1.2.

Overview of diplomatic protocol and role in international relations

In implementing the various activities of the foreign diplomatic service each state follows certain
traditions, conventions and rules, a community which is called the diplomatic protocol, or abbreviated
protocol. Diplomatic protocol is a form in which foreign policy actions implemented each state, its
internal or external mission or representative. This is the political meaning and significance of the
diplomatic protocol.
Diplomatic protocol is facilitating to relations between States, governments and their
representatives can develop in a friendly, peaceful atmosphere and in an atmosphere of mutual
respect. Today in international communication involved almost 300 countries, each of which has its
own socio-economic and socio-political system, history, culture, language, religion, traditions. Normal
communication would be impossible if they do not adhere to the general principles of the relationship
in the first place, such as respect for national sovereignty and national independence, noninterference in the internal affairs of other states, respect for equality between states, territorial
integrity, compliance with the international agreements and treaties , strict compliance with its
commitments.
Protocol - a word derived from the Greek "protokollon" (protos - first and kola - glue) - in the Middle
Ages meant the rules of documents and archives. In this sense, the term "protocol" is used today, for
example, the minutes of the meeting, the meeting; in the proceedings - search protocol or trial.
Entering the same in diplomatic practice, this word, except for paperwork, came to mean all the
questions of etiquette and ceremony as part of the diplomatic protocol. Etiquette (from the French
"etiquette") - this is the rules of behavior (behavior in public places, manners, dress, form requests
and greetings, relationships with others, etc.); rules of politeness (courtesy), in diplomatic circles.
Ceremonial - is officially accepted routine receptions, processions (meeting ceremonial head of state
during an official visit, the ceremonial presentation of credentials and entry to the post of
ambassador, ceremonial signing of international treaties, etc.).
Fundamental principles of diplomatic protocol is the principle of international comity, that respect
for anything that symbolizes or represents the state. Determination of diplomatic protocol submitted
by different authors in different ways, but the essence of it remains virtually the same. For example,
"classics" of diplomatic protocol and ceremonial John Wood and Jean Serres stressed that "overall
protocol - a set of rules of conduct of governments and representatives of official and unofficial
occasion."
Modern authors define it as: "Diplomatic protocol - a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and
conventions that adhere governments, departments of foreign affairs, diplomatic missions, diplomats
and officials in the performance of its functions in international communication."

"Diplomatic protocol - a set of generally accepted international relations rules governing the
implementation of various diplomatic acts, shapes communication between diplomats and leading
statesmen of different countries". [6]
"Protocol means a set of rules, according to which every country officials governing the various
diplomatic ceremonies. Protocol Formalities applicable in the development of numerous details as
emergency ceremonies and ceremonies connected with the work of missions.
Protocol followed in negotiating and drafting agreements, providing them with greater solemnity
and magnificence of respect for the essential provisions of these agreements. In the political and
administrative structure of the protocol assigns to each his own place guarantees all officials the
opportunity to use its rules, approve seniority disputes and controversies regarding the privileges and
immunities.
In ceremonies, the protocol also specifies the methods, scope, behavior and etiquette and
establishes rules on official and personal correspondence, uniforms - everything that provides each
place and respect that match his official position and determined different political and administrative
authorities and by society "[1, 18, 22].
The rules of diplomatic protocol can maintain normal relations between states and their
representatives even in the case where the parties there are claims and disagreements. Protocol - a
kind of neutral zone with its own rules and laws, and all who are in the area, must comply with the
general requirements. However, existing protocol rules is not always there. Protocol - a historical
category, which accumulates the centuries-old experience of communication between the states
themselves. The absence of formerly more or less developed and generally accepted norms, as
mentioned above, always create discomfort in the relationship between the parties and even their
predetermined conflicts. It is, in fact, dictated the need for an informed decision generally recognized
rules of conduct of States among themselves.
Vienna (1815) and Aachen (1818) of the Congress for the first time in international practice
adopted special regulations concerning diplomatic relations and, in particular, the definition of
seniority diplomatic representatives. These political documents were first attempt to give legal force
and turn to some international law rules of international courtesy. Regulation of Vienna and the
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, which defined protocol based on international practice lasted over 150
years - until 1961 when was signed in Vienna "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations."
Now the "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations" is the basic international legal document
which regulates the diplomatic activities of international law. The Convention fixed ranks of diplomatic
representatives, determine their order of precedence, privileges and immunities of diplomats, their
status, rights and duties and other aspects of the diplomatic mission of the State and its agents. A
number of States acceded to the Convention by signing and ratifying, and some even incorporated it
into their national legislations. Parties to the Convention are more than 160 countries, including

