions of data; the only data
that actually exists is at the physical level.
IT1768 Database Systems
Bno
Branch_No
Create Table STAFF {
int Staff_No;
int Branch_No;
char FName[15];
char LName[15];
date Date_of_Birth;
float Salary;
};
index Staff_No; index Branch_No;
Sample Code
18
Topic 6
Summary
The activities to be performed in the
database development process
The three-Level architecture of database
with phases of database design
IT1768 Database Systems
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