CHME 201:

Intro. to Chem. Eng. I

Chapter 5: Single Phase

Systems
 5.1. Liquid and Solid
Densities, r
As T↑  ρ↓ but since density of liquids and solids is a weak function of
temperature, it is usually assumed that
r  f(T )

Solids and liquids are termed incompressible, since their density is not
significantly affected by pressure.
r  f(P )

The density of liquid mixtures (rmix) composed from pure liquids 1,2,3,…,
i,…n can be estimated from
(1) the pure component densities (ri) using the mass average formula:
n
r =  xi r i ………Equation 5.1-2

i =1

2
(2) The volume additivity concept can also be used to calculate the density
of liquid mixtures (r) composed from pure liquids 1,2,3,…,i,…n. Based on
this concept:
if 1 liter of pure liquid 1
is mixed with
1 liter of another pure liquid 2
the total volume of the resulting mixture is 2 liters.

Based on the volume additivity concept the density of a liquid mixtures

(r) composed from pure liquids 1,2,3,…,i,…n is given by:
n
1 xi
= ………Equation 5.1-1

r i =1 ri
3
Figure 5.1-1 Experimental and estimated mixture densities.
Experimental values from Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, p. 2-107 for sulfuric acid-water and p. 2-111
for methanol-water, both at 20°C.

4
The densities for each pair of components are
obtained in three ways: from experimental data in
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, by pure
component densities, and by volume additivity
concept

n
1 xi
=
n ………Equation 5.1-1
r =  xi r i ………Equation 5.1-2
r ri
i =1 i =1

5
 Determination of
Solution Density
Determine the density in g/cc of a 50 wt% aqueous solution of H2SO4 at 20 °C, by
(1) looking up a tabulated value, (2) assuming volume additivity of the solution components
and (3) from the mass average formula.

1. Perry’s Chemical Engineers' Handbook tabulates specific gravities of sulfuric acid solutions. pp2-107
and 2-108. From this table the density of 50 wt% aqueous solution of H2SO4 at 20 °C = 1.3951 g/cc.

2.

error=[(1.29-1.3951)/1.3951]100= -7.3%

Clearly, the accuracy of the mass

3. r = 0.5´0.998+ 0.5´1.834 =1.42 g/cc
average formula is better in this
error=[(1.42-1.3951)/1.3951]100=1.5% case than that of the volume
additively
6
 Ideal Gas EOS
An equation that relates the moles and volume of a gas (or
their flow rates) to the gas temperature and pressure is called
an equation of state (E.O.S.).

The simplest and most widely used equation of state is the

ideal gas law (PV = nRT ).

At high pressures and low temperatures, however, all

gases deviate from ideal behavior and more complex
equations of state are needed to describe their PVT relations.
A gas for which the ideal gas law does not work is called a
real gas.
7
 Ideal Gas Law
(1)
The assumptions on which
the ideal gas equation of
state is based are (1) gas
molecules themselves have
negligible volume, (2) gas
molecules exert no forces on
one another, and (3) gas
molecules collide elastically.

R = 0.08206 L×atm/(mol×K) = 82.057 cm3×atm/(mol×K)

= 8314.34 m3.Pa/(kmol×K) = 82.057×10-3 m3×atm/(kmol×K)
3
= 10.73 ft ×psi/lbmole×°R = 8.314 J/mol×K = 1.987 Btu/lbmole×°R
æ (pressure) (volume) (energy) ö
Dimension of R = ç or ÷
è (mole)(tem perature) (mole)(tem perature) ø

8
Rules of Thumb – Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law yields an error of less than 1%

if V̂ ideal ( RT ) > 5 L/mol (80 ft3/lbmole) for diatomic gases (H2,

P
CO, …etc)
and

if V̂ ideal ( RT
3
) > 20 L/mol (320 ft /lbmole) for other gases (CH4,
P
CO2, …etc)

9
The mass density of an ideal gas r
(mass/volume) is related to the temperature,
pressure, and molecular weight , M, as
follows:
PV
M
m nM RT PM
r= = = =
V V V RT

10
 Example 5.2 - 1
100.0 grams of nitrogen (N2) is stored in a container at 23.0°C
and 3.00 psig. Molecular weight of N2 is 28. Atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm = 14.7 psi.

1. Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the container

volume in liters.
2. Verify that the ideal gas equation of state is a good
approximation for the given conditions.
3. Calculate the density of nitrogen at the conditions of
container.

11
100.0 grams of nitrogen (N2) is stored in a container at 23.0°C
and 3.00 psig. Molecular weight of N2 is 28. Atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm = 14.7 psi.

1. Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the container

volume in liters
100.0 g
1. n = = 3.57 mol
28.0 g/mol
T = 23.0 + 273.15 = 296.15 K
1.01325 ´ 105 Pa
Pabsolute=3.00+14.7=17.7 psi× = 1.22 ´ 105 Pa
14.7 psi
m3 × Pa
3.57 mol ´ 8.314 ´ 296.15 K
nRT mol × K 1000 L
V = = × = 72.0 L
P 5
1.22 ´ 10 Pa 1m 3

12
100.0 grams of nitrogen (N2) is stored in a container at 23.0°C
and 3.00 psig. Molecular weight of N2 is 28. Atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm = 14.7 psi.

2. Verify that the ideal gas equation of state is a good

approximation for the given conditions.
RT V 72.0 L
V̂ ideal = or V̂ ideal = = = 20.2 L/mol > 5 L/mol
P n 3.57 mol
Since the calculated value of exceeds the criterion value of 5
L/mol for diatomic gases (N2 is diatomic gas), the ideal gas
equation of state should yield an error of less than 1%.

13
100.0 grams of nitrogen (N2) is stored in a container at 23.0°C
and 3.00 psig. Molecular weight of N2 is 28. Atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm = 14.7 psi.

3. Calculate the density of nitrogen at the conditions of

container.

g
1.22 ´ 105 Pa ´ 28.0
PM mol × 1 kg = 1.387 kg/m3
3. r= =
RT m3 × Pa 1000 g
8.314 ´ 296.15 K
mol × K

14
 5.2b Standard Temperature and
Pressure (STP)

The volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas is 22.4 liters (0.0224 m3, 359 ft3) at
standard temperature (0C, 273 K, 492R) and pressure (1 atm, 14.696 psi).

where s: standard conditions

System Ts Ps V̂ s
SI 273.15 K 1 atm 0.022415 m3/mol
CGS 273.15 K 1 atm 22.415 L/mol
American Engineering 492R 1 atm 359.05 ft3/lbmole

Note that Vs and ns vary, while standard molar volume is fixed (22.415
L/mol, 0.022415 m3/mol, 359.05 ft3/lbmole).

15
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) can be used to
eliminate the gas constant R from the calculation.

PV̂ = RT PV̂ T
Þ =
PsV̂ s = RT s PsV̂ s T s _________________ (2)

16
You have three methods of using the ideal gas law for PVT
calculations:

i. Memorize the value of R (or get it from literature) and use

the ideal gas law.
ii. Memorize the standard conditions and use Equation (2) or
(3)
iii. Memorize the standard conditions and get R from
Equation (1)and then use the ideal gas law

17
 Example 5.2 - 2
Butane (C4H10) at 360°C and 3.00 atm absolute flows into a reactor at a
rate of 100 kg/h. Calculate the volumetric flow rate of this stream using
conversion from standard conditions. (Molecular weight of butane is
58.10.)

18
 Gases – two states
For problems that involve gases at two different states, a
convenient way to determine an unknown variable (P, V, n or
T ) of the gas at one point is to write the gas law for both
states and divide one equation by the other. Any variables that
are the same at both points will cancel.

P1V1 = n1RT1 P1V1 = n1T1 P1V̂1 = T1

Þ or _______(4)
P2V 2 = n 2RT 2 P2V2 = n2T2 P2V̂ 2 = T 2

19
 Examples 5.2 - 3
A stream of air at 70°F and 1.00 atm is fed to a process at a
rate of 10 ft3/min. The air stream leaves the process at 610°F
and 2.50 atm. Calculate the volumetric flow rate of the air
stream leaving the process

20
Volumetric flow rate is sometimes expressed in terms of standard
conditions. For instance, 30 SCMH (30 standard cubic meters per hour)
[or m3 (STP)/h] at 150C and 2.5 atm

This looks like a contradiction How can a gas be at STP (0C and 1 atm)
and at 150C and 2.5 atm?