Ukraine. But those countries that have not formally acceded to the Convention have to reckon with
the norms enshrined in this document.
In this basic document, include other, which to some extent determine the actions protocol. This "Vienna Convention on Consular Relations" (1963), "Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of
the United Nations" (1946), "Organization of American States Convention on diplomatic asylum"
(Caracas, 1954). Based on these documents, and through bilateral agreements and domestic law is
carried resolve issues that arise in the process of communication between the parties.
As the main provisions of the protocol is generally accepted and respected by all countries more or
less the same, we can talk about protocol as an international category. All states are required to
comply with these provisions, despite the fact that acts of international law there is no clear, written
recorded the requirements to do so. However, some rules of diplomatic protocol given legal force and
therefore careful observance of the rules is mandatory when:
- The recognition of new states;
- The establishment of diplomatic relations;
- The appointment of heads of diplomatic missions;
- The presentation of credentials;
- Carrying out diplomatic visits;
- Holding discussions and negotiations;
- Diplomatic and personal correspondence;
- Diplomatic receptions organization;
- Signing contracts and agreements;
- Convening of international meetings and conferences;
- Meetings of official delegations and wires;
-vidznachenni Traurnyx various holidays and events.
In short, almost all foreign policy actions are carried out according to the requirements of protocol
standards. Any violation of these rules (for example, non-compliance seating for official receptions
during talks late or early (no special warnings owner) withdrawal of admission) can be regarded as a
kind of demonstrative step or elementary ignorance and influence to reduce the authority of the state
in the international arena and sometimes cause tension in international relations. Always remember

that any deviation from protocol traditions, even accidentally, will not pass unnoticed, and it will
accordingly vidreahovano.
For example, during the official visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Australia in February 1992, a protocol
was allowed liberty that visit very spoiled queen and caused a lot of resentment in the British Isles for
the reception, which she staged. Representing famous guests, and they gathered more than 800
Australian Prime Minister Paul Kitin naturally took Queen waist. In addition, his wife, Dutch by birth,
did not fulfill nod - squats on the right foot with a respectful nod to identify respect to the monarch, as
required by court etiquette. The incident did not go unnoticed. Press inflated him with a scandal. The
fact that Australia - a former Dominion England, then allies, part of the Commonwealth nations,
where most of the British monarch is the head of state. In Australia it, similarly questioned. Random
situation not improved relations between the two countries, and which were so difficult, but rather the
opposite.
Therefore, strict adherence to the rules of diplomatic protocol plays an important role in
maintaining normal relations between states and their representatives.
^ Violation minutes or withdrawal from it sometimes manifests itself in the desire to do something
nice. It is well known that the Vatican court, which is one of the oldest in Europe, rightly considered
thoroughly dopyl- novuvachem protocol. Yet such was the case when the wife of President John. F.
Kennedy was to visit Vatican. The Pope asked how he should address her. He was offered a choice:
"Mrs. President's wife", "Mrs.", "Ms. Kennedy." The Pope also met with the president's wife hugs and
joyful exclamation: "Oh, Jacqueline." Unconventional case in practice protocol concerning Ukraine,
took place at a reception in honor of President
Ukraine in November 2002 in Italy, where Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi handkerchief
ostentatiously wiped his shoes footballer A. Shevchenko, who was present at the reception, thus
expressing their appreciation for his contribution to the development of Italian football.
Speech of President of Ukraine in the US Congress in April 2005 heard standing and chanting
"Yushchenko", which also goes far beyond cool and pragmatic protocol first state in the world.
Such examples are many, and they primarily show that the protocol is not so callous as
accustomed to thinking, and that people are limited by strict framework of the protocol, know when
and how to get beyond that, wanting to show warm, humane feelings for the people with which they
occur. The protocol combines, on the one hand, the desire to identify appropriate attention to certain
persons, on the other - the need to avoid certain misunderstandings with others. Protocol, in
particular, helps create a friendly, relaxed atmosphere for meetings or receptions, to promote mutual
understanding and achieve results that are expected of these meetings.
Although the rules of international courtesy are not binding, but, as the ceremonial practices of
state and diplomats are trying to follow the generally recognized norms. Implementation of the rules
of the protocol does not guarantee automatic success, however, ignoring their guarantees failure of

