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Introduction to PL/SQL
- Jayendra Khatod
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Objectives
Introduction
About PL/SQL
PL/SQL Environment
Benefits of PL/SQL
Write PL/SQL Block
Declare PL/SQL variables
Execute a PL/SQL block
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About PL/SQL
PL/SQL is Oracle Corporations procedural
language extension to SQL, the standard data
access language for relational databases.
PL/SQL offers modern software engineering
features such as data encapsulation,
exception handling, information hiding, and
therefore brings state-of-the-art programming
capability.
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About PL/SQL
PL/SQL incorporates many of the advanced
features in programming languages
With PL/SQL, you can use SQL statements to
retrieve Oracle data and PL/SQL control
statements to process the data.
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PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL engine
PL/SQL
BLOCK
PL/SQL
BLOCK
PL/SQL
SQL
Procedural
statement
executor
SQL statement executor
Oracle server
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Benefits of PL/SQL
You can reuse programs
You can declare variables
You can program with procedural language
control structures
PL/SQL can handle errors
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PL/SQL Block Structure
DECLARE
v_variable
BEGIN
SELECT
INTO
FROM
VARCHAR2(5);
column_name
v_variable
table_name;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name THEN
...
END;
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PL/SQL Block Types
Subprograms (Named Blocks)
Anonymous Block
Procedure
[DECLARE]
BEGIN
--statements
-statements
[EXCEPTION]
END;
PROCEDURE name
IS
Function
[EXCEPTION]
FUNCTION name
RETURN datatype
IS
BEGIN
--statements
-statements
RETURN value;
[EXCEPTION]
END;
END;
BEGIN
--statements
-statements
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Use of Variables
Variables are used for:
Temporary storage of data
Manipulation of stored values
Reusability
Ease of maintenance
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Handling Variables in PL/SQL
Declare and initialize variables in the
declaration section.
Assign new values to variables in the
executable section.
Pass values into PL/SQL blocks through
parameters.
View results through output variables.
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Declaring PL/SQL Variables
Syntax
identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT
NULL]
[:= | DEFAULT expr];
Examples
Declare
v_hiredate
v_deptno
v_location
c_comm
DATE;
NUMBER(2) NOT NULL := 10;
VARCHAR2(13) := 'Atlanta';
CONSTANT NUMBER := 1400;
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Declaring PL/SQL Variables
The Guidelines
Follow naming conventions.
Initialize variables designated as NOT
NULL and CONSTANT.
Initialize identifiers by using the
assignment operator (:=) or the
DEFAULT reserved word.
Declare at most one identifier per line.
Two variables can have the same name,
provided they are in different blocks.
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Assigning Values to Variables
Syntax
identifier := expr;
Examples
Set a predefined hiredate for new employees.
v_hiredate := '01-JAN-04';
Set the employee name to Paul.
v_ename := 'Paul';
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Variable Initialization and Keywords
Using:
Assignment operator (:=)
DEFAULT keyword
NOT NULL constraint
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Scalar Variable Declarations
Examples
v_job
v_count
v_total_sal
v_orderdate
c_tax_rate
v_valid
VARCHAR2(9) DEFAULT 'ADMIN';
BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
NUMBER(9,2) := 0;
DATE := SYSDATE + 7;
CONSTANT NUMBER(3,2) := 8.25;
BOOLEAN NOT NULL := TRUE;
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The %TYPE Attribute
Declare a variable according to:
A database column definition
Another previously declared
variable
Prefix %TYPE with:
The database table and column
The previously declared variable
name
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Declaring Variables with the %TYPE Attribute
Examples
...
v_ename
v_balance
v_min_balance
...
emp.ename%TYPE;
NUMBER(7,2);
v_balance%TYPE := 10;
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
Example
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DEFINE p_annual_sal = 60000
DECLARE
v_sal NUMBER(9,2) := &p_annual_sal;
BEGIN
v_sal := v_sal/12;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The monthly salary is ' ||
TO_CHAR(v_sal));
END;
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Commenting Code
Prefix single-line comments with two dashes (--).
Place multi-line comments between the symbols
/* and */.
Example
...
v_sal NUMBER (9,2);
BEGIN
/* Compute the annual salary based on the
monthly salary input from the user */
v_sal := &p_monthly_sal * 12;
END;
-- This is the end of the block
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SQL Functions in PL/SQL
Available in procedural statements:
Single-row number
Single-row character
Datatype conversion
Same as in SQL
Date, General
Not available in procedural statements:
DECODE
Group functions
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Summary
PL/SQL blocks are composed of the following
sections:
Declarative (optional)
Executable (required)
Exception handling (optional)
A PL/SQL block can be an anonymous block, a
procedure, or a function.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
SQL Functions in PL/SQL
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Thank You !
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