6.

7 Introduction Dynamics In Three Dimensions

a. General principles

We turn our attention now to the general case of motion of a particle in space. We have
already seen that the vectorial form of the equation of motion of a particle is,
F = dp/dt
In which p = mv is the linear momentum.
In the those cases where F is known as an explicit function of time. The linear momentum
p can be found by finding the impulse. That is. By integrating with respect to time, as in the onedimensional case. Namely,
t F (t) dt = p(t) p(0) = mv(t) mv(0)

A second integration with respect to time will yield in the position :

t v(t) dt = r(t) r(0)

Although the above method is perfectly valid, it is not a typical situation in particle
dynamics that the force is known in advance as a function of time.
General equation that describes the motion in three dimensi can be written as,
m

d2 r
2
dt

F( r , v , t)

Which is a set of three coupled second order differential equations simultaneously and can be
written explicitly as

d2 x
dt2

F x ( x , y . z , x . y , z ; t)

The same for y and z , if the initial posissi r 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) and initial velocity v0
( v0x ,v0y ,v0z ) given , x0 , y0 , z0 , v0x , v0y ,v0z in the form of initial conditions and can be
processed to solve the equation ( 6.90 ) . Solving these equations is a difficult task because it
typically uses numerical analysis ( figure ).

There are some situations where it is possible to solve this equation in two - threedimensional motion . For example , if each component of the force exerted depends only on the
coordinates and derivatives , equation ( 6.90 ) mrngambil form of

d2 x
dt2

F x ( x , x , t)

d2 y
d t2

F y ( y , y ,t )

F z (z , z , t)

d z
d t2

Which can be solved for x ( t ) , y ( t ) , and z ( t ) with a common method used in the
previous section . An example is the harmonic vibrations in three dimensions , as the motion of
atoms in a crystal lattice with a cubic structure . Force in this case is

F x =k x x

F y =k y y

F z=k z z

Which involves solving separately for the three linear harmonic motion ( irregular ) .
Some comments on the potential energy function and total energy . In the case of onedimensional motion , if the force is only a function of position , so , F = F ( x ) , we can always
define the potential energy function.

V ( x ) = F ( x ) dx
xt

This is true , because when particles move from x1 to x2 , there is no choice but return to
form sama.selanjutnya nol.yaitu work done around the price of the total energy is always constan
, K + V = E , and the energy integrals can be used to solve the problem of motion onedimensional.
.
In the case of three- dimensional motion , even if the force is only a function of position ,
tahat is , F = F ( r ) , no guarantee of the existence of energy functions potensial.ketika potential
energy function does not exist , konserfasi of energy theory remains valid , that is , K + V = E
equal to the potential energy . But unlike the case of one-dimensional motion , the energy
integral is not long enough to solve the problem of motion in two and three dimensions.

c. Angular momentum
Consider the general equation of motion of a particle F = dp/dt. Let us multiply both
sides by the operator r * F to obtain,
r * F = r * dp / dt

The left-hand side of the above equation is, by definition, the moment of the force about
the origin of the coordinate system. The right-hand side turns out to be the time derivative of the
quantity r * p. To prove this statement we differentiate,
d(r * p)/dt = v * p + r * dp / dt
but v *p = v *mv = mv *v = 0. Thus, we can write
r * F = d (r * p / dt)
The quantity r * p is called the angular momentum of the particle about the origin. Our
result, stated in words, is that the time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is
equal to the moment of force acting on the particle.

d. Harmonic oscillators in two and three dimensions

Two dimensions
Where the
equation of

the

system kx

= ky =

k. If the

force is

proportional to the distance according to Hooke's law, can be formulated:

F = kr

(Hooke Laws)

Uses polar coordinate,

Fx = -kr cos = -kx, Fy = -kr sin = -ky
Solutions equations is :
X = A cos (t +x)
Y = A sin ( t + y)

where, = 0

where A,B,x, and y are constant.

Now, the general quadratic
ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey = f
represent an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola. Depending on whether the discriminant,
b2 4ac
is negative, zero, or positive respectively. In our case the discriminant is equal to (2 sin /AB)2
which is negative. In particular, if the phase difference is equal /2, then the equation of the
path reduces to the equation
x2/A2 + y2/B2 = 1
which is the equation of an ellipse whose axes coincide with the coordinate axes. On the other
hand, if the phase difference is 0 or , then the equation of the path reduces to that of a straight
line, nimely
y = B/Ax
The positive sign is taken if = 0, and the negative sign if = .Then, The major axis of the
elipse makes an angle with the X-axis and is given by,
Tan 2 = 2AB cos (y-x)/A2-B2

Three dimensions
Thus the equations describing the motions of three one - dimencional harmonis oscillator

are :
Fx = m = -kxx , Fy = m = -kyy , Fz = m = -kzz
2=k2/m
The corresponding equations resulting in three independent motions are :
x = Ax cos (xt + x)

y = Ay cos (yt + y)
z = Az cos (zt + z)
To determine the path or the trajectory of the particle we eliminate t and exspress z in
terms of x and y. the result is :
z = K1x + k2y
where K1 annd K2 is constants. this is the equation of plane.
e. Projectile Motion
When a particle moves in a vertical plane during freefall its acceleration is constant; the
acceleration has magnitude 9.80 m/s2 and is directed downward. If its coordinates are given by a
horizontal x axis and a vertical y axis which is directed upward, then the acceleration of the
projectile is :
ax = 0, ay = 9.80 m/s2 = g
For a projectile, the horizontal acceleration ax is zero. Projectile motion is a special case
of constant acceleration.