any, even the best initiatives. In this regard, has not lost its relevance remarks French diplomat Jean
Cambon: "Rules of protocol at this time seem a bit old-fashioned. But do not follow them as stupid,
nor take off his hat at the door of the church or shoes at the entrance to the mosque . In fact, not
everything is so meaningless in these ceremonial details and prejudices "[14, p. 53].
Diplomatic protocol is an important tool to implement the basic principles of foreign policy. The
principle of state sovereignty, for example, is expressed in protocol standards such as the
performance of the anthem, the flag state honors expression and so on. Here we must especially
pay attention to the fact that the flag was raised properly considering its color or other important
characters (in some countries, such as inverted flag state means a state of war).
The principle of equality of States appears to compliance alternativ in the preparation of bilateral
agreements and treaties in the next precedence at official events, landscaped seating diplomatic
representatives according to their classes and ranks.
Agreman (from the French "agrement" - consent) on the appointment of Ambassador and Consul
exequatur on purpose, ceremonial entry diplomats to posts, uniforms, registration and use of
business cards - all necessary attributes embassy and consular law states.
The conclusion of international agreements or accession to, the order of their actions as stipulated
procedures and ceremonial.
The rules of diplomatic protocol and ceremonial leaning on customary and treaty sources of
international law, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Consular 1961 and 1963 as
well as the laws and practices of Western countries, especially Britain, France and sat down.
Protocol - a form of hierarchical order, the expression of good manners in relations between states
and, like politeness - a form of daily life, diplomatic protocol is a set of rules of conduct of
governments and representatives of official and unofficial occasion. The hierarchy exist in any
civilized society. The complexity of relations between different social groups requires follow certain
rules of conduct. One of the main principles of everyday life to maintain normal relations between
people and attempts to avoid conflicts. This principle is more important in international relations,
because it is the proper respect and attention to independent states and their representatives.
Complex theoretical and practical question remains about cases in which the rules of diplomatic
protocol is legally binding, since breaking international treaties and customs, and where - it's just the
rules of international courtesy. The complexity of the protocol lies in its diversity and complexity. So
far there is no official Code of Protocol and its rules can not be standardized (for example, in
countries that profess the Muslim religion, on the one hand, and the countries of the Christian - the
other, in countries where the surviving feudal titles and ranks, and countries where these titles and
titles canceled, or, for example, in countries where there is equality of women and men D in countries
where this is not, and where women are not invited to the diplomatic receptions).

