Lighting and Controls -Concepts and Importance
Sandy McCardell
Current-c Energy Systems, Inc.
Lighting terminology
Fixtures or Luminaires
Lamps
Compact Fluorescent lamps; can be grouped for intense light as well
HPS
Measurement of light output
CFL
Measurement of light intensity, usually at eye level
Lumens
The controls for FL lamps; new longer life ballasts can last up to 5 years
Footcandle (FC)
The tubes which go in the fixtures; T12, T8, T5, T8HO, etc.
Ballasts
Variety of types, new and retrofit
High pressure sodium lamps, yellow light; primarily used in outdoor applications as their re-strike time is
long
MH
Long re-strike time, white light, have been the standard high wattage lamps until the new fluorescent
technology was developed
2
Lighting Terminology (contd)
Footcandle (FC)
Lumens
Measurement of light intensity, usually at eye level
Measurement of light output
Efficacy (lumens per watt)
The higher the efficacy the better.
Color Temperature
Choose white light sources between 3000K (warm) and 4100K (cool). Consider
5000K (cold) for studios.
Color Rendering Index
Measures light source quality.
Where color is important choose light sources with CRI > 85.
Lamp Life
Choose lamps with the maximum life possible to minimize maintenance.
System Costs
Choose systems that employ efficient lamps and ballasts.
3
Design Lighting for Human Needs
Facility Lighting Issues
Lighting accounts for 40% of electricity
usage and costs
Lighting & HVAC at full output when building
at low or no occupancy
Uncontrolled lighting results in substantial
energy waste
5
Good Lighting and Controls:
Are efficient and lower energy costs
Lower pollutants in the atmosphere
Raise productivity
Lower operational costs
Improve the work area
Are easy to maintain
Generate funds for productive use
Increase asset value
Enhance Occupant convenience
6
What does lighting REALLY cost?
Fixtures and lamps
4%
Maintenance
8%
Energy
88%
Of the total
lifetime cost of the lamp
Areas of Lighting Design Focus
Visibility
Task performance
Mood and atmosphere
Visual comfort
Aesthetics
Social interaction
Health, safety, well-being
Integrate human needs,
architecture, lighting, and energy
efficiency
8
Visibility
Task Performance
Mood and
atmosphere
Visual
Comfort
10
Aesthetics
11
Social Interaction Health and Safety
12
The Lighting Design Challenge:
Balancing and
Integrating:
Human Needs
Architecture
Lighting
Energy Efficiency
13
The Larger Design Challenge:
Balancing and Integrating
Lighting Design with Economics
and the Environment
High performance technology and
techniques
First cost vs. long term better
solutions
Increasing understanding and
importance of health issues
14
Long-term Better Solutions
Visibility and Design
New fixtures are very appealing
Direct / indirect systems provide good visibility and architectural interest
Energy Efficiency
Lighting energy costs are among the largest utility costs of most non-industrial
buildings.
Modern designs can use 50% of the energy of 1980s and early 1990s designs.
Lighting Maintenance
Modern lighting systems can have 50% lower maintenance costs.
Lamp Disposal
Low Mercury lamps reduce environmental risk and liability.
Better Exterior Lighting
Prevents light pollution and light trespass.
15
Lighting can be beautiful, efficient, better for the building
occupants, and better for the environment
Lighting Design Pallette
Primary Lighting Sources
Daylight
Fluorescent Lights
Supplemental Lighting
Sources
CFL
Metal Halide
LED
Special Use Lighting
LED / Exit signs
Outdoor
Signage
Architectural
Security
Controls
17
The variety of lighting products is astounding
18
Light Source Applications
Linear
Fluorescent
General
(Indoor)
Special &
Utility
(Indoors)
++
Display &
Mood
(Indoors)
Outdoor
Lighting
Compact
Fluorescent
++
Metal Halide
++
LED
19
Daylighting
20
Integrated day-lighting design
Holistic design
includes:
Structure
HVAC
Daylight
Electric Light
Lighting controls
21
Linear Fluorescent Lamps
T-8 Second Generation or Super
Lamps
93 MLPW vs. 83 MLPW for
ordinary T-8
85+ CRI.
30,000 hour lamp life on program
start electronic ballasts.
T-5 HO
80 MLPW.
83+CRI.
20,000 hours life.
22
T12 Vs T8
Watts
Initial Lumens
Mean Lumens
Mean LPW
Lumen Maintenance
CRI
T12
40
3350
3050
76.3
78%
80
T8
32
2950
2800
87.5
90%
86
The T8 gave us a 15% improvement in efficacy while
improving on lumen maintenance and color rendering.