The answer is that it can’t – the gas is not at STP.

A flow rate specified in the given manner (30 SCMH) is not the true
volumetric flow rate of the stream at its actual temperature and pressure
(150C and 2.5 atm) but the flow rate that would be obtained if the stream
were brought from its actual conditions to standard temperature and
pressure.

21
 Example
A stream of Methane at 400°C and 50 psia is fed to a process
at a rate of 1,000 SCFM (standard cubic feet per minute).
Calculate the actual volumetric flow rate.

22
 Self Test
1. i) What happens to the volume of an ideal gas when you double the pressure at
a fixed temperature? Vnew=Vold/2
ii) When you double the temperature at a fixed pressure? Vnew=2Vold

2. i) What happens to the density of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas when you raise
the temperature at a fixed pressure? Density decreases (n is unchanged, V increases).
ii) When you raise the temperature at a fixed volume? No change in density (n is
unchanged, V is unchanged
3. The volumetric flow rate of an ideal gas is given as 35.8 SCMH. The
temperature and pressure of the gas are -15°C and 1.5 atm. Is the actual
volumetric flow rate of the gas:
(a) <35.8 m3/h
(b) =35.8 m3/h
(c) >35.8 m3/h
(d) indeterminate without additional information?

23
 5.3 EOS for Non-ideal
gases
Objectives:
◼ Be familiar with critical temperature and pressure.

◼ Carry out PVT calculations for a gas at non ideal

conditions using
(a) the truncated form of virial equation of state,
(b) the van der Waals equation of state,
(c) the SRK equation of state, and
(d) the compressibility factor equation of state.

◼ Extend the previous calculations for gas mixtures using the

same equations in conjunction with Kay’s rule.
24
 5.3 EOS for Non-ideal
gases
Ideal gas law fails at sufficiently low T and or
sufficiently high P

In this section we introduce three EOS. More

accurate for single components/specie
◼ Virial equation
◼ Cubic EOS
◼ Van der Waals equation
◼ Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation

25
 Tc and Pc
How well or poorly the ideal gas equation of state fits PVT
data for a species often depends on the values of the system
temperature and pressure relative to two physical properties
of the species - the critical temperature (Tc) and critical
pressure (Pc).

The highest temperature at which the vapor and liquid phases

of a species can coexist is the critical temperature of that
species, Tc, and the corresponding pressure is the critical
pressure, Pc.

26
 Gas vs. Vapor
A substance at Tc and Pc is said to be at its
critical state.

It is important at this stage to distinguish gas

from vapor. A vapor is a gaseous substance
that can be condensed by increasing the
pressure at constant temperature, that is a
vapor is a gaseous species below its critical
temperature.

Gas is the term used to describe substances

above their critical temperature but below the
critical pressure. A gas can’t be condensed
by increasing its pressure at constant
temperature, it just becomes denser and
denser.

Substances at temperatures above Tc and

pressures above Pc are referred to as
supercritical fluids.

27
 Virial EOS

At high pressures a better equation of state that considers the type of

material is virial equation of state, which expresses the compressibility
factor as a power series of the reciprocal of the specific volume.

PV̂
Compressibility, z, is defined as z =
RT
PV̂ B C D
Virial Equation of State: z = =1+ + + + ...
RT V̂ V̂ 2
V̂ 3

28
 PV̂
Compressibility, z, is defined as z =
RT
PV̂ B C D
Virial Equation of State: z = =1+ + + + ...
RT V̂ V̂ 2 V̂ 3

B, C, D, are the second, third, and fourth virial coefficients. The virial EOS
is usually truncated after the second term.
Truncated Virial Equation

PV̂ B
z = =1+
RT V̂
RTc 0.422 0.172
where B = (B 0 + w B1 ) , B 0 = 0.083 - 1.6 , B1 = 0.139 - 4.2 ,
Pc Tr Tr
T
Tr (reduced temperature)= , w: Pitzer acentric factor.
Tc

29
Acentric factor reflects the
geometry and polarity of a
molecule.

For spherical and nonpolar

molecules such as helium the
acentric factor is zero.

