THE JOY OF NUMBERS
1. Some more about gcd
We started class by looking at some of the homework problems.
(1.1) Theorem. Let a be an integer, then gcd(a, a + 1) = 1.
Proof. (Matt and Eric) We use two properties of the gcd:
(1) gcd(a, 1) = 1 for all integers a Z (We proved this previously)
(2) gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, a + b) (We prove this in the next theorem)
(3) gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, b) (This is just an easy remark)
Let a and b two be a given integer, we first claim that gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, b a).
Infact, we have
gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, b),
by property (3);
= gcd(a, a + (b)),
by property (2);
= gcd(a, a b);
= gcd(a, (a b))
by property (3);
= gcd(a, b a).
In particular, gcd(a, a + 1) = gcd(a, (a + 1) a) = gcd(a, 1) = 1, where the last
equality follows from 1.
(1.2) Theorem. Let a and b be two integers, then gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, a + b).
Proof. (Sara) We prove something stronger: we prove that every integer which is a
common divisor of a and b is also a common divisor of a and a + b; viceversa, every
integer which is a common divisor of a and a + b is also a common divisor of a and
b. In math language we show that the two sets:
S1 = {d Z | d|a and d|b}
and
S2 = {d Z | d|a and d|a + b}
are the same. To prove that the two sets are the same we will show that if we pick
an element x in S1 then x is also an element of S2 and if we pick an element y S2
then y is also an element of S1 : in mathematical language we prove that S1 S2
and S2 S1 .
So we need to prove two statements:
(1) If x|a and x|b then x|a + b;
(2) If x|a and x|a + b then x|b.
But we proved both of these statement in old homeworks, so we dont have anything
to do.
During the proof, Sara came up with the following conjecture:
Date: September 10, 2007.
1
THE JOY OF NUMBERS
(1.3) Conjecture. Let d = gcd(a, b) and let h and k be two integers such that
a = kd and b = hd. Then gcd(h, k) = 1.
(1.4) Homework. Prove the following
(1) Saras conjecture.
(2) Let a and b two integers, with b < a. Write a = bq + r, with 0 r < b.
Then gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, r).
Before starting to think to new problems we warmed up our math skills with
some computations:
(1.5) (Danny) Find the gcd(41, 243).
243 = (41)(5) + 38
41 = (1)(38) + 3
38 = (12)(3) + 2
3 = (1)(2) + 1
2 = (2)(1) + 0
So gcd(41, 243) = 1.
(1.6) (Kevin) Find the gcd(1721, 378).
1721 = (4)(378) + 209
378 = (1)(209) + 169
209 = (1)(169) + 40
169 = (4)(40) + 9
40 = (4)(9) + 4
9 = (2)(4) + 1
So gcd(1721, 378) = 1.
In trying to get people involved in the discussion, we decided that we will postpone the proof of the Division Theorem and think about a new practical problem.
2. The Money Problem
Suppose you are the king of the N0BEH-Kingdom: (Nothing Bad Ever Happens)Kingdom, and so you have a lot of time to come up with funny laws: you decide to
change the currency of your kingdome and use just bills of $6 and $10.
The moms of your kingdom start complaining: they cannot buy $ 11 T-shirts.
Is this true? What is going on? The king goes to the royal Mathematician.
(2.1) (Alex) If you have just $6 and $11 bills, then you can exchange a-dollars if
and only if a is even. (So the moms are right).
In fact, let a be an even number then a = 2b for some integer b. So 6a 10b =
6a 10(a/2) = a (Yes, it is a proof). On the other hand, if a is an odd number,
there is no way we can write a = x6+y10 for some integers x and y. In fact x6+y10
is always an even number, and we showed that a number cannot be even and odd
at the same time.
THE JOY OF NUMBERS
(2.2) Lets use $6 and $11 bills. We decided very soon that we were better off
because we could buy $1 T-shirts and therefore we could exchange any ammount
of money:
1 = (2)(6) 11
(2.3) What if we use $6 and $9 bills. You guys are really fast: we can exchange a
dollars if and only if a is a multiple of 3. In fact, any number that can be written
as x6 + y9 is a multiple of 3, and we can write 3 = 9 6. So if a is a multiple of 3
then a = 3b, and therefore a = b(9 6) = b9 b6
Almost immediately we were ready for the conjecture:
(2.4) Conjecture. If we have $a and $b bills, we can exchange x ammount of
money if and only if x is a multiple of d = gcd(a, b). Notice that there are two
things to prove:
(1) If x is a multiple of d then we can exchange $x.
(2) If we can exchange $x then x has to be a multiple of d.
(2.5) Homework. Try to prove the conjecture. But before doing so, write it in
mathematical language.
