EEE 432
Measurement and Instrumentation
Lecture 1
Fundamentals of Measurement
Prof. Dr. Murat Akar
zmir University of Economics
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
What is Measurement?
Measurement
Measurement (also called metrology) is the science of determining values of
physical variables.
A method to obtain information regarding the physical values of the variable.
Measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or result of comparison
between the quantity (whose magnitude is unknown) and predetermined or
predefined standards.
Two quantities are compared the result is expressed in numerical values.
Instrumentation
Devices used in measurement system
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Physical Variables
Temperature
Pressure
Light intensity
Displacement
Speed
Level
Flow-rate etc
Page 3
Why Do We Measure?
In the case of process industries and industrial manufacturing
To improve the quality of the product
To improve the efficiency of production
To maintain the proper operation.
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History of Measurement
Units of measurement based on the human body
photo credit: Xavier de Jaurguiberry
image credit: Jerry Lipka et al
Diagram of Yupik
(Alaska Native) units of
length
Relief carving of
Ancient Greek
measurement using
hand span and foot
Diagram of
Egyptian definitions
of cubit and palm
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The needs for Measurement
With trade and taxation came the need for standardized units
photo credit: Andrew Robinson
Standardized weights from the Indus river valley
photo credit: Claudia Zaslavsky
Standard weights for measuring
gold dust used by the Asante of
Ghana
photo credit: John Hill creative commons
A bronze ruler from the Han dynasty in China
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The needs for Measurement
The measure for the weight of the presicious stones, such as diamond,
carat is used. Carat was the weight of four carob (Keiboynuzu) beans.
Today carat is standardized as 0.2 gr.
Diamonds are forever !
Carob Beans
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Metric System - 1
The first improved unit was the unit of length (the
meter) defined as 10-7 times the polar quadrant of
the earth.
In 19th century, a platinum bar made to this length
was established as the standard of length. However
this was shorter than the previous meter so that he
circumference of the Earth through the poles is then
40,007,863 m.
In 1960, a standard meter was redefined in terms of 1.65076373 x 10 6
wavelength of the radiation from krypton-86 in space.
Since 1983, the meter has been defined as the distance that light travels in
1/299,792,458th of a second
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Metric System - 2
1 cm
1 cm
photo credit: Harry Turner, National Reseach Council of
Canada
1 cm
A cube of water with sides each
1 cm has a mass of 1 gram
The Canadian Standard Kilogram.
The kilogram is the only unit in the
metric system defined by an actual
object.
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Metric System - 3
Some Prefixes for Multiples of Metric and SI Units
Page 10
Metric System - 4
SI Units: Systemes Internationales dUnites
Two different units are defined:
- Fundamental Units
- Derived Units
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Fundamental Units
Quantity
Standart Unit
Symbol
Length
meter
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
Electric current
ampere
Temperature
kelvin
Luminous Intensity
candela
cd
Matter
mole
Mol
Plane Angle*
radian
rad
Solid Angle*
steradian
sr
* Additional units
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Derived Units
Quantity
Standart Unit
Symbol
Area
square meter
m2
Formula
Volume
cubic meter
kg
Velocity
Meter per second
m/s
Density
Kilogram per cubic meter
kg/m3
Force
newton
kg-m/s2
Work; energy
joule
N-m
Power
watt
J/s
Voltage; e.m.f.; pot. diff.
volt
W/A
Resistance
ohm
V/A
Frequency
Hertz
Hz
s-1
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Examples of Standard Bodies
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Standards Council of Canada ( SCC)
British Standards (BS)
Institute of Turkish Standards (TSE)
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Standards
1.
International standards:
2.
Defined by international agreements
Primary standards:
Maintained at institutions around the world
Main function is checking accuracy of secondary standards
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Elements of a Simple Closed Loop Control System
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Real World Connections
real
world
sensor
actuator
intelligent
feedback
system
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Terminology - 1
Measured: Physical quantity being measured.
Calibration: Implies that there is a numeric relationship throughout the
whole instrumentation system and that it is directly related to an approved
national or international standard.
Test instrumentation: It is a branch of instrumentation and most closely
associated with the task of gathering data during various development
phases encountered in engineering, e.g. flight test instrumentation for
testing and approving aircraft.
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Terminology - 2
Transducer: A device that converts one form of energy to another.
Electronic transducer: It has an input or output that is electrical in nature
(e.g., voltage, current or resistance).
Sensor: Electronic transducer that converts physical quantity into an
electrical signal.
Actuator: Electronic transducer that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
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Transduction
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10
Transduction Matrix
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Sensor
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11
Elements of a Measuring Instrument
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