Acentric factors for various

compounds are listed in
Table 5.3-1 in text and a sample
table is given below

30
 Example

Two gram-moles of nitrogen is placed in a three-liter

tank at ̶ 150.8 °C. Estimate the tank pressure using
the ideal gas equation of state and then using the
virial equation of state truncated after the second
term. Taking the second estimate to be correct,
calculate the percentage error that results from the
use of the ideal gas equation at the system conditions

R
31
Solution (1)

32
 Solution (1)

0.422 0.422
B0 = 0.083 − 1.6  B0 = 0.083 − 1.6
= −0.36
Tr 0.970
0.172 0.172
B1 = 0.139 − 4.2  B1 = 0.139 − 4.2
= −0.056
Tr 0.970 33
 Solution (2)

B=
RTc
(B0 + B1 )
Pc
 L . atm 
 0.08206 (126.2 K )
=  mol . K 
(− 0.36 + 0.040(− 0.056)) = −0.113 L / mol
33.5 atmc

34
 5.3c Cubic EOS
Cubic equation of state is a relation among T, P, and V which
has the form: ˆ3 ˆ2 ˆ
V + BV +C V + D = 0
The coefficient B, C, and D are functions of temperature,
pressure and composition.

The earliest of the cubic equations of state is the van der

Waals equation of state.

35
 van der Waals EOS
RT a which can be expanded to yield a form
P= -
Vˆ - b Vˆ2 similar to cubic equation Vˆ3 + B Vˆ2 + C Vˆ + D = 0

æ RT ö æa ö æ ab ö
ˆ3
V - çç + b ÷÷ ´ Vˆ + çç ÷÷ ´ Vˆ - çç ÷÷ = 0
2
è P ø èP ø èP ø
2 2
27 R Tc 1 RTc
Where, a = ´ b= ´
64 Pc 8 Pc

the constants in a and b are dimensionless numbers

The coefficient b is known as the van der Waals volume that corrects for the
volume occupied by molecules themselves, and the parameter a is the attractive
parameter that corrects for the attractive interactions of molecules
◼ When a =0 and b =0 , the van der Waals E.O.S. reduces to the ideal gas E.O.S
36
 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
(SRK) EOS
The Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State abbreviated as SRK is a
modified empirical form of the original van der walls equation of state.
In this equation of state the attractive form is made function of temperature
and molecular structure.
RT aa
P= -
where
a = 0.42747
2 2
R Tc RT
b = 0.08664 c
( )
ˆ - b Vˆ Vˆ + b
V
Pc Pc

m = 0.48508 +1.55171 ´ w - 0.1561 ´ w 2

( )
é ù2 æ Tö
a = ê1 + m ´ 1 - Tr ú çTr = ÷
ë û & è Tc ø

the constants in a, b and m are dimensionless numbers

37
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS
Using the EOS (van der Waals or SRK) is straightforward if
you are looking to determine
P or T as long as (molar volume) is given.

However, to evaluate the Volume using cubic EOS requires

trial and error procedure. The solution becomes iterative.

In such a case, the SRK EOS can be expanded.

41
 Expanded SRK Equation
æ RT ö 2 æ aa - bRT - Pb 2 ö æ aab ö
ˆ3
V - çç ˆ
÷÷V + ç ÷ ˆ
V - çç ÷÷ = 0
è P ø ç P ÷ è P ø
è ø
æ 1 ö 3 æ RT ö 2 æ aab ö
ˆ
V = çç ÷÷Vˆ - çç ÷÷Vˆ - çç ÷÷
èc ø è cP ø è cP ø
Pb 2 - aa + bRT
c=
P
The iteration index i can then be inserted in the equation:

æ 1 ö 3 æ RT ö 2 æ aab ö
Vˆi +1
= çç ÷÷Vˆi - çç ÷÷Vˆi - çç ÷÷
èc ø è cP ø è cP ø

The left hand side of this equation gives a new value of specific volume
while the right hand side contains the old value.