The complexity of the protocol is not always clear where it ends and begins courtesy international
legal obligation to comply with certain rules. As a conversion tool capacity of state in diplomatic
relations in its capacity, the rules of protocol in many cases do not have a legally binding character
and is only a tribute of courtesy or habit (dress, time of arrival at the reception and leaving it, etc.).
It should be emphasized that one of the most important functions of the protocol is the promotion
of sovereign equality of States, as well as world peace and peaceful coexistence of states belonging
to different social systems. In modern diplomatic protocol still many archaic and difficult, which is a
consequence of historical layers. Obviously, it will become much simpler and more rational. It will
have a great positive impact on bilateral relations not only because of the complexity of the protocol
is the source of errors (sometimes regardless of the will of the parties), but also because such a
protocol creates inconvenience and, therefore, instead of facilitating diplomatic relations could
complicate them.
In the political and administrative structure of the protocol assigns to each his own place
guarantees all officials able to enjoy their rights, agrees seniority disputes, and disputes concerning
the privileges and immunities provided. It took centuries to end the conflict through the humiliation of
prestige that often arose between the royal court and diplomatic missions.
The Protocol allows each unhindered to perform their daily duties and regulates national
authorities (government, parliament and administrative bodies) as well as the activities of foreign
representatives in their official capacity accredited to the government (diplomats, consuls,
international official officials, permanent or temporary foreign missions and individuals that do not
belong to these categories).
/ Rules of diplomatic protocol designed to maintain normal relations between states and their
representatives abroad. According to the rules, the official present at the meeting is entitled to a
place appropriate to his rank, as other delegates may not know. These rules should be clearly
defined, they must be strictly observed. However, it is difficult to avoid confusion, as the authorities
that do not comply with the rules, sometimes deliberately refuses liabilities assumed, based on
common interests.
Such deliberate breach of etiquette always regarded as a deliberate demonstration of distrust of
the diplomat and inevitably appear on the relations between the respective governments. Any
violation of these rules may create difficulties for parties allowed it because she would have to
apologize and find a way to fix the error. Always remember that kapriznee women than men who are
more willing to accept an apology and explanation.
Protocol rules are not sacred, ceremonial and can not be compared to religious rites, the violation
of which could bring punishment of an angry God. They are based on proper respect for local
customs and traditions, to their task does not belong to a violation of the established order, and
strengthen what has been a general consensus. Sometimes, if necessary, they can be changed after
study and consultation with stakeholders. Minutes partially helps create a friendly and relaxed

atmosphere for meetings or receptions, promoting understanding and achieving expected results
from this meeting.
Registered excitation and relaxation protocol in keeping practices remind us that these solemn
commitments, which are signed by many prominent figures, there is a place for your own feelings. As
for diplomatic and consular officials, they should closely follow the protocol rules that concern them,
as well as violations of the rules, as directed against them and in their favor.
However, every country has the right to its own specific protocol. Through the influence of the
national colors, historical traditions and way of life and religion rules of protocol in a country acquire
their specificity. So the first thing to do upon arrival diplomat to the country of his official mission - to
get as much as possible about local customs and features of the protocol.
In different countries, different variations allowed official celebrations, the number of participants
and, if it can be enjoyable for guests, some departures from generally accepted rules. For example,
in some Slavic countries, including Ukraine, distinguished guests usually meet "bread and salt" in
India and Indonesia honorary guest crown wreath or a garland of flowers. On the Indonesian island
of Bali every visitor that comes to this earth is a religious ceremony exile "evil spirits" and so on.
However, the diplomatic protocol and ceremonies should always be approached extremely
carefully, because any deviation from the basic rules of indentation highly visible and well perceived
by the other party. Protocol typically used once, can not be arbitrarily ignored the next - no relation to
the same partner or to any other person who holds the same position. Any precedent risk that could
become the norm. A change rate is known to be very difficult.
The protocol is by nature a rather conservative formation, it is one of the few phenomena of the
modern world, which is not subject to fleeting fashion and does not change its traditions. Of course,
changes in protocol practice there but they have largely evolutionary in nature. But the role played by
the realities of life, changes in the socio-economic system, political processes taking place in the
international arena, scientific and technological achievements and so on.
Thus, recently in international practice protocol planned a tendency to rationalize and simplify
some elements of the ceremony. These phenomena do not contradict, but rather to further the
process of unification of protocol requirements to create a single universally accepted code of norms.
And this, in terms of communication, which is constantly expanding, update tasks of development
and practical application of rules and principles of diplomatic protocol, which is essentially a
guarantee of successful execution of their professional duties as a diplomat and, according to the
famous German politician and diplomat, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, with which you can put
policy, developing the appropriate level.