Quiz 2-redemption
Well provide a one-time second shot at Quiz 2, this
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 7, 4:30-5:30 in CW101, 102, 103
lecture halls.
Note the time: 60 minutes, not 75 minutes.
The problem solving part of Quiz 2 will be re-presented
in a multiple choice format to spare my graders.
The four problems will be substantially the same as Quiz
2, but not identical copies.
48 points-max. The higher of the retake and the original
will be used for your grade.
You can stick with your original score if you like. This
Friday is optional.
Torque on a current loop
B will produce a force on the left segment
that goes into the screen and has a
magnitude IhB. The force on the right
segment will come out of the screen with
the same magnitude.
The left force will create a torque that
points to the bottom of the screen of
magnitude ihBw/2.
The right force produces exactly the
same torque, given a total of (ihw)B, or
mBB, where mB is the magnetic dipole
moment.
B
I
Direction of mB
We can write a formula that gives the magnitude and
direction of the torque on a current loop if we adopt the
following convention for the direction of the magnetic
dipole vector mB.
Curl the fingers of your right hand along the direction of
current flow. Your thumb defines which way mB points.
The magnitude of mB is the current area of the loop.
Actually, we can easily boost this by just wrapping the
wire N times around the circuit, the mB=NiA, with A the
area and i the current.
The torque caused by a constant B-field is then t=mBB.
These results turn out to be valid for any shaped current
loop.
The vector mB also gives a mathematical definition of
what we mean by north pole.
An electric motor
Wind some wire around a rotatable frame, put the frame
between the poles of a magnet, and connect the ends of
the wire to a battery.
The circuit forms a dipole which experiences torque from
the magnetic field.
The frame rotates! We almost have an electric motor!
We just need a clever piece of engineering called a
commutator to change the direction of (or just kill) the
current once every half turn.
If we did not do this, the torque would reverse direction
each half-turn, and the coil would just flop back and
forth. Well see in studio that a commutator can be
achieved by selectively insulating the wire comprising
the coil.
DC motor
!!!!Fall-Motor-Madness!!!!
Your next studio entails the construction and operation of
a DC electric motor.
You and your studio team will enter your motor into the
Fall 2015 edition of Motor Madness.
Highest RPM wins. The opening round winners will be
selected in studio, and the final winners in our weekly
instructors meeting next Monday.
The winning team gets to make up three of the scantron
questions for Quiz 3, plus win fabulous prizes, plus
receive the adulation of your adoring classmates.
An electric motor
Wind some wire around a rotatable frame, put the frame
between the poles of a magnet, and connect the ends of
the wire to a battery.
The circuit forms a dipole which experiences torque from
the magnetic field.
The frame rotates! We almost have an electric motor!
We just need a clever piece of engineering called a
commutator to change the direction of (or just kill) the
current once every half turn.
If we did not do this, the torque would reverse direction
each half-turn, and the coil would just flop back and
forth. Well see in studio that a commutator can be
achieved by selectively insulating the wire comprising
the coil.
DC motor
!!!!March-Motor-Madness!!!!
Your next studio entails the construction and operation of
a DC electric motor.
You and your studio team will enter your motor into the
Fall 2015 edition of Motor Madness.
Highest RPM wins. The opening round winners will be
selected in studio, and the final winners in our weekly
instructors meeting next Monday.
The winning team gets to make up three of the scantron
questions for Quiz 3, plus win fabulous prizes, plus
receive the adulation of your adoring classmates.
Force on a current loop from non-constant B
Well skip the general case. Consider
instead a rectangular loop of width Dx and
length L. We have:
FB=iL(BL-BR).
If Dx is small, then BL-BRDxdB/dx, and
FB=(iLDx)dB/dx.
The force is proportional to the combination
iLDx, which is i times the area of the circuit.
This quantity is called the magnetic dipole
moment mB=iarea.
The force on a circuit is then in general
related to the product of the derivative of B
with the magnetic dipole moment.
BL
BR
Potential energy of magnetic dipole
Since a field exerts a torque of mB, we would have to do
work to turn the dipole in the field from an angle q1 to an
angle q2.
This work turns out to be W=-tdq=
mBBsinqdq=-mBB(cosq2-cosq1).
This implies a PE difference DPE=mBB(cosq2-cosq1). We
usually define the PE=0 point at q1=p/2, and then just
call q2 q, leading to PE=-mBBcosq, which can be written
as PE=-mBB.
The PE is a minimum with the dipole aligns with the field.
This is thus a position of stable equilibrium for the dipole.
Magnetic fields line up dipoles with the field.
Significance of mB
We introduce magnetic dipoles in the
context of current loops, but their
importance is more general.
All simple magnets are magnetic dipoles.
They too will align in a magnetic field. This
is why a compass needle points north.
The magnetic dipole is the simplest possible
magnetic thing. This contrasts with
electricity, where the simplest thing is a
point charge.
This implies that if we cut a magnet in two,
we will not get isolated north and south
poles. We will get two magnets, each with
north and south poles.
S
N
S
N
S
Down Under
A.
B.
C.
D.
A compass needle points north in Kansas. Which way
would it point in Australia?
North.
South.
East.
West.
Forces between long current-carrying wires:
experiment
We find the following:
The force is attractive when the currents are in the same
direction.
The force is repulsive when the currents are in the opposite
direction.
The force is proportional to the product of currents in the wires.
The force weakens as the inverse of the distance between wires.
These observations are explained if the B-field produced
by a wire
Has a magnitude proportional to the current in the wire.
Has a magnitude that falls of as 1/distance from the wire.
Has a direction that circulates in the wire in a sense given by
right-hand-rule#3: Put the thumb of your right hand along the
current. Your fingers circle in the direction of the field.
Directions examples
F21
I1
B21
I2
F12
F21
B12
I1
B21
I2
F12
B12
Direction check
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is the correct combination of the quantities B12
and F12, the field produced by wire 1 at the position of
wire 2 and the force on wire 2 caused by the field of
wire 1, respectively.
B12 out, F12 down.
B12 out, F12 up.
B12 in, F12 down.
B12 in, F12 up.
F21
I1
B21
I2
F12
B12
Direction check 2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which direction will the force produced by the field from
the lower wire act on the rectangular current carrying
loop?
Away from wire.
Towards wire.
Out of screen.
Into screen.
Nowhere (F=0).
I2
I1
Direction check 3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
We have not discussed fields produced by currentcarrying loops (dipole fields). But, from the previous,
which way would the force produced by the dipole field
acting on the wire point.?
Away from loop.
Towards loop.
Out of screen.
Into screen.
Nowhere (F=0).
I2
I1