42
 5.4 Compressibility
Factor EOS
As mentioned earlier, compressibility factor, z, of a gaseous
species is defined as:
PV̂
z=
If the gas behaves ideally, z = 1. RT

Compressibility Factor Equation of State

An alternative to using a non-ideal gas equation of state like

those described earlier, is to determine z and substitute it into
the above equation

43
Compressibility Factor Tables
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook gives values of z (T,
P ) for a limited number of elements and compounds. Then z
is substituted in the compressibility factor equation of state
and unknown variable can be solved.

Compressibility Charts
The compressibility charts are used for systems for which z
values are not available in tabulated forms.

44
We will show that z can be estimated for a species at a given
temperature, T, and pressure, P, with this procedure:

1. Obtain (e.g., in Table B.1) the critical temperature, Tc, and critical
pressure, Pc, of the species.
2. Calculate the reduced temperature, Tr = T /Tc, and reduced pressure,
Pr = P /Pc.
3. Look up the value of z on a generalized compressibility chart,
which plots z versus Pr for specified values of Tr.

The basis for estimating z in this manner is the empirical law of

corresponding states, which holds that the values of certain physical
properties of a gas - such as the compressibility factor - depend to great
extent on the proximity of the gas to its critical state.

45
5.4b Generalized
Compressibility Chart
The reduced temperature and
pressure provide a measure of
the proximity of the gas to its
critical state.
The closer the value of the
reduced temperature and
pressure to unity, the closer
the gas is to its critical state.
So a plot of z versus Tr and Pr
should be approximately the
same for all substances.

Figure 5.4-1 (p. 208)

(Reprinted with permission from Chemical Process Principles
Charts, 2nd Edition, by O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A.
Ragatz, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960.)

46
Figure 5.4-2 (p. 209)
Generalized compressibility chart, low pressures.
(From D. M. Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 3rd Edition, copyright © 1974, p. 175. Reprinted by permission of
Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

47
Figure 5.4-3 (p. 210)
Generalized compressibility chart, medium pressures.
(From D. M. Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 3rd Edition, copyright © 1974, p. 176. Reprinted by permission of
Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

48
Figure 5.4-4 (p. 211)
Generalized compressibility chart, high pressures.
(From D. M. Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 3 rd Edition, copyright © 1974, p. 177. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

49
 Procedure for Generalized
Compressibility Chart

Steps for using Generalized Compressibility Chart:

1. Look up the critical temperature, Tc, and pressure, Pc, of the
substance(s) (e.g., in Table B.1).
2. For hydrogen or helium, determine adjusted critical constants from
the empirical formulas
Tca = Tc +8 K Pca = Pc +8 atm

These equations are known as Newton's corrections.

3. Calculate reduced values of the two known variables (temperature
and pressure, temperature and volume, or pressure and volume)
T P P V̂
Tr = Pr = Vrideal = c
Tc Pc RTc
4. Use compressibility charts to determine the z.
5. Solve for the unknown variable using Equation PV̂ = zRT
50
The parameter Vrideal (which has no physical
significance) is introduced in the
compressibility factor figures to eliminate the
need for trial-and-error calculations in
problems where either temperature or
pressure is unknown. This parameter is
defined in terms of the ideal critical volume as
V̂ V̂ PcV̂
Vr
ideal
= = =
V̂cideal RTc / Pc RTc
51
Advantages of Compressibility-Factor Equation:
◼ Relative computational simplicity, and
◼ Adaptability to multicomponent gas mixtures.

Drawbacks:
◼ Not generally as accurate as a multiple-constant equation
of state for PVT calculations under highly nonideal
conditions.
◼ It lacks precision and cannot readily be adapted to
computer calculations.

52
 Example 5.4- 1

R = 0.08206 L×atm/(mol×K) = 82.057 cm3×atm/(mol×K)

= 8314.34 m3.Pa/(kmol×K) = 82.057×10-3 m3×atm/(kmol×K)
3
= 10.73 ft ×psi/lbmole×°R = 8.314 J/mol×K = 1.987 Btu/lbmole×°R
æ (pressure) (volume) (energy) ö
Dimension of R = ç or ÷
è (mole)(tem perature) (mole)(tem perature) ø

53
Example 5.4- 1

54
 Example 5.4 - 2
One hundred gram-moles of nitrogen is contained in a 5-liter vessel at
-20.6 oC. Estimate the pressure in the cylinder.