23
T5HO Vs High HID
Lamp
4 - T5/HO lamps
1 - M250/U
1 - M250/PS
Maintained Lumens
at 8000 hrs
18,600 lm
13, 500 lm
17,000 lm
6 - T5/HO lamps
1 - M400/U
1 - M400/PS
27,900 lm
23,500 lm
31,000 lm
System
Wattage*
234 W
295 W
288 W
351 W
460 W
452W
* Impact of fixture design on performance not included
Advantages: No color shift, compatible with
occupancy sensors, and instant on
24
25
26
Compact Fluorescent
Light Output Equivalency
15 - watts
60 - watts
20 - watts
75 - watts
23 - watts
90 - watts
27
CFL Systems
Applications: downlights, wall washers, wall sconces, table lamps, floor
lamps, pendants, low and high-bay industrial/sports lighting
28
LEDs
Technology and applications expanding rapidly
Exit Signs:
Traffic Signals
Significantly less energy use
Brighter than incandescents
Long life reduces operations and maintenance
costs
Signage
Unless otherwise required by code use LED exit
signs.
Red or green depending on local authorities.
Use very low power making them especially
easy to equip with their own backup battery, but
do not include downlight egress light
LEDs are both much more flexible and energy
efficient than neon lights
Building highlights
LEDs provide excellent and energy efficient
architectural accents
29
Lighting Controls
reduce wasted lighting & increase asset value
Energy Savings = Increased Asset Value
Cost of Automatic lighting controls
Annual Savings
Payback
Annual ROI
Net Operating Income Increase
Asset Value Increase (at 10% Cap Rate)
Increase in asset value per 100,000 sq. ft
Per Sq.ft.
$0.35
$0.18
2.0 years
56%
$0.18
$1.80
$180,0000.00
30
Lighting Controls -- Design Principles
Switches
A minimum requirement
Occupancy (Motion) Sensors
Can be used in most interior spaces.
Time Controls
Used where predictable scheduling is possible.
Manual Dimmers
For A/V spaces and other rooms where manual adjustments make sense.
Photoelectric controls
Dimming, switching lights on/off in response to daylight.
31
Integrating Controls with Daylight
Ensure harvesting of available daylighting.
Use daylighting controls.
Study spaces to determine appropriate daylight amounts.
Provide daylight glare management.
Determine direct solar glare situations.
Design manual or automatic blinds or other means of
reducing the direct solar exposure glare and excessive
light levels and heat gain.
32
Lighting Controls -- Basic Principles
Turn off lights when spaces
are not in use.
Turn off lights when there is
adequate daylight.
Dim lights if daylight levels
vary.
Dim lights when task lighting
is used.
33
3 Main Types of Automatic Lighting Controls
provide excellent energy savings:
Daylighting devices
Panel / Computer controls
Occupancy sensors
16 30%
18 30%
30 80%
34
Control Panels
Automatically turn off, turn on, or dim
lights
Applications:
Open Office Space
Lobbies / Auditoriums
Security, parking lots
Benefits
Adapts to predictable Occupancy
Facilitates use of load shedding
programs
Predictable savings
35
Time Controls
Timer Switches
Mechanical or Electronic Time Out.
Time Clocks
Mechanical or Electronic Time Trips.
Lighting Relay Panels
For automatic time controls of large and/or
complex facilities, especially schools.
Building Energy Management Systems
and Building Automation Systems
Integrate lighting relay panel operation with
HVAC and other building systems.
36
Dimmers
Manual Dimmers
For single rooms and single circuits.
Preset Dimmers
For A/V spaces and social spaces.
Dimming Systems
For managing large facilities and
integrated systems.
37
Occupancy (Motion) Sensors
Types
Passive Infrared (PIR.)
Active Ultrasound.
Dual Technology (PIR+Ultrasound or
PIR+Audible Sound).
Applications
Private offices.
Open Offices.
Conference Rooms.
Restrooms.
Storage areas (on-off and high-low).
Halls and Lobbies (off-hour override).
38
PIR Sensor Placement
Sensor must be able to see the
coverage area
Partitions and bookshelves will prevent
detection in blocked area
Should be placed so as not to have a
view out the door
39
Ultrasonic Best Applications
Open office spaces
Conference rooms
Restrooms
Enclosed hallways
Large areas controlled in zones
40
Dual Technology Advantages
Effective occupancy detection capabilities in
tough applications
Maximal sensitivity without false ONs
Complete coverage definition
Choice of logic configurations
30'
30'
41
DT-200
Energy Savings
Offices 15-70%
Conference rooms 5-24%
Restrooms 30-75%
Classrooms 20-75%
Storage areas 45-65%
Warehouses 25-75%
Open office spaces 5-25%
42
Thank You!
(Questions?)
43
