Continuity equation:
.(V ) 0
t
u w 0
t x
y
z
r r r z 0
t r r
in vector form
in Cartesian coordinates
in Cylindrical coordinates
V 0
- For incompressible flow ( = constant)
Navier- stokes equation
: For incompressible & constant viscosity
V
V V 2V Fb
t
in vector form
In Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z ):-
u u u u p 2u 2u 2u
u v w 2 2 2 Fx
t x y z x x y x
2v 2v 2v
v
v
v
v
Fy
u
v
w
2
x y
z
y
y 2` z 2
t
x
2 w 2 w 2 w
w
w
w
w
u
v
w
2
x
y
z
z
y 2 z 2
t
x
In Cylindrical coordinates ( r, , z ): v r
v r v v r
v r v 2 2 v r 1 v r 1 2 v r 2 v r v r 2 v
vr
vz
2
2
2 2
Fr
2
2
r
r
z
r
r
r
r
r
z
r
r
v
2 v 1 v 1 2 v 2 v 2 v 2 v r v
v v v
v v r v
v r
v z
r r 2 r r r 2 2 2 z 2 r 2 r 2 F
r
r
z
r
2 v z 1 v z 1 2 v z 2 v z
v z
v z v v z
v z
v r
v z
2
Fz
r r
z
z
r r r 2 2 z 2
t
r
For irrotational flow V 0 and the velocity vector can be expressed by V
where is the potential Function. The Cartesian velocity components can be
written as:- u & v & w . The Cylindrical velocity components can
x
be written as:-
v r
& v
1
r
& v z
For incompressible irrotational flow 2 0
For incompressible irrotational and two-dimensional flow (only)
The
The
2 0
Cartesian velocity components can be written as:- u & v
y
x
Cylindrical velocity components can be written as:- v r 1 & v
r
r
Elementary flows
Type
1) Uniform flow V x cos V y sin
V
&
u & v or
u V cos
y cos V x sin
v V
2) Source(+Q)
[Sink (-Q)]
[Q
3) Vortex flow
+
(anticlockwise)
4) Doublet (+K)
[K
[Q
] ln r
v r & v
v r Q
sin
(2 r )
v 0
cos
r
vr0
] ln r
- [ K 2 ] sin
(2 r )
cos
r2
sin
v [ K ] 2
2 r
v r [ K
Source (+Q) at (-a,0) & Source (+Q) at (+a,0):r12 ( x a) 2 y 2 & r22 ( x a) 2 y 2
u [Q
x a x a
] 2 2
2
r2
r1
&
&
y
y
tan 1
& tan 2
xa
xa
y
y
v [Q ] 2 2
2 r
1 r 2
Uniform flow (V & =0) & Source (+Q) at (0,0) (Half Body):Q
The half body equation
y b( ) with b
2V
u V [Q
The velocity components are :-
x
2 ( x y 2 )
]
v [Q
&
y
2 ( x y 2 )
]
Uniform flow (V & =0) & Source (+Q) at (-a,0) & Sink (-Q) at (a,0)
2V y
(Rankine Body):- R.B. equation
2ay ( x 2 y 2 a 2 ) tan(
)
Q
with thickness to chord ratio (h/L) where L is defined by:
L a 1 1
with
and h can be calculated by solving
The velocity components are :-
u V
R p
Q
2V h
2ah (h 2 a 2 ) tan(
)
Q
Q x a x a
2 r 12
r 22
&
Qy 1
1
2 2
2 r 1 r 2
r12 ( x a) 2 y 2 & r22 ( x a) 2 y 2
with
Uniform flow "V" with zero angle of attack & doublet "K=2Va2" (Non
Lifting flow past circular cylinder of radius "a").
The velocity components are :v r V
cos (1 a
2)
&
v V
sin 1 a 2
r
Uniform flow "V" with angle of attack "" & doublet of strength "K=2Va2"
with axis making angle "" with the x-axis & clockwise vortex of strength ""
(Lifting flow past circular cylinder of radius "a").
