ChE 31
INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
2nd sem. 2013-2014
Prepared by: JACapunitan
PROCESS VARIABLES PART 3
ESTIMATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA:
DENSITIES OF SOLIDS & LIQUIDS
Methods for Determining Physical Properties
Look it up.
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th ed. RH Perry
& DW Green, Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, ___.
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed. D
Lide, Ed., Chemical Rubber Company, Boca Raton, FL.
1998.
Estimate it.
Use empirical correlations (Reid, Prausnitz & Poling. The
Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1986.)
Measure it.
Determine properties experimentally using published
methods or techniques.
Incompressible substances
substances whose densities do not significantly
change with changes in pressure and temperature
Solids & liquids
Sources of Densities
REFERENCE
TABLE or PAGE NO.
DETAILS
Felder & Rousseau
Table B.1, Appendix B
Different substances at
a single temp.
Perrys ChE
Handbook, 7th ed.
pp. 2-7 to 2-47; 2-91 to 2120
Different substances
pp. 2-91 to 2-93
Liquid water & mercury
at different temp.
pp. 2-128 to 2-131; pp. 2358 to 2-361
Expressions for density
calculations of many
substances at different
temp.
pp. 2-99 to 2-118
Liquid mixtures or
solutions of a solid in a
liquid
Densities of Mixtures
Can be estimated from component mass fractions xi
Assumption: volume additivity
i 1
xi
For mixtures of liquid species with
similar molecular structures (e.g.
straight-chain hydrocarbons)
xi i
i 1
No general rule; rely on empirical
findings
Sample Problem
Determine the density (g/cm3) of a 50 wt% aqueous solution
of H2SO4 at 20oC, both by (1) looking up a tabulated value
and (2) assuming volume additivity of the solution components.
(a) Referring to Table 2-101, p. 2-107, Perry, 7th ed.
(b) Obtain pure component densities from Perry:
(H2O, 20 oC) = 0.998 g/cm3
(H2SO4, 18 oC) = 1.834 g/cm3 (neglect density change
with temp.)
1 (0.500 / 0.998 0.500 / 1.834) 0.7736cm3 / g
1.29 g / cm3
ESTIMATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA:
DENSITIES OF IDEAL GASES
EQUATION OF STATE
relates the molar quantity and volume of a gas to temperature and
pressure
The simplest & most widely used Ideal Gas Equation of State
PV nRT
Where:
P = absolute pressure of a gas
V or V = volume or volumetric
flow rate of the gas
n or n = number of moles or
molar flow rate of the gas
R = the gas constant
T = absolute temperature of the
gas
PV nRT
IDEAL GAS EQUATION - derived
from the kinetic theory of gases with
the assumptions that gas molecules:
have negligible volume
exert no forces on each other
collide elastically with the walls of
their container.
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
Does not require a knowledge of the gas species: 1 mol of an ideal gas at
0 oC and 1 atm occupies 22.415 Liters
Gas constant R units:
(pressure x volume)/(mole x temperature)
(energy)/(mole x temperature)
Only an approximation; applicability: T above about 0 oC and P<1atm
Videal RT / P
RULE OF THUMB: Error in the estimated value is less than 1% when:
Videal > 5 L/mol (80 ft3/lb-mole)
Videal > 20 L/mol (320 ft3/lb-mole)
(diatomic gases)
(other gases)
Sample Problem
One hundred grams of nitrogen is stored in a container at
23.0oC and 3.00 psig.
(1) Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the container
volume in liters.
(2) Verify that the ideal gas equation of state is a good
approximation for the given conditions.
STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Standard cubic meters (SCM) m3
Standard cubic feet (SCF) ft3
Example:
18.2 SCMH 18.2 m3/h at 0oC and 1 atm.
Standard and True Volumetric Flow Rates
The flow rate of a methane stream at 285oF and 1.30 atm is
measured with an orifice meter. The calibration chart for the
meter indicates that the flow rate is 3.95 x 105 SCFH.
Calculate the molar flow rate and the true volumetric flow rate
of the stream.
IDEAL GAS MIXTURES
DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
PA + PB + = (yA + yB +) P = P
Where: Pi = the pressure that would be exerted
by ni moles of i alone in the same total volume V
at the same temperature T
AMAGATS LAW
vA + vB + = (yA + yB +) V = V
Where: yi = mole fraction of component i in the
gas mixture
vi = volume of pure component i
Sample Problems
An ideal gas mixture at 10 bar absolute and 200oC in a 100m3 tank contains 50 mole% H2 and 50 mole% N2. What is the
partial pressure of H2? What is the pure-component volume of
H2? What would happen to PH2 and VH2 if the temperature
were raised?
An ideal gas mixture at 10 atm absolute contains 50 wt% H2
and 50 wt% N2. Is the partial pressure of H2 less than, equal
tp, or greater than 5 atm?
CLASS DISMISSED
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