COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Sahiwal.
Lab Report: Mechanical Vibrations
Submitted to:
Sir Naveed
(Lab Engineer)
Submitted by:
Azhar Hussain
FA11-BME-065
Grade:
Checked by:
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Experiment # 1
Objective:
Determine the torsional rigidity of steel bar.
Apparatus:
Torsional Vibrational Apparatus
Figure 1.1 Torsional Vibrational Apparatus
Introduction:
Torsional rigidity is defined as the torque required producing twist of one radian per
unit length of a bar or shaft. Mathematically, it is the product of modulus of rigidity and the
polar moment of inertia of the bar or shaft.
T .L
Torsional Rigidity=G . J =
Where
G = Modulus of rigidity of shaft
J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft.
T = Torque applied to the shaft
L = Length of the shaft
= Angle of twist
Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus according to the instructions written in the manual.
2. Turn on the apparatus, make sure at no load, apparatus shows zero value for angle of
twist.
3. Initially apply 5N load and measure the angle of twist in degrees.
4. Take 4 to 5 readings by incrementing the load.
5. Draw the graph between load and angle of twist.
Observations and Calculations:
Theoretically,
Torsional Rigidity=
G d
32 L
G = 7800MPa
L = 1000mm
d = 6mm
We have
Torsional Rigidity = 9924 N.mm
Sr. no
Load
N
5
10
15
20
1
2
3
4
Angle of Twist
Degree
3.5
7
10.5
14
Angle of Twist
rad
0.0610
0.1228
0.1830
0.2443
Rigidity
Nmm.rad-1
9016
8953
9016
9003
The average value of rigidity = 8997 N.mm.rad-1
Graphs:
The graph between load and angle of twist (in degree) is given below:
Load and Angle of Twist
25
20
Load and Angle of Twist
Linear (Load and Angle
of Twist)
15
10
5
0
2
10
12
14
16
Figure 1.2 - Graph between load and angle of twist (in degree)
Precautions:
Dont connect or disconnect any sensor while equipment is running. It can cause
damages to apparatus.
Comments:
Friction and measuring limitations cause the huge difference between theoretically calculated
value and measured value of rigidity.
Experiment # 2
Objective:
Determine the mass moment of inertia of the bar.
Apparatus:
Torsional Vibrational Apparatus
Figure 2.1 Torsional Vibrational Apparatus
Introduction:
The Mass Moment of Inertia of a solid measures the solid's ability to resist changes in
rotational speed about a specific axis. The larger the Mass Moment of Inertia, smaller the
angular acceleration about that axis for a given torque.
Mathematically, the moment of inertia of a body about an axis S as the sum of all elemental point
masses dm each multiplied by the square of its perpendicular distance r to the axis.
2
I mass= r dm
Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus according to the instruction written in manual.
2. First we have to measure the frictional force between moving parts. To do this start
adding loads. The minimum weight applied at which the wheel is slightly turn will be
approximately equal to frictional force.
3. Now apply 6N weight to the wheel.
4. Note time for the weight to cover a distance of 44.5cm.
5. Calculate the mass moment of inertia using following formula:
I mass=F .r 2 .
t
2s
Where
F = Applied Weight
r = Radius of the disk
t = Time take by the hanging weight to cover a vertical distances
s = Vertical distance cover by hanging weights
Observations and Calculations:
s = 44.5cm
Friction Force = 2.5 N
Applied Weight =6N
t = 17s
r = 11.5cm
The mass moment of inertia = 25.76 kg.m2
Precautions:
While measuring friction force, apply load gently so that we can catch the point at
which motion starts.
Comments:
Friction and measuring equipment limitations can cause errors in results.
Experiment # 3
Objective:
Determine the damping constant.
Apparatus:
Torsional Vibrational Apparatus
Figure 3.1 Torsional Vibrational Apparatus
Introduction:
Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of
reducing, restricting or preventing its oscillations. In physical systems, damping is produced
by processes that dissipate the energy stored in the oscillation. Examples include viscous drag
in mechanical systems .The damping of a system can be described as being one of the
following:
Over-damped: The system returns (exponentially decays) to equilibrium without
oscillating.
Critically damped: The system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without
oscillating.
Under-damped: The system oscillates (at reduced frequency compared to the undamped case) with the amplitude gradually decreasing to zero.
Un-damped: The system oscillates at its natural resonant frequency.
Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus according to instruction written in the manual.
2. We apply 5N load at wheel, with no damping and note the time taken by the weight to
cover 44.6in vertical distance.
3. Not we apply different configuration of damper and repeat the above same process.
4. We calculate the actual damping value by using following formula:
2
F . r .t
d=
s
Where
F = Applied Weight
r = Radius of the disk
t = Time take by the hanging weight to cover a vertical distances
s = Vertical distance cover by hanging weights
Observations and Calculations:
Damper Configuration
Turns
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Time
s
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.3
5.6
10.6
60
Damping constant
Nm.s
0.195904762
0.201666667
0.207428571
0.213190476
0.247761905
0.322666667
0.610761905
3.457142857
Graph:
The graph between damper configuration and damping constant is drawn below:
Damping Configuration and Damping Constant
Damping
Configuration and
Damping Constant
4
3
Logarithmic
(Damping
Configuration and
Damping Constant)
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Precautions:
While measuring friction force, apply load gently so that we can catch the point at
which motion starts.
Comments:
Friction and measuring equipment limitations can cause errors in results.
Experiment: 4
Objective:
Observe the whirling phenomenon.
Apparatus:
Whirling of Shaft Apparatus
Figure 4.1 Whirling of Shaft Apparatus
Whirling of Shaft:
When a shaft rotates, it may well go into transverse oscillation. If the shaft is out of balance,
the resulting centrifugal force will induce the shaft to vibrate. When the shaft rotates at speed
equal to the natural frequency of transverse oscillation, the vibration becomes large and show
up as whirling of shaft. It also occurs at multiples of resonant speed.
This phenomenon is very dangerous in heavy machinery like generators and turbines. So,
machines must be designed at parameter where the natural frequency and rotational speed
does not become equal.
To avoid this phenomenon, shaft must be perfectly balanced. Their design must ensures that
the operating speed and natural frequency of the shaft are not same at any moment.