The velocity components are :vr V
(1 a
) cos( ) & v V
[ sin( ) 1 a
]
2
r ' 2V r
Flow past Joukowski airfoil:
Given data: free stream velocity "V", angle of attack "", chord "c",
maximum thickness "tmax", maximum camber "Cmax"
Circle parameters: b=c/4, e=(tmax/c)/1.3, =2*(Cmax/c), a=b(1+e), x0=-be,
y0=a
Airfoil coordinates: x1=2 b cos , y1=2 b e (1-cos) sin +2 b sin2
Circle of radius "a" with center at the origin in the Z' planeZ'=x' + iy'=r'ei'
The Z plane is defined by: Z=z0+Z' where z0=x0 + i y0 Z=x + iy=r ei
The airfoil is in the Z1 plane where Z1 = Z + b2 / Z
The velocity components in Z' plan are :v' r V
(1 a
r'
) cos( ' ) & v' V
[ sin( ' ) 1 a
2 2( a / r ' ) sin( )]
r'
dW ( A iB )
u1 iv1
dZ1 (C iD )
A (v' r cos 'v' sin ' ) & B (v' r sin 'v' cos ' )andC 1
b2
b2
cos(
2
)
&
D
sin(2 )
r2
r2
The velocity "V1" at any point in the Z1 plan:V12
The velocity components in Z1 plan are :-
where
A2 B 2
C 2 D2
The velocity "V1" on the surface of the airfoil:v'2
V12
1 2
The pressure
p 1 V 2 p 1 V
2
2
b2
b4
cos(
2
r2
r4
2
and
The lift "L" and the lift coefficient "CL"
L V 4V2 a sin( )
&
V
V
c p 1
C L 2 (1 e) sin( )
Thin Airfoil Theory:
For a zero thickness cambered airfoil "y(x)" placed in a free stream velocity "V"
with an angle of attack "" the flow-field may be presented by a the following
distribution of vortices "(x)" along the chord line "c" as
2V [ A0
(1 cos )
An sin(n )]
1
sin
By applying the boundary condition (velocity tangent to the camber line)
dy
A0 An cos(n )
1
dx
where
c
(1 cos )
2
with x=0 at the L.E. point and x=c at the T.E. point.
The coefficients A0 & An for n=1, 2, 3, . are given by
I0
A0 (
An
and
2I n
n 1
for
to
n 1
to
where
I0 (
0
dy
)d
dx
and
In (
0
dy
) cos(n )d
dx
for
The aerodynamic characteristics for this airfoil can be determined by:
A
(C M ) LE [ A0 A1 2 ]
2
2
1
C L 2[ I 0 I 1 ]
(C M ) LE [ I 0 2 I1 I 2 ]
2
x
A
( A A2 )
1
cp
0 [ A0 1 ]
( ) 1
2
c
4
(4C L )
xcp
(I I )
( I1 I 2 )
1
0 0 1
( )
c
4 4( I 0 I 1 )
C L 2 [ A0
or
or
A1
]
2
and
Vu V
Vl V
(C M ) c / 4 [ A1 A2 ]
4
1
(C M ) c / 4 [ I1 I 2 ]
2
x
1
( ac )
c
4
xac
1
)
c
4
pl pu V (Vu Vl ) V
For camber line airfoil given by the following 2 equations:
y1
x
x
x
a0 a1 ( ) a 2 ( ) 2 a3 ( ) 3
c
c
c
c
y2
x
x
x
b0 b1 ( ) b2 ( ) 2 b3 ( ) 3
c
c
c
c
x
0( )m
c
x
m ( ) 1
c
The integrations I0, I1 and I2 can be calculated by
sin(2 m )
)[t12 t 22 ]
2
sin(2 m )
sin(3 m )
t
t
I 1 ( )t 21 ( m )[t11 t 21 ] (sin m )[t10 t 20 12 22 ] [
][t11 t 21 ] [
][t12 t 22 ]
2
2
2
2
4
6
sin m
sin(2 m )
sin(3 m )
sin(4 m )
I 2 ( )[t 22 ] ( m )[t12 t 22 ] (
)[t11 t 21 ] [
][t10 t 20 ] [
][t11 t 21 ] [
][t12 t 22 ]
2
2
2
2
6
8
I 0 [t 20 ] ( m )[t10 t 20 ] (sin m )[t11 t 21 ] (
with
cos m 1 2m
9
t10 a1 a2 a3
8
9
t 20 b1 b2 b3
8
3
t11 a 2 a3
2
3
t 21 b2 b3
2
3
t12 a3
8
3
t 22 b3
8
y1
x
x
x
a0 a1 ( ) a 2 ( ) 2 a3 ( ) 3
c
c
c
c
v r V
x
0( )m
c
cos (1 a
X r cos
&
, Y r sin
sin 1 a 2
r
, tan 1 X
Y
v V
Axial sym. Flow ( about the z-axis ) :
- * to get pressure
p 1 V 2 p 1 V
2
2
X r cos
, Y r sin
v z
1
r r
cp
&
v r
V
1
V
, tan 1 X
Y
1
r z
