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3 Process Variables Part 42

This document discusses temperature and temperature measurement. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of substance molecules. Temperature can be measured indirectly by measuring a physical property that depends on temperature, such as electrical resistance, voltage difference, or emitted radiation spectra. Common temperature scales include Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine. The document provides equations to convert between these scales. It also gives examples of temperature conversion and problems involving temperature measurement using resistance thermometers and the ideal gas law.

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103 views12 pages

3 Process Variables Part 42

This document discusses temperature and temperature measurement. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of substance molecules. Temperature can be measured indirectly by measuring a physical property that depends on temperature, such as electrical resistance, voltage difference, or emitted radiation spectra. Common temperature scales include Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine. The document provides equations to convert between these scales. It also gives examples of temperature conversion and problems involving temperature measurement using resistance thermometers and the ideal gas law.

Uploaded by

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ChE 31

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

2nd sem. 2013-2014


Prepared by: JACapunitan

PROCESS VARIABLES PART 4

TEMPERATURE

Temperature

Measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by the


substance molecules.

Determined indirectly by measuring some physical


property of the substance whose value depends on T in a
known manner:
Physical property
Electrical resistance
Voltage difference
Spectra of emitted radiation
Volume of a fixed mass of fluid

Measuring device
Resistance thermometer (RTD)
Thermocouple
Pyrometer
Thermometer

Temperature Scales

Obtained by arbitrarily assigning numerical values to two


reproducibly measurable temperatures (e.g. 0 freezing point
of water; 100 boiling point of water).

Also specifies the length of a unit interval (called a degree)


(e.g. 1/100 of the distance between the two reference points).

Two most common temperature scales (defined using the


freezing point and boiling point of water at 1 atm):
CELSIUS (OR CENTIGRADE) SCALE
FAHRENHEIT SCALE

Temperature Scales
SCALE

REFERENCE

ABSOLUTE
ZERO

EQUATIONS

CELSIUS

Tf = 0oC
Tb = 100oC

-273.15oC

--

FAHRENHEIT

Tf = 32oF
Tb = 212oF

-459.67oF

T(oF) = 1.8T(oC) + 32

KELVIN

*interval same
size as oC

T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15

RANKINE

*interval same
size as oF

T(oR) = T(oF) + 459.67


T(oR) = 1.8T(oK)

Temperature Conversion

A degree is both a temperature & a temperature interval


Consider the ff. temperature interval from 0 to 5oC

Conversion factors (refers to temperature intervals, NOT


temperatures):

Sample Problems

Consider the interval from 20oF to 80oF .


(1) Calculate the equivalent temperatures in oC and the
interval between them.
(2) Calculate directly the interval in oC between the
temperatures.

Sample Problems

The heat capacity of ammonia, defined as the amount of


heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of
ammonia by precisely 1o at a constant pressure, is, over a
limited temperature range, given by the expression
Btu
4
o

C p

0
.
487

2
.
29
x
10
T
(
F)
o

lbm F

Determine the expression for Cp in J/(g-oC) in terms of T(oC).

Sample Problems

Streams of methane and air (79 mole% N2, the balance O2) are
combined at the inlet of a combustion furnace preheater. The
pressures of each stream are measured with open end mercury
manometers, the temperatures are measured with resistance
thermometers, and the volumetric flow rates are measured with
orifice meters.

Sample Problems (contd..)


The resistance thermometers were calibrated by measuring their
resistances at the freezing and boiling points of water, with the
following results:
T = 0oC: r = 23.624 ohms
T = 100oC: r = 33.028 ohms
A straight-line relationship between T and r may be assumed.
The relationship between the total molar flow rate of a gas
and its volumetric flow rate is, to a good approximation, given by
a form of the ideal gas equation of state:
3
kmol 12.186 P(atm)V (m / s)
n

T (K )
s

where P is the absolute pressure of the gas.

Sample Problems (contd..)


(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Derive the resistance thermometer calibration formula for T(oC) in


terms of r(ohm).
Convert the given gas law expressions to an expression for
n(kmol/min) in terms of P(mmHg), T(oC), and V(m3/min).
Calculate the temperature and pressures at points 1, 2, and 3.
Calculate the molar flow rate of the combined gas stream.
Calculate the reading of flowmeter 3 in m3/min.
Calculate the total mass flow rate and the mass fraction of
methane at point 3.

CLASS DISMISSED

http://www.up.edu.ph/memorandum-no-paep-13-35-help-for-victims-of-typhoon-yolanda/

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