The reduced temperature and volume are calculate:

T ( - 20.6 + 273.2) K
Tr = = = 2.00
Tc 126.2 K

V̂Pc 5 L 33.5atm mol× K

Vrideal = = = 0.161
RTc 100 mol 126.2 K 0.08206 L× atm

55
the intersection of Tr = 2 and Vrideal = 0.161
occurs at approximately z = 1.77.
56
Then we can calculate,
zRT 1.77 0.08206 L.atm 252.4 K
P= = = 733 atm
V̂ mol.K 0.05 L/mol

Note: We could also read the value of Pr from the compressibility

chart and then calculate P=PrPc ; however, it is generally more
accurate to calculate unknown variables by first determining z and
then using the equation of state.

57
 Non-ideal gas
Mixtures; Kay’s rule
Difficulties arise when the gas contains more than one species. We illustrate here
PVT calculations for mixtures with a simple rule developed by Kay that utilizes the
generalized compressibility charts.
This method is only an approximation, works best when used for gas mixtures of
nonpolar compounds whose critical temperatures and pressures are within a
factor of two of one another.

Method to estimate non-ideal gas mixtures – Kay’s rule

1. Look up the critical temperature and critical pressure for all components
involved in the gas mixture.
2. Calculate the Pseudocritical properties of mixtures as estimated by Kay's rule
as simple averages of pure-component critical constants
Pseudocritical Temperature: Tc¢ = yATcA + yBTcB + yCTcC +...
Pseudocritical Pressure: Pc¢ = yA PcA + yB PcB + yC PcC +...

where yA, yB, ... are mole fractions of species A, B, ... in the mixture.

58
3. Calculate two of the following: the pseudoreduced temperature, pseudoreduced
pressure or pseudoreduced volume of the mixture.

Tr¢ = T
Pseudoreduced Temperature: Tc¢
Pr¢ = P
Pseudoreduced Pressure: Pc¢
Pc¢ V̂
Ideal Pseudoreduced Volume V̂r =
ideal

RTc¢
4. Estimate the value of the compressibility factor of the gas mixture. zm, can now
be estimated from the compressibility charts and the pseudoreduced properties.
And the following equation can be used for PVT calculations for gas mixtures

59
 Example 5.4-3
A mixture of 75% H2 and 25% N2 (molar basis) is contained in a tank at
800 atm and -70°C. Estimate the specific volume of the mixture in L/mol
using Kay’s rule

60
 Example 5.4-3
A mixture of 75% H2 and 25% N2 (molar basis) is contained in a tank at
800 atm and -70°C. Estimate the specific volume of the mixture in L/mol
using Kay’s rule
H2: Tc =33K Pc= 12.8 atm for N2: Tc = 126.2 K and Pc =33.5
Solution

H2:
Tc = 33 K , Tc a = (33 + 8) K = 41 K
Pc = 12.8 atm , Pc a = (12.8 + 8) atm = 20.8 atm
Tc = y H 2 ( Tc a )H 2 + y N 2 ( Tc )N 2 = 0.75  41 + 0.25 126.2 = 62.3 K
N2:
Pc = y H 2 ( Pc a )H 2 + y N 2 ( Pc )N 2 = 0.75  20.8 + 0.25  33.5 = 24.0 atm

61
62
Figure 5.4-4 (p. 211)
Generalized compressibility chart, high pressures.
(From D. M. Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 3 rd Edition, copyright © 1974, p. 177. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

63
R = 0.08206 L×atm/(mol×K) = 82.057 cm3×atm/(mol×K)
= 8314.34 m3.Pa/(kmol×K) = 82.057×10-3 m3×atm/(kmol×K)
3
= 10.73 ft ×psi/lbmole×°R = 8.314 J/mol×K = 1.987 Btu/lbmole×°R
æ (pressure) (volume) (energy) ö
Dimension of R = ç or ÷
è (mole)(tem perature) (mole)(tem perature) ø
64