No air resistance
The +x-axis is horizontal, and the +y-axis is vertically upward. We must now include the

air drag force acting on the projectile. At the speed of a tossed tennis ball or faster, the magnitude

f of the air drag force is approximately proportional to the square of the projectiles speed relative
to the air:
m d2r/dt2 = mgk
Then,
v(x)0 = vx0 cos
Where v2 = vx

and v(z)0 = vz0 = v0 sin

2

; starting point in the origin (0,0)

+ vy 2.Well assume that the air is still, so is the velocity of the

projectile relative to the ground. The constant D depends on the density of air, the silhouette area
A of the body (its area as seen from the front), and a dimensionless constant C called the drag
coefficient that depends on the shape of the body.
Now comes the basic idea of our numerical calculation. The acceleration components ax
and ay are constantly changing as the velocity components change. But over a sufficiently short
time interval t, we can regard the acceleration as essentially constant. If we know the
coordinates and velocity components at some time t, we can find these quantities at a slightly
later time t + t using the formulas for constant acceleration. Heres how we do it. During a time
interval t, the average x-component of acceleration is ax = vx /t and the x-velocity vx
changes by an amount vx = ax t. Similarly, vy changes by an amount vy = ay t.
While this is happening, the projectile is moving, so the coordinates are also changing.
The average x-velocity during the time interval t is the average of the value vx (at the beginning
of the interval) and vx + vx (at the end of the interval), or vx + vx /2.
We have to specify the starting conditions, that is, the initial values of x, y, vx, and vy.
Then we can step through the calculation to find the position and velocity at the end of each
interval in terms of their values at the beginning, and thus to find the values at the end of any
number of intervals. It would be a lot of work to do all the calculations for 100 or more steps
with a hand calculator, but the computer does it for us quickly and accurately.

Understanding Motion Bullets

Projectile motion is a type of movement whose object was initially given an initial
velocity and trajectory taking him completely influenced by gravity .
Because the projectile motion is included in the subject of kinematics ( the science of
physics which deals with the motion of objects regardless of the cause ) , then in this discussion ,
Style overlooked as the cause of the motion of bodies , as well as air friction that impede the
motion of objects . We only review the movement of the object after the given initial velocity and
moves in a curved path in which there is only the influence of gravity .
Why say projectile motion ? the bullet is meant here is just a term , not a bullet pistol ,
rifle or other weapon . Named projectile motion because maybe this kind of movement similar to
the movement of a bullet fired .

Types of Motion Parabola

In daily life , there are several types of parabolic motion . Firstly , parabolic motion of
objects when given initial velocity at an angle theta to the horizontal line , as shown in the figure
below . In everyday life there are many objects that shaped the movement so . Some of these
include the movement of the ball was kicked by a soccer player , basketball movement thrown
into the basket , the movement of a tennis ball , volley ball movement , the movement of the long
jump and motion bullet or missile fired from the earth's surface .

Second, the parabolic motion of objects when given initial velocity at a certain height in
the direction parallel to the horizontal , as shown in the figure below . Some examples of this
kind of movement that we encounter in everyday life , including the movement of bombs
dropped from aircraft or objects being thrown down from a certain height .
Third , parabolic motion of objects when given initial velocity of the altitude of an angle
theta to the horizontal line , as shown in the figure below .

Analyzing Motion Parabola

How do we analyze projectile motion ? Grandmother Galileo has shown good road and

correct . He explained that the motion can be understood by analyzing the components of the
horizontal and vertical separately . Projectile motion is two-dimensional motion , which involves
a horizontal and vertical axis . So parabolic motion is a superposition or a combination of
horizontal and vertical motion . We call the field of projectile motion as xy coordinate plane ,
with the horizontal x-axis and y -axis vertical . Acceleration of gravity only works in the vertical
direction , gravity does not affect the motion of objects in the horizontal direction .
Acceleration in the x component is zero ( remember that projectile motion is influenced
only by gravity . At the direction of the horizontal or x component , gravity does not work ) .
Acceleration in the vertical or y component of fixed value ( g = gravity ) and is negative / - g
( acceleration due to gravity on the vertical motion is negative , because the direction of gravity
is always downward alias to the center of the earth ) .
Horizontal movement ( x-axis ) our analysis with Straight Irregular Motion , while the
vertical motion ( y axis ) were analyzed with Free Fall Motion .
To help us in analyzing projectile motion , let us rewrite equation Regular Straight
Motion ( GLB ) and Free Fall Motion ( GJB ) .

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclution
General equation that describes the motion in three dimension can be written as,
2
d x
m 2 = F x ( x , x , t)
dt
m

d2 y
d t2

d2 z
2
dt

F y ( y , y ,t )

z , z ,t
Fz

Angular momentum

Harmonic oscillators in two and three dimensions :

a. In two dimensions
Uses polar coordinate,
Fx = -kr cos = -kx, Fy = -kr sin = -ky
where, = 0
b. In three dimensions
Thus the equations describing the motions of three one - dimencional harmonis

r * F = d (r * p / dt)
The quantity r * p is called the angular momentum of the particle about the origin,

oscillator are :

Fx = m = -kxx , Fy = m = -kyy , Fz = m = -kzz

Projectile motion is a type of movement whose object was initially given an initial
velocity and trajectory taking him completely influenced by gravity .

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Fowles, R. grant.,1986. Analytical Mechanics. Fourth edition. University of Utah. Philadelphia,
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