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Fluid Mechanics Note

This document discusses the differences between ideal and real fluids. Ideal fluids experience no shear stress and slip at boundaries, while real fluids support shear stress and experience no slip at boundaries due to molecular interactions. Real fluids exhibit velocity shear across layers and viscosity, which relates shear stress to velocity gradients. Both solids and fluids respond elastically to compression and tension, but fluids can flow in response to shear stress. The properties of real fluids like density and viscosity depend on thermodynamic state variables like pressure, temperature, and composition, as defined by equations of state.

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92 views5 pages

Fluid Mechanics Note

This document discusses the differences between ideal and real fluids. Ideal fluids experience no shear stress and slip at boundaries, while real fluids support shear stress and experience no slip at boundaries due to molecular interactions. Real fluids exhibit velocity shear across layers and viscosity, which relates shear stress to velocity gradients. Both solids and fluids respond elastically to compression and tension, but fluids can flow in response to shear stress. The properties of real fluids like density and viscosity depend on thermodynamic state variables like pressure, temperature, and composition, as defined by equations of state.

Uploaded by

katakgoreng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

CE202/rjs

1: Real Fluids

1. Real Fluids
Contents
A. IDEAL AND REAL FLUIDS

B. SOLIDS AND FLUIDS

C. VELOCITY SHEAR & VISCOSITY

D. EQUATIONS OF STATE

Crowe 1
Munson 1
Pnueli 2
Smits 1

Sfrag replacements
Local Stress Components
z
zz
yz

xz

zy

zx
xx

yy
yx

xy

x
. Normal stress: xx , yy , zz
. Shear stress: xy , yx, xz , zx . . .
Real Fluids-1

CE202/rjs

A.

1: Real Fluids

IDEAL AND REAL FLUIDS

IDEAL Fluid
. No shear stress, xy =yx=xz =zx =. . . = 0
. Only pressure, xx =yy =zz =p
. SLIP at solid boundaries
z

placements

z
u(z)

u(z)

u(z = 0) 6= 0

u(z = 0) = 0

~u = 0

~u = 0

(a) Slip at boundary

(b) No Slip at boundary

REAL Fluid
. shear stress is supported, xy , xz , . . . are finite
. pressure p = - 13 (xx +yy +zz ) is supported
. NO SLIP at solid boundaries
B.

SOLIDS AND FLUIDS

NO SLIP at boundary is result of molecular scale interactions1 at wall. Solid molecules at wall interact with fluid
1

Adopted Continuum Model in Solid and Fluid Mechanics averages over the molecular activity. The
NO SLIP observation, like point fluid properties such as mass density , is a consequence of the Continuum
Model.

Real Fluids-2

CE202/rjs

1: Real Fluids

molecules immediately adjacent to wall, so that fluid at wall moves


together with the solid wall.

Molecules
of fluid
Molecules
of wall material
In a SOLID, all stress components (tension, compression and
shear) are supported in static equilibrium. Each results in a small
elastic deformation
In a FLUID, response to stress components is characteristically
different
. tension is NOT supported!
. compression is supported, and results in a small elastic deformation
. shear is supported, but results in FLOW!
C.

VELOCITY SHEAR & VISCOSITY

Velocity shear (spatial gradients of velocity) is observed in real


fluids

Real Fluids-3

CE202/rjs

1: Real Fluids

u(y)

y
u
u

Solid wall
Newtons Law of Viscosity (Observational law)
du
=
(1)
dy
Constant of proportionality is viscosity , which is a fluid
property
Also kinematic viscosity
kg
. = viscosity = dynamic viscosity. [] =
ms
2

m
. = = kinematic viscosity. [] =

s
D.

EQUATIONS OF STATE

Every fluid property (, , . . . ) represents the integral consequences of molecular activity.


The level of molecular activity is dependent on the thermodynamic state variables:
Real Fluids-4

CE202/rjs

1: Real Fluids

. pressure p
. temperature T
. chemical composition, say concentration C
Changes in p, T and/or C may lead to changes in , , . . .
The relationships (p, T, C), (p, T, C), . . . are called Equations
of State
For fresh water at normal temperatures and pressures,
. (p, T, C) (T ), and
. (p, T, C) (T ):
To C
5
10
20
30
Approximate

kg/m3
1000
999.7
998.2
995.7
1000

kg/ms
1.52103
1.31103
1.005103
8.01104
103

m2/s
1.52106
1.31106
1.007106
8.04107
106

Real Fluids-5

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